ԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠंـޟӱᇄІࡦ!
Ӡ!ߎ!߇!
ᇃѕѿҳఀىσᏰЖ౩ᇄᒚ୦Ᏸفఀ௲!ࠉِ!
! ! ԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ࡞Ԟ൷ԙ࣏ՙПЖ౩Ᏸড়ޟ ंـ१ᘈȄ1930 ԑфۖȂMurrayȞ1938ȟ ॶӑоᆠડϷݙ፣࣏அᙃȂඪюԙ൷ሯؑ Ȟneed for achievement, n-Achȟޟ྅܈ȄՄ ࡣȂᇯޣЖ౩Ᏸড়៉ᘗшԪΙंـкᚠȄ ᇃᢊޟЖ౩ᏰࣨȂଶΟЕ໌ࣺᜰ౩፣ᇄก໔ ώڎϞѴȂζკၐҏπЖ౩ᏰޟຜُȂ࡚ ᄺΡޟԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ౩፣ȄᄇΡՄِȂԙ൷ ଢ଼ᐠޟཎဎϚ༉ӵܻଡؑՌϏޟђԙӪ ൷Ȃܖޱளড়ΡᇄԤᄸౙޟӎிȄ१ौ ޟȂଡؑᏰཾԙ൷Νڋ็ܖߧЍԑ࣏Ο ᅾڏُՓဎȂܚߒ౪ޟڎᡝ࣏Ȅ࿋ר ঈ఼ཿӴ౩၌ԙ൷ӵΡޥོޟ१ौُ ՓȂᔖ࿋ԤօܻϽ၌ఀىࢇ๊ᇄᄂܚ७ᖝ ޟΙٲᜲᚠȄ ! ! ҏМॶӑӱՙПЖ౩ᏰԤᜰԙ൷ଢ଼ ᐠޟंـԙݎȂٮиҏπЖ౩Ᏸُ࡙ଆ ڏીѶȄڏԩȂհޱϭಝΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸ ޟࣺᜰंـȂЎڏԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠᇄُՓဎޟ ᜰᖒȄՙПԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ౩፣ޟӱ!
! ! MurrayȞ1938ȟॶӑඪюԙ൷ሯؑޟ྅ ܈Ȅтԙ൷ሯ࣏ؑࣨۡএΡȶׇ࣏ԙ֨ᜲ ޟώհȇ࣏ᐇיȃڙܖಢᙑٱސȃΡސܖ ࡦདȇ࣏ᅾפиᐿҳӴୈԁȇ࣏պ݈ራᛤи ႀڗଽޟྥȇ຺ູ࣏ՌϏȇ຺ູ࣏иഽႆ տΡȇоЅ࣏ٺுএΡϗആႆԙϴޟᏰಬ Մቨ໌Ռר൵१ȷޟΙᆍናఖȄᙏپᇳȂ ԙ൷ሯؑ൷এΡདौᅾפՄиᅾ໔װٱ ୈԁޟናఖȄ ! ! McClelland ้ΡȞ1953ȟζкȂԙ൷ ଢ଼ᐠࡾএΡٱܻтᇯ࣏१ौޟܖԤቋ ޟώհȂٮиΨؑႀڗׇछЫྥޟΙᆍϱ ӵᗍΨȂџоຜ࣏ࣺ࿋ࡻδՄᛧۡޟΡਿ੫ Ȅԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠϚ༉ؚۡএΡԙ൷Ϟ৯Ȃζ кඡޥོငᔼԙߝޟӌཾีޟଢ଼ΨȄਲ਼ ᐃ McClelland ޟ౩፣Ȃଽԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޱڎԤ ήӖ੫ՓȈଽԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޱ༊өܻ೩ۡϛ้ᜲ ࡙ޟҬȂהఖுڗڎᡝޟӱ㕞ଉȄଽԙ ൷ଢ଼ᐠޱׇछӴႀԙ࢚ӇٱϞࡣȂܚᕕு ޟϱӵᅖٗഽႆܻѴӵӱ㕞ȄӵΡሬᜰ߽ ΰȂଽԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޱၶ१ຜᄇڏٱཾܖώհԤ օઉޟΡȄ! ! Atkinson ڷ Feather Ȟ1966ȟ၄ш Murray ڷ McClleand ޟԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ྅܈Ȃඪюȶ ఖ—ቋȷԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ౩፣ȄAtkinsonȞ1983ȟ ᇯ࣏Ȃ࿋এΡӵٱܖᒵᐅ࢚ώհਢȂོ ӣਢю౪ڍᆍЖ౩༊өȂϷտଡؑԙђ Ȟtendency to achieve successȂᙏᆎ Tsȟڷ
ᗗջѶఁȞtendency to avoid failureȂᙏᆎ TafȟȂڍޱޟПөԁࣺІȄࠉޱࣺ࿋ܻ Murray ޟԙ൷ሯؑܖ McClelland ޟԙ൷ଢ଼ ᐠȄএΡശࡣޟ࣏ߒ౪ڥؚܻΙᆍ༊ө ၶȄԃݎএΡᗗջѶఁޟଢ଼ᐠଽܻଡؑԙ ђޟଢ଼ᐠȞTaf>TsȟȂ࿋ᎏႄѶఁਢȂֆΨ แོ࡙ЍȂԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠζོ৵ȇ࿋ଡؑԙ ђޟଢ଼ᐠଽܻଠᗗѶఁޟଢ଼ᐠȞTs>TafȟȂ ։ٺᎏڧᎌ࿋ѶఁȂএΡϫོֆΨଡؑԙ ђȂԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠቨȄᖂՄِϞȂӵ Atkinson ޟ౩፣ϛȂԙ൷ሯؑܖԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠѫኇԙ ൷࣏ޟӰશϞΙȂ፝ԃЅᇶӰ้నӇ ζ҆ՃኌӵϱȄџَᇯޣӰશζ၌ភЅ Ⴑกԙ൷࣏ޟ१ौᡐȄ ! ! Ռ 1970 ԑфۖȂᇯޣڥөޟԙ൷ଢ଼ ᐠंـۖᑹଔȄ௴ڥᇯޣڥөޟंـޱᇯ ࣏ȂΡкଢ଼ȃڎԤϷݙΨޟԤᐠᡝȇΡ ོкଢ଼ཪ൶ȃಢᙑȃ౩ଉȄԪਢȂԙ൷ ଢ଼ᐠϚӔԞंـΙኺȂೝຜ࣏Ιᆍસ ޟଢ଼ᐠȂՄፒᚕޟᇯޣࣀଢ଼ܖᐣแȄٽ ԃȂWeinerȞ1972ȟ፡এΡᄇԙఁޟᘪӰ ᐣแȂΝኇএΡԙ൷࣏ޟശ१ौӰ શȄِϞȂԙђҐ҆ඪଽԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠȂѶఁ ζҐ҆ᡱΡ६ճԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠȂڏᜰᗤӵܻ၌ភ ԙఁޟনӰȄԙђޱषᘪӰܻՌϏၼԁȂ ڏԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠζϚོඪଽȇࣺІӴȂѶఁޱष ᘪ፝ՌϏֆΨϚஊȂІՄџо៉ࡻଡؑ ԙ൷ȄWeinerȞ1979ȟਲ਼ᐃέএө࡙پϷݙ ԙఁޟᘪӰȈ ȞΙȟϱѴө࡙ȈཎࡾএΡܚޣឈڗޟՌϏ ԙђܖѶఁনӰȂྛՌܻڏҏ٘ܖѴ ӵᕗცȄٽԃΨڷֆΨ឴ܻএΡҏ ٘ޟϱӵӰશȇ፞ཾᜲ࡙ڷၼࠌ࣏ ѴӵᕗცޟӰશȄ ȞΠȟᛧۡܒө࡙ȈཎࡾԙఁনӰ֏ᓍਢ Մᡐଢ଼ȄٽԃֆΨڷၼ឴ܻᡐ ଢ଼ȃϚᛧۡޟӰશȇՄΨЅ፞ཾᜲ ࡙឴ܻШၶᛧۡиϚৠܾᡐޟ ӰશȄ Ȟέȟڙܒө࡙ȈཎࡾԙఁনӰ֏࣏এ ΡཎөܚڙՄِȄٽԃֆΨӰશ এΡཎөџоڙޟȂএΡџоؚۡ ڏֆΨޟแ࡙ȇՄΨȃၼӰશ ้ȂࠌএΡཎөܚฒݲڙޟȄ ! ! ౩፣ΰȂέএө࡙ӓџୢϷΤᆍԙఁᘪ ӰȂծΨȃֆΨȃώհᜲܾ࡙оЅၼ এΡᘪઽՌϏޟଢ଼ԙђܖѶఁޟѲ σкौӰશȄ ! ! Weiner ᇯ࣏Ȃԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟଽճӵܻএ ΡᄇԙђܖѶఁޟ၌ПԒԤܚ৯Ȅଽԙ ൷ଢ଼ᐠޱலѶఁᘪӰ࣏ֆΨӰશȂҥܻ ՌרֆΨϚٗཐڗನཛྷȂՄپஊ ៉ֆΨȂӰԪᏭีөΰȄԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠၶճޱࠌ ѶఁᘪӰ࣏ΨӰશȄᛧۡՄиϚџ ڙޟনӰȂߒҰҐپԙђޟႱၶճȂӰ ԪᏲमএΡৠܾܹణֆΨȄ
ԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟМϽཎొ!
! ! ฒ፣ Murray ܖ McClelland ޟԙ൷ଢ଼ ᐠᢎȂܖޱ Weiner ޟԙ൷ᇯޣᐣแᢎȂ ҐញЅМϽޟដᚠȄِϞȂΰक़ंـ ޱޟ౩፣Ȃࣼپխнܹ፝ѲࣱྥȂ։ٺӵ ΡМϽϛȂζџоᎌҢȄ ! ! ณՄȂрಠቷຜΡᏰҡޟԙ൷࣏Ȃࠓ ᡗ Ұ ю Ϛ ӣ ܻ ՙ П Ᏸ ҡ ޟ ੫ Փ Ȅ Stevenson ڷ StiglerȞ1992ȟӵȮᏰಬᘄྜȯ ȞThe Learning GapȟΙਪϛࡾюȂछᏰ ҡȃՂৱڷড়ߝ༊өܻ௴ڥΨԒȞability modelȟȂԙђᘪܻЈϷȇՄٳࢸড়ޟ ᏰҡȃՂৱڷড়ߝȂࠌ༊өܻ௴ڥֆΨԒ Ȟeffort modelȟȂᇯ࣏এΡџоᙤҥֆΨՄ ቨ໌ڏΨȄCheng ڷ WongȞ1996ȟζࡾ юȂӵΡޥོϛȶ༕၄ܭȷޟᢎ܈ਲ਼ ࢬھȂΡσӻኵࣺ߬ֆΨஊ၄ٗӑЈ ΨޟϚٗȄ ! ! TIMSS ᐠᄺȞ1999ȟжࣨ 38 এড়ȃ МϽधශϣޟᏰҡ࣏ᄇຫȂବᄇтঈޟኵ ᏰᇄऋᏰԙ൷Ȃ໌ၮ፡ࢥޟၥਟȄChen et al. Ȟ2009ȟਲ਼ᐃΰक़ၥਟ৲Ȃ໌Ι؏ ёоϷݙȂέএٳࢸড়ȞᇃᢊȃРҏȃ ࠒᗺȟຜ࣏ڧᏐড়МϽኇޟတᡝȂѪѴ έএՙПড়Ȟछȃ़ȃёσȟຜ࣏ ڧএΡкဎМϽኇޟတᡝȄڏ๖ݎᡗҰȈ ᄇՙПᏰҡՄِȂኵ౩ுڗଽϷӰ࣏ЈϷ ܚमȂՄճϷࠌӰ࣏ЈϷϚٗȄՄϚӣ ޟȂݍПᏰҡϛȂኵ౩ଽϷޟᏰҡٮϚ ΙۡڏଽϷᘪӰܻЈϷȄѪΙП७Ȃᄇٳ ࢸᏰҡՄِȂኵ౩ଽϷӰ࣏ֆΨܚमȂ ճϷࠌӰ࣏ֆΨϚٗȄ ! ! ӵϱंـ࿋ϛȂдؾᅀȞWang, 2003ȟ ζี౪ȂᇃᢊᏰҡӵᄇՌϏޟԙ൷ᘪӰਢȂ ༊өܻᏰཾԙ൷ᘪђܻֆΨᇄϗȄಒᆆ ઍȞ2002ȟࡾюȂᐌᡝՄِȂᄇܻΡᏰҡ پᇳȂཕ༊өᇯ࣏ΨџоᡐޱȂࠌཕџ Ᏸऋߒ౪ԁᘪӰܻֆΨȇՄཕ༊өᇯ࣏ ΨϚџоᡐޱȂࠌཕџᇯ࣏Ᏸऋߒ౪ ԁᎬᖑ݂ȄങМȞ2005ȟζඪюȂڧၐ ޱӵȶޥོԙ൷ҬȷѶఁਢȂ༊өܻȶֆ ΨԒȷޟᘪӰȂζ൷ᘪڽܻȶֆΨϚ ஊȷȄࣺᄇՄِȂӵȶএΡԙ൷ҬȷѶఁ ਢȂࠌ༊өᘪڽܻѴӵӰશȂՄԙђਢ༊ө ᘪӰ࣏ϱӵӰશȄ ! ! Ж౩Ᏸড় DweckȞ1986ȟඪюȶසΨ ϱᗴ౩፣ȷȞimplicit theory of intelligenceȟȄ Ԃᇯ࣏ԤٲᏰҡᄇܻΨޟ߬܈឴ܻȶසΨ ᄂᡝ፣ȷȞentity theory of intelligenceȟȄт ঈᇯ࣏ΨھۡϚᡐޟ੫፴Ȃฒ፣এΡԃ դֆΨȂฒݲᡐনԤޟසΨҏ፴ȄࣺІ ޟȂȶසΨቨ໌፣ȷȞincremental theory of intelligenceȟࠌࡾএΡࣺ߬Ψџ༭ ޟȂֆΨܖޱѴӵӰશџᡐনԤޟස Ψҏ፴Ȅܲࡻᄂᡝ፣ڷቨ໌፣ޱϷտ೩ۡڍ ᆍ Ϛ ӣ ޟ ԙ ൷ Ҭ Ȃ һ ։ ߒ ౪ Ҭ Ȟperformance goalȟڷᏰಬҬȞlearning goalȟȄߒ౪ҬཎࡾএΡᜰϸுڗΨޟ ԤցրᘞȂᏰಬҬࠌߒҰএΡᜰϸΨޟ ᆠ໌Ȅ ! ! ߖԑپȂElliot ᇄ HarackiewiczȞ1996ȟ ໌Ι؏ԙ൷ҬୢϷ࣏ȶᏰಬҬȷ Ȟlearning goalȟȃȶᗍߖޟߒ౪Ҭȷ Ȟperformance approach goalȟЅȶଠᗗޟߒ ౪ҬȷȞperformance avoid goalȟέᆍ Ȅ೩ۡȶᗍߖޟߒ౪ҬȷޱᑖྃӴଡؑ ԙђȇ೩ۡȶଠᗗޟߒ౪ҬȷޱࠌᏑ໔ᗗ ջѶఁȄܲࡻසΨᄂᡝᢎޟΡԃݎ߬Жแ࡙ ճȂӵѶఁࡣོᘪӰ࣏ՌϏΨϚٗȄтঈ ོӰ࣏དौଠᗗՄՌר೩३Ȃฒ፣ӵԙђܖ ѶఁࡣϚོ៉ֆΨȄ࿋ࣺ߬සΨᄂᡝ፣
ޟΡᄇܻܚଡؑޟҬԤଽ࡙߬ЖਢȂࠌᡗ ౪юᆠዣڥөޟ࣏ԒȂ௴ڥᗍߖޟߒ౪ ҬȂฒ፣ԙђܖѶఁਢོ៉ֆΨȄᄇ ܻܲࡻසΨቨ໌፣ޟΡՄِȂтঈޟҬ ӵܻቨ໌ΨȂՄиߒ౪юᆠዣڥөޟ ࣏ԒȄԃݎѶఁȂܲࡻසΨቨ໌፣ޟΡོ ᘪӰܻՌϏֆΨϚٗȄ ߒΙ! Dweck ϞᏰಬଢ଼ᐠԒ ϱᗴසΨ౩፣ Ҭڥө ७ᖝࢅᏽϞ ࣏Ԓ ७ᄇѶఁޟ ᘪӰԒ සΨᄂᡝ፣ ߬Жแ࡙ଽȈ ᗍߖޟߒ౪Ҭ ᆠዣڥө ߬Жแ࡙ճȈ ଠᗗޟߒ౪Ҭ ಬுฒօȃ Ռר೩३ ΨϚٗ සΨቨ໌፣ ߬Жแ࡙ଽȈ ᏰಬҬ ᆠዣڥө ߬Жแ࡙ճȈ ᏰಬҬ ᆠዣڥө ֆΨϚٗ
ၥਟپྛȈDweck & LeggettȞ1988ȟ
! ! KimȃGtant ڷ DweckȞ1999ȟࡾюȂ ٳ၂Ᏸ็ฒ፣ܲࡻසΨᄂᡝ፣ܖසΨቨ໌ ፣Ȃσӻོ೩ۡȶߒ౪ҬȷȂՄиӵѶ ఁਢ༊өܻֆΨᘪӰȄಒᆆઍȞ2002ȟоᇃ ѕᑪѿ࣏ޟଽϛڷϛҡ࣏ᄇຫȂौؑтঈ ຟۡᄇܻኵᏰȃ़МڷᐣѬᏰऋΨޟ߬ ܈ȂоЅٲऋҬޟԙ൷ᘪӰȄڏ๖ݎี ౪Ȃȃଽϛҡཕᇯ࣏ኵᏰȃ़МڷᐣѬ ΨϚџᡐޟȂζ൷ཕӣཎٲऋҬޟ ԁԙᕼौᎬᖑ݂ȇՄтঈཕᇯ࣏ኵᏰڷᐣ ѬΨϚџᡐȂζ൷ཕӣཎԁԙᕼၭֆΨ ԤᜰȄ ! ! ΰक़๖ݎپࣼȂᄇܻΨޟϱᗴ߬܈Ȃ խнџо၌ភԙ൷ᘪӰᄘޟМϽ৯Ȅծ רঈϫौ໌Ι؏ଡ୰Ȃᆍ፡ֆΨޟᘪӰ ԒȂӵΡМϽϛـതԤդཎဎȉᗙԤȂרঈ ֏џоӵӨᆍሴޟԙ൷࣏ϛȂี౪१ ຜֆΨޟᘪӰᄘȉ१ौޟȂֆΨޟቋ ༉༉Ӱ࣏ѺԤօܻቨ໌এΡޟߒ౪༝ȉ࿋ এΡҢᅾΨȂࠓҐளپՌרቨ໌ޟ๖ݎਢȂֆ Ψ֏ϚӔڧڗ१ຜȉᜲၾԪਢএΡོᙽՄ ວ፝Ψޟ३ڙ༝ȉ
ݍՙМϽޟᄇШ!
! ! Maehr ᇄ NichollsȞ1980ȟෆငࡾюȂ ԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟϱొᇄҏ፴҆এΡܚϞ ޥོϛўષȂϗጂϸӴёоඡණȄ յԊ٤Ȟ2005ȟζᇯ࣏ौϛ༈ಛМϽޟቹϛўષȂϗ఼ཿᕣ၌Ρԙ൷ ଢ଼ᐠޟҏ፴ᇄϱొȂоЅѺܚង֤ޟޥོМ ϽཎဎȄ ! ! ҥܻএΡкဎМϽ፡এΡޟՌҥȃ᠌ ցᇄᒵᐅȂӰԪӵଡؑԙ൷ਢȂਿѴ१ຜՌ кܒᇄՌרؚۡޟᐣแȄЖ౩Ᏸড় Deci ᇄ RyanȞ1985, 1987, 1992, 2000ȇ Ryan & Connell, 1989 ȟ ඪ ю ȶ Ռ ר ؚ ۡ ౩ ፣ ȷ Ȟself-determinationȟȂ፡ϱӵଢ଼ᐠᄇܻ ଡؑҬޟ१ौܒȄDeci ᇄ RyanȞ1987ȟ ᇯ࣏ȂΡЈҡڎԤ࣏ᅖٗᑹ፸Մଢ଼ޟϱ ӵЖ౩ଢ଼ᐠȄஅܻϱӵଢ଼ᐠՄٱޟଢ଼Ȃ ڏႆแҏ٘൷ଢ଼ޟҬޟȄՄএᡝ࣏ΟѴ ӵ፬ᆴȃ३ڙȃޥོ೨ܖौ้ؑӰશՄ ٱϞ࣏ȂࠌஅܻѴӵଢ଼ᐠȄDeci ᇄ Ryan Ȟ2000ȟᇯ࣏ȂȶՌרؚۡ౩፣ȷޟϱӵଢ଼ ᐠྛՌܻΡЈҡԤΙٲЖ౩ሯؑሯौᅖ ٗȄӵၶԞޟȶՌרؚۡ౩፣ȷϛȂDeci ᇄ Ryan ࡾюȂᇄϱӵଢ଼ᐠԤᜰޟڍ१ौ Ж౩ሯؑՌкܒȞautonomyȟᇄΨཐ ȞcompetenceȟȄࠉޱཎࡾএΡџоՌҥՌ кӴհؚۡޟငᡛཐڧȂࡣޱࠌࡾএΡᄇ ඡϱӵᇄѴӵжࣨޟՌרਝ߬܈ȄՌк ܒϱӵଢ଼ᐠޟॶौԙϷȂ୲ԤആႆՌкՌ ؚȂϗџᅖٗՌкሯؑȄषӰѴӵଢ଼ᐠ Մଢ଼ȂࠌϚџׇӒᅖٗՌкሯؑȄ ! ! ณՄȂՌרؚۡ౩፣ζฒџᗗջӴю౪ ՙПԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ౩፣ޟીѶȂζ൷ᗴ֤МϽ ϛ፡এΡ᠌ցޟቋᢎȞMiller, 1997ȟȄ Miller ᇯ࣏Ȃӵ࢚ٲ१ຜޥོ೨ᇄُՓဎ ޟМϽϛȂΡঈଡؑԙ൷ޟ࣏ᇄีᐣ แȂ࡞џᇄՙПМϽԤܚϚӣȄӵٲޥ ོ࿋ϛȂΡঈޟԙ൷ଡ࣏ؑٮߨѫݧ१এ Ρϱӵଢ଼ᐠᑹ፸Ȃᗙ१ຜϱღᡝޟ೨ڷौ ؑȂՄϱღᡝ܁܁ᇄޥོМϽලႇᇯۡ ޟԙ൷ҬԤᜰȄ ! ! յԊ٤ᇄ྆ኾȞ1987,1991ȇյԊ٤, 1990ȇYu, 1996ȇYu & Yang, 1994ȟඪюȶޥ ོ ڥ ө ԙ ൷ ଢ଼ ᐠ ȷ Ȟ social-oriented achievement motivationȟȂᇄՙПএΡкဎ М Ͻ ޟ ȶ এ ר ڥ ө ԙ ൷ ଢ଼ ᐠ ȷ Ȟindividual-oriented achievement motivationȟ ϣࣺᄇШȂၐყᇳ݂ԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟМϽ৯Ȅ յԊ٤ᇄ྆ኾȞ1991ȟ׳րႆўՙПԙ൷ ሯؑܖଢ଼ᐠޟंـȂڏஅҏႱ೩ӵܻȈӈդ МϽޥོϛȂএΡޟԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠܖሯؑڎԤ ࣺӣޟלᇼȄٲ౩፣፡এΡᄇԙ൷ޟࣼ ݲȃএΡᄇԙ൷ҬܚࡻޟቋȂоЅএΡ ЖҬϛᄇԙ൷Ҭޟ೩้ۡӰશȂڏᄂង֤ এΡкဎМϽޟቋᢎȂζ൷ՙПޥོ ϛޟԙ൷ሯؑܖଢ଼ᐠϞҏ፴ȃϱొܖ੫Ȃ ຜ࣏ලႇᎌҢܻܚԤМϽȄ ! ! յԊ٤ᇄ྆ኾȞ1987, 1991ȟԙ൷ ଢ଼ᐠ१ཱི࣏ࣨۡȶএΡདौ຺ູ࢚ᆍѴӵؚ ۡܖϱӵؚۡޟҬܖᓺؾྥޟଢ଼ᄘЖ ౩༊өȇՄ၎Ҭܖᓺؾྥޟᒵᐅҥޥ ོܖএΡܚؚۡȷȄтঈᇯ࣏Ȃषौొᇐ Ρԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟҏ፴ᇄϱొȂଶΟႆўՙПЖ ౩Ᏸޟএרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠϞѴȂᗙᔖ၎ёΣ ޥོڥөޟԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠȄڍᆍԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠӵ ȶԙ൷Ҭȷȃȶ๖ݎຟቋȷȃȶԙ൷࣏ȷȃ ȶശࡣ๖ݎȷоЅȶᐌᡝ࣏ȷ้ቹ७ΰӨ ԤϚӣޟ੫ȄߒΠ։এרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ ڷޥོڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟШၶȄ
ߒΠȈএרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠᇄޥོڥөԙଢ଼ᐠޟШၶ এרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ ޥོڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ ԙ൷Ҭ ҥএΡՌϏܚؚۡ ҥтΡܖܚ឴ღᡝؚۡ ๖ݎຟቋ ႀڗܖ຺ູҥএΡ೩ۡޟྥȂϗ ᆗԙђ ႀڗܖ຺ູҥтΡ೩ۡޟྥȂϗ ᆗԙђ ԙ൷࣏ ࣏ߒ౪кौҥՌϏؚۡ кौҥтΡܖܚ឴ღᡝޟؚۡپ Еี࣏ ᐌᡝ࣏ এΡϚᘞӴᄇՌϏޟ࣏ୈюրᘞᇄ ᔮଆȂӰԪ࣏ၶڎԤᡐᇄᐠଢ଼ܒ ШၶٷᒦтΡܖܚ឴ღᡝޟڞօ ࣏Ȃиၶીмᡐᇄᐠଢ଼ܒ پྛȈյԊ٤ȃ྆ኾȞ1987ȟ ! ! յԊ٤Ȟ1990ȟࡾюȂҥܻ༈ಛϛড় ৳ӵఀᎴυτਢ፡ٷᒦଋጛȂᎴԙυτޟ ٷᒦܒਿȄএΡᄇԙ൷ҬޟᒵᐅᇄଡؑȂ ༊өܻٷᒦЮҔܖтΡޟؚۡȄ࣏ΟଡؑЮ Ҕȃড়ఊܖޥོܚޟҬȂԙΡོᝒ ौؑυτौ༕ၑਪȂֆΨؑڥђӪȄӈդ ฒઉܻԙ൷Ϟᕕுޟࣀଢ଼ܖ࣏ȂЮҔࣱོ ёоᆓڙᇄХȄএΡಬᄛܻտΡȞЎڏ ЮҔȟ֙ວт၎ࡩቄୈȃԃդୈȂՄՌϏ லϚමհюႂधЮҔཎࡦޟ࣏ȇୈӈդٱ ȂϚමሆܾՌרкȄҥԪџޣȂএΡ ӵଡؑԙ൷ޟႆแϛȂོࣺ࿋ٷᒦЮҔޟڞ օᇄߴȄ ! ! ᐌᡝՄِȂյԊ٤ᇄ྆ኾȞ1987, 1991ȟᇯ࣏Ȉޥོڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠԤڍএ੫ ȄΙএ੫ȈএΡᄇԙ൷ޟቋᢎ܈ ϱϽၶ৵ȂএΡܚᇯۡޟቋкौپՌтΡ ܖܚ឴ღᡝޟቋȂۦҐϱϽԙ࣏এΡቋ فಛޟΙഋϷȄࣺᄇӴȂএרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ ࠌএΡᄇԙ൷ޟቋᢎ܈ϱϽၶȂԙ൷ ޟቋϐငԙ࣏এΡቋفಛޟΙഋϷȄޥ ོڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠΠএ੫Ȉ࣏ޟώڎ ܒၶȄζ൷ᇳୈԁٱкौ࣏Οႀڗ ڏтҬޟȂٽԃώհൢႍȃღᡝᄸៗܖᗗջ ڧڗᆴ้ȂՄߨ࣏Οٱҏ٘ȇࣺᄇӴȂ এרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟђՌкܒौȂׇԙ ΙӇٱޟҬޟ൷װٱୈԁȂՄߨ࣏ΟѴ ӵҬޟȄ ! ! ޥོڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟ྅܈Ȃ၄шΟΡ ԙ൷࣏࿋ϛ१ຜޥོ೨ޟ੫ՓȄณՄȂ ڍᆍԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟᄇШȂٮϚшϷ၌ភӵ ԙ൷ᘪӰ࿋ϛܚᡗҰޟֆΨԒȄᖞٽپ ᇳȂھณΡଡؑԙ൷ਢலོՃኌ१ौтΡ ޟȂծٮϚߒҰׇӒؠԤՌкܒޟ ౪ȄଶԪϞѴȂյԊ٤ᇄ྆ኾԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ ຜ࣏Ρਿ੫፴Ȃࠓ܇ΟএΡӵଡؑϚӣҬ ਢȂڏԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠҐࣺ҆ӣȄήپȂհޱ ϭಝᏐড়ޥོޟԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠԒȂᙤоϷݙ ԙ൷࣏ᇄُՓဎޟᜰᖒȄ
Ρޟԙ൷࣏ᇄُՓဎ!
! ! ༁ӎȞ2009ȟоȶᏐড়ᜰ߽кဎȷ࣏ அᙃȂ࡚ᄺюᏐড়ޥོϛޟԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠ ȞَߒέȟȄ༁ӎᏐড়ޥོϛޟԙ ൷ҬϷ࣏ȶᖃөറюȷȞvertical goalsȟȃ ȶএΡҬȷȞpersonal goalsȟڷȶᐗөറ юȷȞhorizontal goalsȟέσȄܚᒝȶᖃ өറюȷᏐড়МϽϛޥོ፭Ϡଽ࡙ቋޟ ҡࣀҬȄႀԙԪᆍҬலߒҰӵᐭ੨ᝯ ތ࿋ϛᕕுഽցȂӣਢڧڗޥོޟଽ࡙ᢚ ፬ȂٽԃᏰཾΰޟԙ൷ȄȶএΡҬȷю ܻՌ٘ᑹ፸ՄؚЖདौଡؑޟҬȄএΡϞ ܚоଡؑԪᆍҬȂસᆞюՌϱӵଢ଼ᐠȂၭ Ѵӵႍ፬ٮฒᜰᖒȄՍܻȶᐗөറюȷࠌϭ ܻڍޱϞȂѺង֤ႀԙএΡܚଡؑޟ࢚ ᆍҬȂᆍԙђڧڗএΡܚᇯӣޟЍኵတ ᡝܚᢚ೨ȂณՄࠓϚȶᖃөറюȷ٥ኺȂ ᐌএޥོܚჂᓾޟԙ൷Ȅ ߒέȈᏐড়ޥོϛޟҡࣀҬ ҡࣀҬ ᖃөറю এΡҬ ᐗөറю ֆΨछኈᢎ ଽ ଽ ճ ଽ ޣឈڗޟ հཾΨ ଽ ճ ଽ ଽ ֆΨώڎᢎ ଽ ȞසΨቨ໌ᢎȟ ଽ ȞසΨҏ፴ᢎȟ ճ ଽ ϱӵଢ଼ᐠ ȞᏰಬҬȟ ጙ ጙ ᏰಬҬȈ ቨ໌Ψ ᏰಬҬȈ ቨ໌Ψ Ѵӵଢ଼ᐠ Ȟߒ౪Ҭȟ ߒ౪ᗍߖҬɵ ߒ౪ଠᗗҬ ߒ౪ᗍߖҬɴ ߒ౪ଠᗗҬ ߒ౪ᗍߖҬȈ ᕕுרတғөຟቋ ࣏Ԓ ᆠዣڥө Ȟߔࢅᏽȃ ଽࡻȟ ฒօཐ Ȟߔࢅᏽȃ ଽࡻȟ Ȟߔࢅᏽȃ ଽࡻȟ ၥਟپྛȈ༁ӎȞ2009ȟ ! ! ങМᇯ࣏ȂӵᏐড়ᜰ߽кဎޟኇϞ ήȂΡᜰ߽ᆩϛޟ१ौтΡȂџӰ࣏ এΡܚᅋޟޥُོՓȂՄ೨тႀԙ੫ۡ ԙ൷ҬȄтٲҬᆎ࣏ᖃөҬ Ȟvertical goalsȟȄᖃөҬலڎԤၶଽ ޟޥོቋȂଡؑᖃөҬ܁܁ೝຜ࣏এ ΡᔖᅾޟُՓဎȄِϞȂᖃөҬޟϱ ৠڷྥкौҥѴӵޥོܚᒵᐅᇄࣨۡȄᗶ ณএΡԤဎ҆ֆΨӴଡؑԪԙ൷Ҭ ȂծࠓϚΙོۡᄇٲҬܲԤϱӵᑹ ፸ȄՄӵᏐড়ޥོϛଡؑᖃөԙ൷ȂڎԤΪ Ϸᐿ੫ޟМϽཎొȄӵᏐড়ޥོϛȂЮҔఖυτװଡؑᖃөԙ൷࿋հՌϏޟُՓဎ ȂֆΨӴଡؑᖃөറюȄ ! ! дؾᅀȞWang, 2002ȟଆٳࢸᏰҡᇄ ՙПᏰҡᄇܻᖃөҬϞԙ൷ޟᇯޣȄԂζ ี౪ȈٳࢸᏰҡᄇܻଡؑᖃөറюޟҬȂ ፭ᇄྃଽቋȂᇯ࣏ֆΨଡؑᖃөറюএ ΡᔖᅾޟُՓဎȄдؾᅀȞWang, 2003ȟ ζଆᖃөറюڷᐗөറюϞޟ৯ȄԂ ี౪ȈӵଡؑᖃөറюਢȂΡᏰҡШၶৠ ܾཐڧڗپՌЮҔᇄৱߝޟȂЅӣᏔޟ ᔆΨȂٮиོՃ໔Ᏸཾԙ൷ᄇҐپҬޟኇ ȄങМȞ2005ȟᇯ࣏ȂоޥོМϽቹԩ ՄِȂΡМϽޟޥོ೨ڎԤড়ఊڥөȃ ᖃөቨ໌ᇄΡሬဎШၶ้੫ՓȄᏐড়ࡦད ፡Ϥগᜰ߽ȂϷտࣨۡӨᆍُՓᜰ߽࿋ϛ ᔖᅾޟဎȄএΡଢ଼ਢȂՃኌޟϚ༉Ռ ϏܚଡؑޟҬȂᗙሯौՌϏᅋޟޥོ ُՓՃኌՌϏᄇтΡᔖᅾޟဎȄِϞȂ ΡϞޥོҬ܁܁ᗴُ֤ՓဎȄӰԪޥ ོ೨এΡႀԙϞԙ൷ҬȂငலԙ࣏এΡ ܚᅋϞُՓᔖᅾޟӈȄ ! ! ༁ӎȞ2009ȟᇯ࣏ȂᏐড়ޥོ१ຜఀ ىȂ፡ȶૡࣱήࠢȂ୲ԤਪଽȷȂᙤ ҥਪپؑڥђӪޥོΰσӻኵΡଡؑ ޟӓӣҬȄЮҔ࣏ΟυτޟҐپȂӵఀى υτޟႆแϛȂჂᓾυτֆΨҢђਪȂ֙ ᇰтঈȈԤԁޟᏰཾԙ൷ߒ౪Ȃپӵᙛൟ ΰϗюΡᓞӴȂլԤШၶᓺູޟޥོӴ ՝ȂඡණၶӻޟޥོၥྛȄѪΙП७Ȃυτ ᇄЮҔڷড়ΡԤӄᇄӓޟᜰ߽Ȃԃݎυ τԤറюޟߒ౪ȂЮҔᇄড়ΡЕо࣏ ᄸȂᇯ࣏тޟԙ൷џоӎߞྎȄӰԪЮҔ ᒑலོौؑυτҢђਪȂଡؑԁԙ ᕼȂυτζོ᠙ЮҔᒑޟၗȂᑖྃֆΨȂо ᅾ׃ၾȄ ! ! ࿋ΡଡؑᖃөҬਢȂζӣਢӵᄂ፺ ُՓဎȄࣺၶܻଡؑএΡҬȂଡؑᖃө Ҭৠܾுڗড়ΡޟЛࡻᇄڧȂζџ ᡱড়ΡཐڗԤ७υȂӰ࣏ଡؑᖃөҬಒ ӫড়ΡȄоᏰҡޟᏰཾԙ൷ՄِȂଡؑ ԁԙᕼȃՃΰԁᏰਮྃԤџڧЮҔᇄ ৱߝ೨ޟᖃөҬȂӰԪႀԙΰक़Ҭ๘ Ϛѫᄂ౪ՌϏޟዖՄϐȂζӣਢᄂ፺Ռ Ϗ࣏٘υτޟُՓဎȂᅾ׃ၾޟڎᡝߒ ౪Ȅ ! ! ӰԪȂֆΨޟઍғཎဎϚ༉ଡؑԙ൷ ޟഊ৷ȂֆΨҏ٘൷ᡗ౪юএΡкଢ଼ᅾဎ ޟଢ଼ᐠȂӣਢڎԤၾኈܒቋȄಒᆆઍ Ȟ2003ȟоȃଽϛҡ࣏ᄇຫ໌፡ࢥȂौ ؑᇄޱᄇȶଽֆΨ—ߒ౪ԁȷȃȶଽֆΨ— ߒ౪৯ȷȃȶճֆΨ—ߒ౪ԁȷЅȶճֆΨ— ߒ౪৯ȷ้ѲᆍޟᏰҡ໌ຟեȄଽֆ ΨಢϚ፣ԙᕼԁᚽȂШճֆΨಢၶೝຜ࣏ ԁᏰҡȇІϞȂճֆΨಢϚ፣ԙᕼԁᚽȂ ֯ШճֆΨಢϚೝຜ࣏ԁᏰҡȄِϞȂҏ ंـޟᇄޱᄇȶֆΨȷᇄ֏፭Ϡၾኈΰޟ ғ࿋ܒȄγȶֆΨȷޟᏰҡȂϚ፣ԙᕼߒ ౪ԁᚽȂϐငᅾΟҏӋȂԁᏰҡȄࣺ ІӴȂȶϚֆΨȷՄᕕுԁԙᕼޟᏰҡȂζ ϚᆗᅾڏҏϷȄ༁ӎȞ2004ȟᇯ࣏Ȃ ଽֆΨޟᏰҡϚ፣ߒ౪ԁᚽȂҐپᗙོ ៉ֆΨȂڏনӰџֆΨೝຜ࣏ᅾҏϷȃ ԁᏰҡޟߒȄтঈ࣏ΟᆰࡻȶԁᏰҡȷޟ ғ७לຫȂҐپᗙོ៉ֆΨȄѪѴȂҥܻ
ճֆΨޟᏰҡᄇܻᐇϞӵרȃᔖ၎ᑖྃֆΨ ўୈޟٱȂٮҐᅾΨȂӰԪϚ፣ߒ౪ԁᚽȂ ོೝຜ࣏ҐᅾҏϷȃϚԁᏰҡȃֆΨᗙ ϚஊȄҥԪרঈџоுޣȂᄇܻΡᏰҡՄ ِȂӵᏰཾΰֆΨ឴ܻհ࣏ᏰҡޟҏϷȂ ՄиԤڏၾኈܒޟဎొȄ ! ! ጾּۣȞ2004ȟࡾюȂΡᄇᏰಬޟད ݲѓ֤೨ӻՙПޥོܚϚ१ຜޟϱొȄٽԃ ȶ༕၄ܭȷȃȶ༕ࠌϚეȷ้ԙᇭȂϚᘞ ֙ᇰΡঈֆΨޟᄂҢܒȄȶЈȂ֗υо ՌϚȷߒҰএΡџоആႆֆΨٺՌϏᆰ ࡻ໌؏ȂϚᘞᗚөଽޟცࣨȄՄȶও٘ȃ ቆড়ȃݽȃҁЈήȷȃȶও٘໌ኈȷ้ད ݲȂࠌֆΨޟҡࣀಬᄛᇄछኈࣺ๖ӫȄӰ ԪȂֆΨᏰಬӵΡޥོϛȂϚӔငҥএ Ρཎסپᒵᐅܖڥޟ࣏ȂՄΡΡ҆ ڎരޟࠢኈȄ ! ! Lay ᇄ TsengȞ2003ȟี౪Ȉӵৱߝ ϚᘞौؑᇯޣֆΨޟᏰಬᕗცϛȂؐ࿋Ᏸҡ ฒݲႀڗৱߝޟྥܖឈுՌϏֆΨϚஊ ޟӣਢȂџբᓍဌඌཐȃཛྷޞȃϚ᠍Ռ Ϗ้॒өᆱȂծڏՌרਝࠓϚོӰԪ Մ६ճȄႪ۸࣡Ȟ2003ȟζࡾюȂσᏰҡܛ ᇯՌϏϚֆΨਢၶৠܾЕีဌඌཐ้॒७ ᆱȄӰԪȂᄇܻΡᏰҡՄِȂϚֆΨ ΙᆍϚၾኈиᡱΡཐڗဌඌޟ࣏Ȅ ! ! ᆣӫΰक़МᝦȂֆΨΙП७ቨ໌Ψ ޟഊ৷Ȃάӣਢঙڎᄂ፺ُՓဎޟђȂ оЅΨؑ໌؏ޟछኈȄ࣏ΟᗗջϚஊֆΨܚ ளپޟဌඌཐȂএΡலӵଡؑᖃөҬᎏڧ ਙఁਢȂࠎᓾՌϏ៉ֆΨȂհ࣏ՌϏᅾ ҏϷޟᜌ݂ȄՄֆΨଡؑޥོᆎ೨ȃড়ߝ ޟᖃөҬȂЎڏᏰཾԙ൷Ȃζ൷ԙ࣏ Ᏸҡᅾ׃ၾޟശٹഊ৷Ȅ
๖ᇭ!
! ! ԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟंـᗶณܻۖՙПޥོȂณ ՄȂԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠӵΡޥོϛޟཎဎȂࠓ ுఀىᄂώհޱᇄंـޱࡦޟដᚠȄ Ꮠড়МϽپࣼȂᏰҡଡؑᏰཾԙ൷Ȃٮߨ༉ ՙПЖ౩Ᏸড়ܚᒝޟଡؑՌרᄂ౪Ȅӵ १ຜُՓᜰ߽ȃΡሬڷᒙޟΡޥོ၇ȂᏰ ཾԙ൷ӣਢζᅖٗড়৳ϱޟ१ौђȄѺᏗ ᆹΟᒑυϞޟӓӣཎסȂζளپড়ఊᄸ ޟᄔᡗȄӵᚄ఼Ᏸཾԙ൷ᇄُՓဎޟᜰᖒ ϞࡣȂԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟΡሬቹ७Ȃܖ೨ԙ࣏Ґ پंـޟ१ौПөȄՃМᝦ!
յԊ٤Ȟ1990ȟȄԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟ࡚ᄺਝ࡙ंـȄ ҳᇃᢊσᏰЖ౩Ᏸंـܚിρ፣ МȂҐюގȂᇃѕѿȄ յԊ٤Ȟ2005ȟȄԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠᇄԙ൷ᢎ܈Ȉ ΡМϽЖ౩ޟષȄၷܻ྆ኾȃ༁ӎ ȃ྆ϛкጡȂΡҏπЖ౩ᏰȞήȟ [ߑގΠڕ]Ȃ665-711ȄᇃѕȈሉࢺюގ ϴѧȄ յԊ٤ȃ྆ኾȞ1987ȟȄޥོڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ ᐠᇄএרڥөԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠȈ྅܈Ϸݙᇄᄂ ंـȄϛѵंـҕఊᏰंـܚ ѐȂ64Ȃ51-98Ȅ յԊ٤ȃ྆ኾȞ1991ȟȄԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠҏπϽ ޟࣸࡦȄၷܻ྆ϛȃଽۦϦкጡȂϛ Ρ Ʉ ϛ Ж Ȉ Ρ ਿ ᇄ ޥ ོ ጕ Ȃ 201-290ȄᇃѕȈሉࢺюގϴѧȄ ಒᆆઍȞ2002ȟȄᏰҡᄇֆΨӵᖃөᇄߨᖃ өᏰऋᏰಬޣឈϞंـȄၷܻΡҏπ Ж ౩ Ᏸ ं ـ ଡ ؑ ڟ ູ ॎ ห ᒲ ϴ ࡉ ȞጡȟȂΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸंـଡؑڟູ ॎห-91 ԑ࡙ॎหஈൢ֙ਪȄᇃѕȈ ΡҏπЖ౩ᏰंـଡؑॎหᒲϴࡉȄ ಒᆆઍȞ2003ȟȄᏰҡᄇᏰಬޟၾኈܒቋ ϞंـȄၷܻΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸंـଡؑ ڟູॎหᒲϴࡉȞጡȟȂΡҏπЖ౩ Ᏸंـଡؑڟູॎห-92 ԑ࡙ॎหஈ ൢ֙ਪȄᇃѕȈΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸंـଡ ؑॎหᒲϴࡉȄ ങМȞ2005ȟȄΡޟޥོҬᇄԙ൷ଢ଼ ᐠȈоᇃᢊσᏰҡ࣏ٽȄҳᇃᢊσᏰ Ж౩Ᏸंـܚിρ፣МȂҐюގȂᇃѕ ѿȄ ༁ӎȞ2004ȟȄᏐড়ޥོϛޟޥོҬᇄ ُՓဎȄҏπЖ౩ᏰंـȂ22Ȃ 121-194Ȅ ༁ӎȞ2009ȟȄᏐড়ᜰ߽кဎȈᏰІࡦȃ ౩፣࡚ᄺᇄᄂंـȄᇃѕȈЖ౩юގ ޥȄ Ⴊ۸࣡Ȟ2003ȟȄΡֆΨᘪӰधࡣޟཎဎ فಛȄၷܻΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸंـଡؑڟ ູॎหᒲϴࡉȞጡȟȂΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸ ंـଡؑڟູॎห-92 ԑ࡙ॎหஈൢ ֙ਪȄᇃѕȈΡҏπЖ౩Ᏸंـଡؑ ॎหᒲϴࡉȄ ጾּۣȞ2003ȟȄԙ൷ଢ଼ᐠޟМϽ੫Ȉᇃ ᢊӴୢߧЍԑޟֆΨ߬܈Ȅҳᇃᢊσ ᏰЖ౩Ᏸंـܚᆈρ፣МȂҐюގȂᇃ ѕѿȄ
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