國家與公民社會的相互依賴：以中國非政府組織參與農村教育為列 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文. 指導教授：顧忠華博士. 立. 政治大. • 國. Ᏸ. 國家與公民社會的相互依賴：. •. 以中國非政府組織參與農村教育為列 er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. a l Between State and The Interdependency i v Civil Society: n U i e A Case Study on n NGOs g c h’ Participation. Ch. in Rural Education in China. 研究生：雷娜中華民國九十九年六月.

(2) The Interdependency Between State and Civil Society: A Case Study on NGOs’ Participation in Rural Education in China. 立. 政治大. •. • 國. Ᏸ. by Regina Martínez Enjuto. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Sociology. v. National ni C Chengchi University. hengchi U. In partial fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of Master in Sociology Advisor: Professor Chung-Hwa Ku. June 2010. ii.

(3) Acknowledgements The Taiwan Scholarship Program from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan has enabled my two year Master program at Taiwan National Chengchi University. I am extremely grateful as it has been an incomparable academic and personal experience. I am very grateful to my supervisor Professor Chung-Hwa Ku for his advice and encouragement. I sincerely thank Professor Yia-Ling Liu for sharing with me her experience, for her thought-provoking questions and ideas, and for her meticulous advice. I thank Professor Chih-Jou Chen for his warm comments. I would also like to thank. 政治大. Professor Taciana Fisac for her continuous support throughout all these years.. 立. I am extremely grateful to Beijing Western Sunshine Development Foundation for. • 國. Ᏸ. receiving me and accepting my participation in the 2009 Western Sunshine Action, which was essential for this study. I particularly appreciate Mr. Liu Bin’s welcoming. Thanks as. •. well to the Daluo village group of volunteers for their help, their patience and their. sit. y. Nat. sincere camaraderie.. al. er. io. Special thanks to Rike Paëtzold, and little Jari, for knowing when to put the limits. n. to my long study hours with joyful moments of distraction. To Amy Chang, my dear. Ch. i n U. v. friend. To Tom Allnutt, whose help has always been an artistic inspiration. Thanks to. engchi. Dan Bowman and Frank LaMacchia, for the solidarity created when sharing long days in the library. Especially to Frank, who has comfortingly accompanied me, maintaining his irony and good humor. Thanks to “the Cat” (“路上撿到的一隻貓咖啡館”) for creating the most wonderful and motivating environment for reading, studying, writing, and also, for contemplation.. iii.

(4) Dedicated… To my mother, Patricia, always, my greatest inspiration, and my strongest support.. 政治大. To my brother, Diego, whose commitment and honesty do not stop filling me with. 立. admiration.. To Marta and Hannes, with whom, by beautiful chance, I started walking this path on a. • 國. Ᏸ. boat in Guizhou in 2007. And to all the children at Nanjia Primary School, who by loudly singing Mijiujie made all my emotions erupt in a shiver.. •. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. iv. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(5) Abstract Rural education in China is the meeting point between civil society and the state. Due to serious inefficiencies and insufficiencies of the education financial system, the state has searched for alternative ways to address the severe problems of education in rural areas, namely, it is performing an inclusive strategy of new social agents (NGOs) to improve the conditions of basic education in rural areas, following the paradigm “Small Government, Big Society”. By participating in the provision of rural education, NGOs engage in informal ties through which they can transfer information to the government and softly advocate changes in specific measures that would improve rural education. Educational NGOs represent the largest group of officially recognized NGOs in China, and their participation in rural education is of key significance to understand contemporary state-society relations in China.. 立. 政治大. •. • 國. Ᏸ. The present thesis intends to cover the whole of academic research on Chinese NGOs, understand the background conditions of rural education in China and the causes that drive NGOs to work on the field; discuss the limitations these NGOs encounter and their contributions to the development of rural education; and lastly, evaluate their implications for state-society relations in both the practical and theoretical sense, likewise expanding the existing theoretical body on civil society in China. The research methodology includes a theoretical exploration on civil society in China and a descriptive analysis of NGOs in China; an historical analysis of the development of the education system, and a descriptive study of the education conditions, focusing on rural education. It includes an examination of Project Hope, and a case study on Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation (BWSF), based on empirical evidence gathered during a field trip conducted during the months of July and August 2009 in Beijing and Sichuan (China). It is argued that educational NGOs and the state are engaging in interdependent type of relationships. However, the case study of Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation will evidence that educational NGOs engage in more complex interdependent dynamics as they build necessary operational social networks with other non-state agents. Such phenomenon highlights the existence of civil society aspects in China.. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Keywords: civil society, rural education, NGOs, China. v.

(6) Contents Acknowledgements Abstract List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations I. II.. iii v vii viii ix. Introduction. 1. Civil Society in China. 6. II.1. Theoretical definitions: The Discourse on Civil Society in China. 6. II.1.1. Corporatism or Civil Society?. 8. 治政 Governmental Regulations on NGOs 大立 of NGOs The Development. II.1.2. Non-Governmental Organizations as Civil Society II.2. II.3.. 15 19 23. • 國. Ᏸ. II.4. The Question of Autonomy and China’s Characteristics. A Model for Chinese Civil Society Education in China. •. III.. 45 52. io. The Encounter: Rural Education NGOs. n. al. er. III.3. Educational Inequalities. The Problem of Rural Education IV.. i n C h e n g c hInitiatives Non-Governmental Organizations’ i U. 36. y. Nat. III.2. Basic Education. 36. sit. III.1. Education System. 32. v. 63. IV.1. Governmental Initiatives to Address the Problems of Rural Education 63 IV.2.. V.. 70. IV.2.1. Project Hope. 72. IV.2.2. Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation. 74. Conclusions: The Interdependence between Rural Education NGOs and the State. 89. V.1. Party-State: Local Governments’ Limitations and Needs. 89. V.2. NGOs: Limitations and Contributions. 93. V.3. The Interdependency between State and Civil Society. 98. VI.. References. 106. VII.. Appendixes. 115. vi.

(7) List of Figures 1.1. Analytical Framework 3 2.1. State’s administrative structure for NGOs 21 2.2. 1988-2007 NGOs development 24 2.3. 2007 Classification of NGOs 26 2.4. 2007 NGOs by type 26 2.5. 2007 Social Organizations by level of administration 27 2.6. National NGO distribution by province 29 2.7. 2007 Relation between economic development and NGOs by province 30 2.8. State-NGOs relations 34 2.9. Model for China’s Civil Society 35 3.1. 2008 Number of students of schools in Compulsory and Senior Secondary Education 47 3.2. Evolution of Governmental Educational Expenditure as a Proportion of GDP 49 3.3. Evolution of Educational Funding and Expenditure for Education by Source 50 3.4. 2006 Sources of Educational Fund and Expenditure for Education 51 3.5. Geographical Distribution of Adult Illiteracy Rate 54 3.6. 2008 Number of Students Enrolled by Level of Education and Location 55 3.7. 2008 Number of Graduates by Level of Education and Location 56 3.8. 2006 Breakdown of Primary and Junior Secondary Schools Full-time Teachers by Educational Attainment 58 3.9. 2006 Total Value of Fixed Assets in per school 59 4.1. BWSF’s Functional Network 86 4.2. BWSF’s Four Functions in the Rural Education Process 87 5.1. Model for the Development of Chinese NGOs-State Relations 103 5.2. BSWF’s Network and Interdependencies 104 7.2.1. Evolution of National Literacy Rates 117 7.2.2. Evolution of the Size of Education, 1985-2008 118 7.2.3. Evolution of Gross Enrolment Rates by Level of Education 118 7.2.4. Evolution of the Number of Students by Level of Education 118 7.2.5. Evolution of the Promotion Rates of Graduates by Level of Education 119 7.2.6. 2006 Total Educational Fund and Expenditure by Level of Education 120 7.2.7. Evolution of Adult and Youth Literacy Rates by Gender 120 7.2.8. 2006 Number of School Students per 100,000 Inhabitants by Region 121 7.2.9. 2006 Promotion Rates by Region 121 7.2.10. 2008 Rural-Urban Primary School Enrollment Rates 122 7.2.11. 2008 Rural-Urban Primary School Graduation Rates 122 7.2.12. 2008 Rural-Urban Junior Secondary Enrollment Rates 122 7.2.13. 2008 Rural-Urban Junior Secondary Graduation Rates 123 7.2.14. 2008 Rural-Urban Senior Secondary Enrollment Rates 123 7.2.15. 2008 Rural-Urban Senior Secondary Graduation Rates 123 7.2.16. 2002 Total and Governmental Educational Fund and Expenditure by Region 124. 立. 政治大. •. • 國. Ᏸ. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. vii.

(8) List of Tables 2.1. 2007 NGOs Human and Economic Resources 7.1.1. NGOs 1988-2007 development 7.1.2. 2007 NGOs total and ratio distribution, coastal and western provinces 7.2.1. Size of Education 7.2.2. Educational Expenditure 7.2.3. 2006 Sources of Educational Fund and Expenditure for Education 7.2.4. 2006 Total Value of Fixed Assets. 立. 政治大. •. • 國. Ᏸ. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. viii. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 28 115 116 117 119 120 124.

(9) List of Abbreviations ACYF. All China Youth Federation. BWSF. Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation. CPC. Communist Party of China. CYDF. China Youth Development Foundation. DSO. Division of Social Organizations. GONGO. Governmentally Organized Non-Governmental Organization. MOCA. Ministry of Civil Affairs. MOE. Ministry of Education. NGNCE. Non-Governmental Non-Commercial Organization. NGO. Non-Governmental Organization. NPO. Non-Profit Organization. WSA. Western Sunshine Action. Ᏸ •. • 國. 立. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ix.

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