國立臺灣大學工學院土木工程學系 博士論文
Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering
National Taiwan University Doctoral Dissertation
建築資訊模型應用於營建工程知識與進度更新管理 Applications of BIM Technologies in Knowledge and
As-built Schedule Management in Construction
冉淑慧 Shu-Hui Jan
指導教授： 荷世平 博士 曾惠斌 博士 Advisor: Shih-Ping Ho, Ph.D.
Hui-Ping Tserng, Ph.D.
中華民國 103 年 1 月 Jan. 2014
i
口試委員會審定書
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank many people for their help throughout my research and overall doctoral work. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and deepest appreciation to my academic advisors Ph.D. Shih-Ping Ho and Ph.D. Hui-Ping Tserng for their kind understanding, academic guidance, moral support and extra patience to my research.
Their supports and suggestion made this research to be a great experience for me.
Numerous fruitful discussions and consistent helps provided by them are sincerely acknowledged and unforgettable.
I would also like to show my special appreciation to my committee members, Ph.D.
Jyh-Dong Lin, Ph.D. Wei-Tong Chen, Ph.D. Hung-Ming Chen, and Ph.D. Po-Han Chen, for their efforts and patience in taking time to review my dissertation, offering valued advices about how to improve my dissertation. I have obtained beneficial research advice from these committee members, which has good impacts on my present research.
I owe special thanks to all classmates and friends who assisted my research. Furthermore, I obtain valued and helpful information from them to support my research. Finally, I am indebted to my family members for their patience, understandings, supports, and encouragement.
iii
摘要
工地管理一直都是營建管理成功重要關鍵因素之一，而在工地管理直接執行 應用的知識管理(Knowledge Management)與進度管理(Schedule Management)是近年 來在營建管理領域高度被探討的重要議題。目前知識管理與進度管理主要是以文 字的模式作為資訊傳遞的方式，有時還是不易表達實際現場建物構件位置的進度 與經驗知識，因此本研究利用建築資訊模型(Building Information Modeling, BIM)之 視覺化效果特色建置 3D BIM-based 知識管理與 BIM-based 進度更新管理模式，有 系統地彙整蒐集及管理工程在施工階段之知識分享與進度更新管理，以利提昇營 建工地管理之效率與效益。利用 BIM 方法應用於 BIM-based 知識管理來彙整相關 工程累積的知識與經驗，主要的好處在於能夠有效率地瞭解執行工程相關之知識 資產，有效地彙整及管理工程專案的知識，同時應用 BIM-based 進度更新管理模 式，能更有效地展現工程實際進度。營建工程未來應用 3D BIM 模式將成為工程專 案執行控管之一種趨勢。本研究透過相關文獻收集分析及業界專家訪談，探討營建 工程應用 BIM-based 知識管理與 BIM-based 進度更新管理模式之需求、模式及架 構，建構出 BIM 模型管理模式、BIM-based 知識管理模式與 BIM-based 進度管理 模式之流程與機制，主要分成四個部分進行研究：(1)首先探討 BIM-based 知識管 理與 BIM-based 進度更新管理之問題及需求；(2)提出 BIM 模型管理模式、BIM- based 知識管理模式與 BIM-based 進度管理模式之流程與機制；(3)建置 BIM-based 知識管理與 BIM-based 進度更新管理雛型系統；(4)利用個案營造廠的實際工程應 用 BIM-based 管理模式及系統，評估營建工程專案之知識管理與進度更新管理之 成效及可能遭遇困難，提供未來營建工程工地管理之參考。
關鍵字: 建築資訊模型、進度管理、知識管理、BIM 模型管理
iv
ABSTRACT
Various visual representations of a project management and associated information combined with visual representations of the project in progress, i.e. Building Information Modeling (BIM), can assist with these tasks of identifying effective construction strategies for managing a project's knowledge and schedule. The application of BIM integrated with as-built schedule management and the knowledge management for building projects during the construction phase is discussed in this work. To assist the general contractor in effectively and efficiently managing knowledge and schedule, this study proposes BIM model management model, BIM schedule management model, and BIM knowledge management model. Furthermore, this study presents novel prototype called the Construction BIM-assisted Schedule and Knowledge Management (ConBIM- SKM) prototype for general contractors in Taiwan. Finally, the ConBIM-SKM prototype is applied to a case study of a commerce building project in Taiwan to verify its efficacy and demonstrate its effectiveness during the construction phase.
During the process of BIM application during the construction phase, it is necessary to consider the process management regarding the BIM models. Before the applications of BIM models, all new BIM model or updated BIM models must be reviewed and approved. Only the approved BIM models can be published and deliver to related participants to apply BIM model.
Regarding to schedule management, there is a great deal of research focusing on the simulation of the 4D approach (3D and time simulations), although the idea of the 4D approach is not new. There are few studies on updating an as-built schedule using the BIM approach. Notably, the proposed approach retains information about changes and
v
conditions to the as-built schedule in a digital format and facilitates easy and effective visual updating of as-built schedule information in the web environment. Furthermore, project participants can access and utilize the most recently updated as-built schedule integrated with the BIM application in practice during the construction phase. The case study results show that the ConBIM-SKM prototype provides users with centralized storage of all updates to the contents and status of the as-built schedule during the construction phase of a project, such that the project managers and project engineers can track and manage the visual status effectively. Overall, field test results indicate that the proposed ConBIM-SKM prototype is an effective and visual platform for the general contractor to handle construction work using an as-built schedule integrated with BIM model.
Regarding to BIM-based knowledge management, this work presented and developed the ConBIM-SKM prototype as a visual platform to improve construction knowledge sharing in building projects. Using the BIM technology, project managers and engineers can gain knowledge related to BIM and obtain feedback provided by jobsite engineers for future reference. Overall, field test results indicate that the ConBIM-SKM prototype is an effective and simple platform for construction knowledge management.
The case study results demonstrate the effectiveness of a ConBIM-SKM-like system for KM during the construction phase.
Keywords: BIM, Building Information Modeling, Schedule Management, Knowledge Management, BIM Model Management.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
口試委員會審定書 ... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii
摘要 ... iii
ABSTRACT ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ... viii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xi
1. Introduction ... 1
1.1 Motivation and Background ... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ... 3
1.3 Research Objectives and Scope ... 4
2. Literature Review ... 6
2.1 Building Information Modeling ... 6
2.2 Current Research of BIM ... 10
2.3 Schedule Management in Construction ... 12
2.4 Knowledge Management in Construction ... 16
3. Model Development ... 18
3.1 BIM Model Management Model ... 19
3.2 BIM Schedule Management Model ... 22
3.3 BIM Knowledge Management Model ... 32
4. Prototype Development ... 41
vii
4.1 Overview of ConBIM-SKM prototype ... 42
4.2 Prototype Modules for schedule management ... 44
4.3 Prototype Modules for knowledge management ... 47
5. Case Study ... 52
5.1 The Description of Case Study ... 52
5.2 Case Study for Schedule Management ... 53
5.3 Case Study for Knowledge Management ... 55
5.4 Evaluation ... 57
5.5 Barriers and Limitations ... 62
6. Conclusion and Future Research ... 66
6.1 Conclusion ... 66
6.2 Contributions ... 69
6.3 Future Research ... 71
REFERENCES ... 72
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. The research flowchart of the study ... 5
Figure 2. Main benefits of the BIM applications during the construction phase ... 7
Figure 3. Concept of the use of BIM in construction lifecycle ... 8
Figure 4. 4D schedule simulation ... 14
Figure 5. Research Conceptual Framework ... 19
Figure 6. The flowchart of BIM model management ... 21
Figure 7. The flowchart of BIM model quality management ... 21
Figure 8. The flowchart of BIM model revised management ... 22
Figure 9. Concept of the traditional as-built schedule network ... 23
Figure 10. Concept diagram of the traditional as-planned and as-built schedule ... 23
Figure 11. The concept of the schedule management using BIM model ... 24
Figure 12. The concept of schedule management integrated with BIM model ... 25
Figure 13. The multi-field updated approach for the as-built schedule management . 26 Figure 14. A flowchart of the as-built schedule management with BIM model ... 28
Figure 15. The sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (1/2) ... 30
Figure 16. The sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (2/2) ... 30
Figure 17. The alarm sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (1/2) ... 31
Figure 18. The alarm sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (2/2) ... 31
ix
Figure 19. Construction tacit and explicit knowledge management ... 33
Figure 20. Traditional knowledge management approach ... 33
Figure 21. The concept of knowledge management using BIM model ... 35
Figure 22. The conceptual of knowledge management integrated with BIM model .. 36
Figure 23. A flowchart of the knowledge management integrated with BIM model .. 37
Figure 24. The sample illustration of available knowledge integrated with BIM models ... 38
Figure 25. The sample illustration of available new knowledge integrated with BIM models ... 38
Figure 26. The flowchart of domain knowledge illustration using BIM model ... 40
Figure 27. The process flowchart of as-built updating schedule management integrated with BIM ... 47
Figure 28. The process of knowledge management illustration integrated with BIM 49 Figure 29. GUI of the ConBIM-SKM prototype for the master IFC-based BIM model ... 50
Figure 30. GUI of the ConBIM-SKM prototype for updating as-built schedule ... 50
Figure 31. GUI of the ConBIM-SKM prototype for schedule management ... 51
Figure 32. GUI of the ConBIM-SKM prototype for updating knowledge ... 51
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The description of each phase for BIM model management ... 20 Table 2. The description of color use for BIM models for as-built schedule ... 29 Table 3. The description of color use for BIM models for as-built schedule alarm .... 29 Table 4. The description of use of color for BIM knowledge management ... 37 Table 5. System Evaluation Result for schedule management Using BIM ... 59 Table 6. System Evaluation Result for knowledge management Using BIM ... 61
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A/E/C: Architectural, Engineering, and Construction AIA: American Institute of Architects
BIM: Building Information Modeling BPMN: Business Process Mapping Notation CAD: Computer-Aided Design
IDM: Information Delivery Manual IFC: Industry Foundation Classes
ISO: International Organization for Standardization MPS: Model Progression Specification
IPD: Integrated Project Delivery LOD: Level of Development RFI: Request for Information
1
1. Introduction
1.1 Motivation and Background
An as-planned schedule can be updated frequently, particularly as a construction project becomes larger and more complex. In the study, the as-built schedule reflects the actual start time, actual completion dates, actual duration of the specified activities during the process or final status. A general contractor typically requires access to as-built schedule information to control and manage construction projects. Updated as-built schedule management is essential to control and manage construction projects, particularly because it enhances communication and coordination among project participants. Promptly sharing the updated as-built schedule with other participants helps them make compatible decisions, which helps to minimize possible disputes. Therefore, updated as-built schedule monitoring and control among project participants should be necessary and important to the general contractor. Until recently, on-site progress data collection has been mainly paper-based. This method has been reported as one of the major problems that causes project delays and cost overruns (Davidson and Skibniewski, 1995). Manual methods, which are impractically slow and do not always achieve the desired result, require a great deal of time and energy. (Navon 2007; Trupp et al., 2004;
Hegazy and Abdel-Monem, 2012). Consequently, collection of as-built schedules from project participants is ineffective, thus reducing efficiency and resulting in a lack of as- built schedule information. This process ultimately results in confusion. With the advent of Internet technology, web-based as-built schedule information management solutions have facilitated information distribution and sharing among project participants.
Utilization of web technology enhances the sharing of as-built schedule information in
2
construction projects and has recently become increasingly important due to the ease with which information can be shared through web solutions.
In Taiwan, there currently are practice problems regarding updating an as-built schedule at the jobsite in Taiwan (such as no as-built updating schedule). One of those problems is hard to understand an accurate position or location from text-based illustrations of a traditional schedule. Building information modeling (BIM) is a new industry term referring to parametric 3D computer-aided design (CAD) technologies and processes in the AEC industry (Taylor and Bernstein, 2009). During the construction phase, effectively tracking and managing as-built schedule information integrated with BIM-assisted illustration in construction reduces mistakes. Effective BIM-assisted as- built schedule information sharing allows project engineers to identify a current as-built schedule and make accurate decisions in the visual environment. Despite many studies and discussions in academic and practical literature regarding the simulation of 4D approaches (3D computer model + time), few studies on the practical updating of as-built schedules, integrated with the BIM approach during the construction phase, have emerged.
It is vitally important for project managers and onsite engineers to obtain knowledge about construction and to solve any problems that may arise. To enhance the knowledge management, onsite engineers can learn from the experience of other onsite engineers.
Construction experience transfer involves using knowledge gained during the completion of previous projects to maximize the achievement of current project objectives (Reuss and Tatum, 1993). In order to share knowledge between similar projects, construction professionals have traditionally used techniques ranging from annual meetings to face- to-face interviews (Reuss and Tatum, 1993). In addition to experts' memory, construction experience can be recorded in various media, such as documents, databases, and intranets.
3
Knowledge management is the collection of processes controlling the creation, storage, reuse, evaluation, and use of experience-based knowledge in a particular situation or problem-solving context. In construction, knowledge management focuses on the acquisition and management of important experience-based knowledge provided by job engineers.
Regardless of whether a project executed by an architectural firm is successful, valuable knowledge can be gained, and should be documented so that onsite engineers can identify what worked and what did not. From the perspective of knowledge management in construction, these experiences and the knowledge gained from them are valuable, as they are accumulated through large investments in manpower, time, and money. Most onsite engineers agree that knowledge management in construction projects is a vital tool construction management. The sharing of knowledge and feedback provided by onsite engineers help to prevent mistakes that have been made in previous projects.
Drawing on knowledge and experience thus eliminates the need to solve many problems from scratch.
1.2 Problem Statement
There have been many problems encountered with this as-built schedule during the construction phase. The one of facing problems is that it is difficult to clearly explain a project without a visual representation while the schedule is being processed. Although there is a great deal of previous researches focusing on the simulation of the 4D approach (3D and time simulations), there are few studies on updating an as-built schedule using the BIM approach. Furthermore, most recent construction projects in Taiwan have applied knowledge management systems to improve construction management during the
4
construction phase. In construction projects, knowledge management may involve many important relationships between the presentation and retrieval of knowledge and CAD.
However, most of the shared information during the construction phase is in the form of text-based information. Text-based knowledge management is hard to illustrate acquired knowledge from construction project (no relationship with objects or components of buildings). Furthermore, when knowledge is available for sharing, it is not easy for engineers to understand it directly without 2D or 3D CAD illustrations. Therefore, it is a challenge to provide for the general contractor and onsite engineers models and solutions to enhance the as-built schedule management and knowledge management in this work.
1.3 Research Objectives and Scope
The main characteristics of BIM including illustrating 3D CAD-based presentations, keeping information in digital format, and facilitating the easy updating and transfer of information in a 3D environment. The objectives of this study are to: (1) propose as-built schedule management approach integrated with BIM models for schedule information sharing and tracking visually; (2) provide visual knowledge management approach integrated with BIM models for knowledge sharing and reuse. The scope of research is to manage knowledge and as-built schedule for general contractor during the construction phase. Furthermore, Figure 1 shows the research flowchart of the study.
5 Identify Problem
Identify Research Objectives
Identify Scope of Research
Model Development
Literature Review
BIM Model Management
Model
BIM Schedule Management Updating Model
BIM Knowledge Management
Model
Prototype Development
Case Study and Evaluation
Conclusions
Figure 1. The research flowchart of the study
6
2. Literature Review
This chapter provides a literature review of topics related to the basic inquiry of the research. Section 2.1 presents an overview of building information modeling (BIM), introducing its main concepts, properties and applications in practice. It also discusses how the literature describes BIM support for interdisciplinary collaboration and interoperability. Section 2.2 discusses literature related to related BIM applications in Practice. Section 2.3 discusses literature related to schedule management in construction.
Section 2.4 discusses literature related to knowledge management in construction.
2.1 Building Information Modeling
In the last decade, BIM was introduced as an information technology to improve efficiency and coordination. BIM is defined as the process of generating, storing, managing, exchanging, and sharing building information in an interoperable and reusable way (Vanlande et al., 2008). BIM digitally contains precise geometry and relevant data needed to support the design, procurement, fabrication, and construction activities used to build 3D object-oriented CAD (Eastman et al., 2011). BIM is the process of generating and managing data during the building life cycle (Epstein, 2012). BIM technology has the potential to enable fundamental changes in project delivery that will support a more integrated, efficient process (Teicholz, 2013). BIM is to offer solutions to many of the inefficiencies and systemic failures in the construction industry (Eastman et al., 2011).
BIM is a new industry term that refers to 3D illustration technology that incorporates parameters and processes related to the AEC industry (Taylor and Bernstein, 2009).
Almost ten years ago, BIM was introduced as an environment in which any information
7
Quantity Takeoff Structural Analysis 3D
Visualisation
Facility Management
Clash Detection
Building Management 2D Drawings
on 3D entity models could be stored and retrieved throughout a project’s life cycle (Tse et al., 2005). A BIM model is a digital visual representation of all of a building’s physical characteristics and relevant information on its life cycle (Manning and Messner, 2008).
In prior research, many different definitions of BIM have been proposed. BIM contains precise digital geometric measurements and data to support a project’s design, procurement, fabrication, and construction activities to describe CAD (Eastman et al., 2011). BIM’s main feature is that the complete model, with all of its parts, is saved in a single file. Moreover, any changes made to the model automatically affect any related data and drawings accordingly. BIM modeling allows users to create and update project- related documents automatically, and data on the building are attached to the model’s elements (Eastman et al., 2011). BIM helps construction planners to make important decisions by providing a visual of the details of the project in the future (Chau et al., 2004).
BIM is a tool that allows for efficient delineation of the management and execution of construction projects. Recently, there are many design firms, construction contractors, engineer companies and owner to apply BIM technologies for their business and services.
Figure 2 shows main benefits of the use of BIM during the construction phase.
Figure 2. Main benefits of the BIM applications during the construction phase
8
The applications of BIM technologies have been gaining acceptance in the construction life cycles (Leite et al., 2011). Figure 3 shows the different applications of BIM from conceptual design phase to operation and maintenance phase (Buildipedia, 2013).
Figure 3. Concept of the use of BIM in construction lifecycle
(Buildipedia 2013)
In the BIM model development, the Level of Development (LOD) plays an important role during the process of BIM application. Level of Development (LOD) describes, through five categories, the completeness of elements in a Building Information Model. Completeness will range from geometric detail to element information (BIMForum, 2013). Based on new LOD Specification by BIMForum and
9
American Institute of Architects (BIMForum, 2013), Level of Development Specification Definitions show as following:
LOD 100 - The model element may be graphically represented in the model with a symbol or other generic representation, but does not satisfy the requirements for LOD 200. Information related to the model element (i.e., cost per square foot, tonnage of HVAC, etc.) can be derived from other model elements.
LOD 200 - The model element is graphically represented within the model as a generic system, object, or assembly with approximate quantities, size, shape, location, and orientation. Nongraphic information may also be attached to the model element.
LOD 300 - The model element is graphically represented within the model as a specific system, object, or assembly in terms of quantity, size, shape, location, and orientation. Non-graphic information may also be attached to the model element.
LOD 350 - The model element is graphically represented within the model as a specific system, object, or assembly in terms of quantity, size, shape, orientation, and interfaces with other building systems. Nongraphic information may also be attached to the model element.
LOD 400 - The model element is graphically represented within the model as a specific system, object, or assembly in terms of size, shape, location, quantity, and orientation with detailing, fabrication, assembly, and installation information.
Nongraphic information may also be attached to the model element.
LOD 500 - The model element is a field-verified representation in terms of size, shape, location, quantity, and orientation. Nongraphic information may also be attached to the model element.
10
The LOD of the BIM model will influence the result of BIM application directly.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the LOD of the BIM model in the initial plan and the BIM implantation.
2.2 Current Research of BIM
There are a lot of research and development regarding to BIM to have been conducted in order to further enhance the capabilities of BIM during the construction life cycle. There are many core adoption, advantages, barriers, limitations, and frameworks for the use of BIM in supporting decisions and improving processes throughout the life cycle of a project (Succar, 2009; Shen and Issa, 2010; Manning and Messner, 2008;
Becerik-Gerber and Rice, 2010; Underwood and Isikdag, 2010; Gu and London, 2010;
Wong et al., 2010; Eastman et al., 2011; Arayici et al., 2011; Jung and Joo, 2011; Barlish and Sullivan, 2012; Porwal and Hewage, 2013; Succar, 2013; Bryde et al., 2013). The characteristics that are beneficial to the construction phase include a reduction in necessary rework, increased customer satisfaction as a result of the visual model, more productive phasing and scheduling, more efficient and timely construction management with a swift form of communication, accurate estimation of cost, and a clearer visual for safety testing (Hardin, 2009; Matta and Kam, 2010; Dossick and Neff, 2010; Eastman et al., 2011; Elbeltagi and Dawood, 2011; Azhar, 2011; Zhou et al., 2013; Hartmann et al., 2012). Bynum et al. (2012) investigated the perceptions of the use of BIM for sustainable design and construction among designers and constructors.
Over the past few years, the focus of many research efforts has been the use of information technology (IT) to enhance automation aided by the BIM approach.
Redmond et al. (2012) utilized cloud computing as a platform on which to integrate the
11
BIM applications known as “Cloud BIM.” This integration enhanced the BIM user’s experience in making important decisions regarding design in various disciplines. Ren et al. (2012) proposed a framework in which BIM could be used to integrate applications for cost estimation and quantity takeoff with e-commerce solutions for procurement of materials and evaluation of supplier performance. Li et al. (2012) integrated virtual prototyping and four-dimensional simulation to assist construction planners in testing the sequence of construction activities when mobile cranes are involved. Shen et al. (2012) proposed UASEM system to facilitate the designer-user communications and assist the pre-occupancy evaluation using BIM technology. To manage construction defects, Park et al. (2013) presented a conceptual system framework in which BIM was integrated with ontology and augmented reality (AR). Davies and Harty (2013) developed tools based on BIM to enable site workers to access information on the design, record work quality, and update records of progress on-site on their personal tablets or computers. Wang et al.
(2013) developed a framework of how FM can be considered in design stage using BIM technology. Martins and Monteiro (2013) created a BIM-based system to automatically check procedure codes for water distribution systems. Irizarry et al. (2013) integrated the BIM approach with geographic information systems (GIS) to track the status of a supply chain and to provide warning signals that would result in successful delivery of materials.
Zhang et al. (2013) integrated BIM with an automated safety-check platform to forewarn construction engineers and managers of potential accidents related to falls before the start of any actual construction. Zhang et al. (2014) proposed and verified Industrial Foundation Classes-based graphic information model as the foundation of data sharing in virtual construction systems and in other AEC/FM applications. Kim and Teizer (2014) developed a rule-based system that automatically plans scaffolding systems for pro-active
12
management using BIM technology. Gurevich and Sacks (2014) developed KanBIM production control system to work in a sequence that was pulled according to the maturity of work packages, thus avoiding rework and stabilizing production rates.
2.3 Schedule Management in Construction
Since the early 1990’s, an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the idea of four-dimensional computer-aided design (4D CAD) for planning construction projects (Liston et el., 1998; Wang et el., 2004). Commercially available 4D CAD applications are becoming more widespread and easily accessible, and this technology enables the construction planner to produce more detailed, concise, and rigorous schedules. These commercially available packages typically focus on the use of 4D CAD simulations for the purpose of visualization (Heesom and Mahdjoubi, 2004). A great deal of previous research has concentrated on applying 4D CAD to the use of construction schedules. Ma et al. (2005) developed a 4D Integrated Site Planning System (4D-ISPS) which integrates schedules, 3D models, resources and site spaces together with 4D CAD technology to provide 4D graphical visualization capability for construction site planning. Goedert and Meadati (2008) created a 3D as-built model, a four-dimensional as-built model, and attach the construction process information to the model for the owner to use after construction.
Russell et el. (2009) were able to visualize strategies for construction of a high-rise building through the use of linear scheduling and 4D CAD. Tsai et al. (2010) proposed a three-stage consulting framework of system evaluation, usability study, and management plan (SUM) to effectively identify major problems for the use of 4D management tools in the large design–build projects. Kim et al. (2011) presented a case study analyzing construction of a cable-stayed bridge, as well as modelling this process with a 4D graphic
13
simulation. Zhang and Hu (2011) used a 4D structural information model to resolve conflicts and alleviate safety issues throughout construction. Hu and Zhang (2011) developed a BIM-assisted 4D-based system for the same purpose. Li et al. (2012) utilized a 4D simulation and virtual prototyping to help construction planners to examine the feasibility of mobile cranes in the construction process. Chavada et al. (2012) integrated critical path method and BIM to provide real-time management and rehearsal of activity execution workspaces. Zhou et al. (2013) used 4D visualization technology to manage safety throughout the metro’s construction. Chen, Y.H. et al. (2013) developed effective and affordable tools for selecting and evaluating color schemes in 4D models. Kim, C., Son, H., and Kim, C. (2013) developed an accurate, essentially fully automated method for construction progress measurement using a 4D BIM in concert with 3D data obtained by remote-sensing technology. Kang et al. (2013) developed a simulation system for visualizing risk information integrated with a four-dimensional (4D) CAD system. Kim, C., Kim, B., and Kim, H. (2013) proposed an image processing-based methodology for the automatic updating of a 4D CAD model. The schedule information was then automatically integrated with an existing 3D CAD model in batch-processing modes to produce the updated 4D CAD model. Moon, H.S., Dawood, N., and Kang, L.S. (2014) proposed a methodology that generates workspaces using a bounding box model and an algorithm in order to identify schedule and workspace conflict within a 4D simulator.
14
All of the aforementioned research has focused on simulating the 4D approach (3D digital model + time) (see Fig. 4). However, the idea of a 4D approach is hardly new. The 4D simulation approach is different from the BIM-based as-built schedule updating system, for which there have only been a few studies.
Figure 4. 4D schedule simulation
Numerous research efforts have focused on applications of BIM-reeled schedule management in construction. Shen et al. (2013) proposed a BIM-based user activity simulation and evaluation method to facilitate the designer-user communications especially in terms of spatial properties of the layout. Kim, H., Anderson, K., Lee, S.H., and Hildreth, J. (2013) established a framework for automating the generation of construction schedules by using data stored in BIM and proposed system in this research
15
creates construction tasks, computes activity durations using available activity production rates, applies sequencing rules, and finally outputs a schedule. Chen, S.M. et al. (2013) proposed a BIM-based framework with the function of developing the near-optimum schedule plan according to develop n-dimensional project scheduling and management system for project scheduling and management. Wang et al. (2014) developed an interface system integrated with BIM for quantity takeoffs of required materials to support site- level operations simulation for project scheduling support. Moon, H.S., Kim, H.S., Kim, C.H., and Kang, L.S. (2014) realized an active simulation system based on BIM after constructing a genetic algorithm (GA) process for an alternative schedule management system equipped with decision-making functions of workspace analysis.
In Taiwan, there have been many problems encountered with this system of scheduling during the construction phase. One such problem is that it is difficult to clearly explain a project without a visual representation while the schedule is being processed.
In recent studies, there have been attempts to update 4D CAD models with various technologies, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) (Azimi et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2011), Ultra Wide Band (UWB) (Shahi et al., 2013), 3D laser scanning (El-Omari and Moselhi, 2008; El-Omari and Moselhi, 2009; Bosche et al., 2006; Bosche et al., 2008;
Tang et al., 2010; Turkan et al., 2012; Kim, C., Son, H., et al., 2013; Xiong et al., 2013), and digital image processing (Kim, C., Kim, B., et al., 2013). These approaches still have a multitude of limitations, such as a high cost, that need to be addressed before the methods can be put into practice. Therefore, in this work it was a challenge to provide for the general contractor and onsite engineers a platform with which they could track and manage the BIM-assisted information on the as-built schedule.
16
2.4 Knowledge Management in Construction
Usually, construction knowledge management plays an important role in construction management. Knowledge management deals with collecting, modeling, storing, reusing, evaluating and maintaining knowledge (Davenport and Prusak, 1998;
Bergmann, 2002; Davenport and Probst, 2002). Numerous research efforts have focused on applications of knowledge management in construction. El-Diraby and Kashif (2005) presented a distributed ontology architectural design developed by rigorous knowledge acquisition and ontology development techniques for knowledge management in the highway construction industry. Hartmann and Fischer (2007) described how project teams can use 3D/4D models efficiently to support the communication of knowledge during the constructability review on construction projects. Ribeiro (2009) analyzed knowledge management effort based on case studies and provided recommendations and insights for enhancing knowledge management in construction firms. Chen and Mohamed (2010) provided empirical evidence for the stronger strategic role of tacit knowledge management in comparison to explicit knowledge management. Kivrak et al.
(2008) used a survey to find out how tacit and explicit knowledge are captured, stored, shared, and used in forthcoming projects, as well as to identify major drivers and barriers in knowledge management. Chen et al. (2012) presented a knowledge-sharing model to determine whether risk mitigation based on the use of derivatives would be beneficial to the companies. Forcada et al. (2013) presented a survey of perceptions of knowledge management implementation in the Spanish construction sector and compares the results obtained from design and construction firms. Motawa and Almarshad (2013) utilized the functions of information modelling techniques and knowledge systems to facilitate full retrieval of information and knowledge for maintenance work.
17
Although numerous information management systems have been developed for the application of construction knowledge management, such systems typically exist for knowledge sharing using only text-based illustrations. To enhance construction-related knowledge sharing using a BIM-based environment, this study proposes a novel BIM- assisted schedule management and knowledge management approach and system for project managers and onsite engineers.
18
3. Model Development
To enhance visualization of the updated as-built schedule and knowledge management for the general contractor, there are three models developed in the study.
They are BIM model management model, BIM schedule management model, and BIM knowledge management model. After the application of BIM model management, the proposed schedule management model and knowledge management model may be executed successfully.
During the process of BIM application during the construction phase, it is necessary to consider the process management regarding the BIM models. In order to improve the performance of BIM management, the study proposes the four phases for BIM models management lifecycle. To enhance visualization of the updated as-built schedule management for the general contractor, this study proposes BIM schedule management model for the general contractor is to enhance visual as-built schedule management effectively at construction site. Finally, the study develops knowledge management model to effectively acquire, manage, and reuse knowledge gained from other onsite engineers integrated with BIM technology.
Figure 5 shows the research conceptual framework for the study. There are three models developed in the study. They are BIM model management model, BIM schedule management model, and BIM knowledge management model. After the application of BIM model management, the proposed schedule management model and knowledge management model may be executed successfully. The main content of three models will focus on the management process and management mechanism. The detailed information will be discussed as following sections.
19
BIM Model
Current Method Proposed Method
BIM
BIM Model Schedule Management
(SM)
Knowledge Management (KM)
Management Process
Management Mechanism
Text-based Knowledge
Knowledge Management
Text-based Knowledge
Knowledge Management As-plan
Schedule Schedule
Network
As-built Schedule As-plan
Schedule Schedule
Network
As-built Schedule
As-plan Schedule Schedule
Network
As-built Schedule As-plan
Schedule Schedule
Network
As-built Schedule
Figure 5. Research Conceptual Framework
3.1 BIM Model Management Model
It is very important for BIM management during the BIM work. During the process of BIM application during the construction phase, it is necessary to consider the process management regarding the BIM models. In order to improve the performance of BIM management, the study proposes the four phases for BIM models management lifecycle.
The four phases are developed and proposed based on the interview of BIM experts in Taiwan. They are creating BIM model, approving BIM model, publishing BIM model, and modifying BIM model. Table 1 shows the description for each phase. Furthermore, the study proposes the flowchart of BIM models management based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan (see Fig. 6). Most of BIM work during the construction phase can be executed based on the proposed flowchart of BIM models management. Before
20
the applications of BIM models, all new BIM model or updated BIM models must be reviewed and approved. Only the approved BIM models can be published and deliver to related participants to apply BIM model. In order to manage the BIM model effectively, the study also proposes the flowchart of BIM model quality management (see Fig.7) and the flowchart of BIM model revised management (see Fig.8).
Table 1. The description of each phase for BIM model management Phase Description
Creating BIM model Handles the initial and developing work of BIM model.
Approving BIM model Confirms the accuracy of BIM model before the completed BIM model.
Publishing BIM model BIM model is confirmed and published to project engineers.
Modifying BIM model Requesting BIM modification and BIM updating processes if the BIM needs changes or updates.
21
Modify the BIM Model
Approve BIM Model Start
End Analyze the
requirement
Publish BIM Model Update or
New BIM Model
Create the BIM Model New BIM Model
Update BIM Model
No
Yes
Revise the BIM Model
Approve BIM Model Start
End Understand the
requirement
Publish BIM Model
Check BIM Model Create the BIM
Model
Yes No
No Yes
Figure 6. The flowchart of BIM model management
Figure 7. The flowchart of BIM model quality management
22
Revise the BIM Model
Approve Revised BIM
Model Start
End Understand the
revised requirement
Publish Revised BIM Model
Check revised BIM
Model Revise BIM
Model
Yes No
Yes No
Figure 8. The flowchart of BIM model revised management
3.2 BIM Schedule Management Model
Visual representations aid communication amongst project staff and facilitate decision making, and, when implemented well, they can provide the project team with clear and fast feedback. Currently, there is much commercial BIM software to provide the 4D simulation for construction management. Tekla, for example, provides BIM value beyond design to virtual construction and project time simulation. Autodesk Navisworks functions to simulate construction schedules and logistics in 4D to visually communicate and analyze project activities. Vico software provides 3D model elements connected to tasks for 4D simulation. However, this software mainly provides users with the 4D simulation functionality. If the general contractor wants to utilize the commerce BIM software for the application of as-built schedule management, most 4D simulation
23
functionality is incapable of meeting the requirement of updating the as-built schedule management in practice.
Fig. 9 shows the concept of the traditional as-built schedule network. Usually, schedule network is utilized currently for as-built schedule management. Furthermore, onsite engineer need to update the as-built schedule at the jobsite during the construction phase (see Fig. 10).
Figure 9. Concept of the traditional as-built schedule network
Figure 10. Concept diagram of the traditional as-planned and as-built schedule As-built
Schedule
As-plan Schedule Traditional Schedule
As-built Schedule
Schedule network
As-plan Schedule
As-built Schedule Engineer
Onsite Engineers
Update
24
The primary advantages of the BIM-based as-built schedule are as follows: (1) it provides a BIM-assisted illustration for sharing the updated as-built schedule in the web environment; (2) it provides project managers and engineers with the ability to track color-assisted statuses of all virtual as-built schedule processes during the construction phase of a project; and (3) it gives project engineers the ability to respond to the updated or feedback content using the BIM approach in practice.
The proposed schedule management model with BIM-assisted visualization allows all project engineers to access the most recent visual as-built schedule using the BIM model. Furthermore, the updated as-built schedule can also be shared with marked information related to changes (see Fig. 11).
Figure 11. The concept of the schedule management using BIM model
The main contribution of the study is to explore the experience of tracking and managing BIM-assisted as-built scheduling during the construction phase (see Fig. 12).
In the beginning, new as-built schedule is identified and updated for approving by onsite BIM
Schedule Management
Location
As-built Schedule
Component Visual illustration
As-plan Schedule
Relationship Network
BIM model
Integration
25
engineers. After the updated as-built schedule is approved, approved as-built can be published and tracked for future use.
Figure 12. The concept of schedule management integrated with BIM model
The study proposes a new innovative multi-field updated approach to the as-built schedule to enhance its management, which in turn allows engineers to update multiple as-built records of each activity or task in the field at various times (see Fig. 13). The main purpose is for engineers to build upon the previous updated content for each activity or task. This multi-field updated as-built schedule approach allows engineers to track past and present progress of the as-built schedule content. When onsite engineers also select a traditional single field for as-built updates, they need not use a multi-field progress update system.
Approve As-built Schedule
Integration of SM and BIM Update As-built Schedule
Track As-built Schedule Publish As-built Schedule
Identify As-built Schedule
26
50%
Activity
2013/02/06
38%
2013/02/03
30%
2013/02/01
schedule Date
50%
2013/02/06
schedule Date
Multi-field Updated Approach
Single Updated Approach
Figure 13. The multi-field updated approach for the as-built schedule management
The 3D markup-enabled schedule models can be defined as a 3D CAD graphic representation of as-built schedule activities linking relationships between CAD objects and attributes of schedule models. The BIM approach retains as-built schedule information in a digital format, facilitating easy updating and transfer of activities in the 3D CAD environment. The as-built schedule information with 3D BIM approach can be identified, tracked, and managed virtually during construction projects. The most recent as-built schedule status and comments can be acquired from onsite engineers and then shared and illustrated by way of the 3D BIM model for better understanding and communication.
The 3D markup-enabled schedule models, which are defined in multiple objects, are constructed from variables that can be decomposed into CAD component units and cam store the status of the as-built activity schedule. The 3D markup-enabled schedule models allow users to access information from the as-built schedule stored in layers based on the
27
attributes and type of the as-built schedule. As-built schedule information stored in components of the 3D markup-enabled schedule model includes both the status of the as- built schedule and comments. As-built activity schedule status includes the as-built schedule, comments of the as-built schedule, descriptions of problems regarding the as- built schedule, or related attachments (e.g., documents, reports, drawings, and photos).
Additionally, the 3D markup-enabled schedule models allow users to review the as-built schedule with the BIM model to enhance effectiveness of visual communication. The 3D markup-enabled schedule model is associated with the as-built schedule, locations, and comments on activities.
In order to explain the flowchart for the as-built schedule with BIM model, the study proposes the flowchart of the procedure of the as-built schedule with BIM model (see Fig.
14). Table 2 illustrates the description of use of color for BIM models for as-built schedule.
The use of color for BIM models for as-built schedule is summarized and proposed based on the interview and discussion of BIM experts and onsite engineers. Furthermore, the use of color will be changed and applied based on different purposes and situations. In order to enhance as-built schedule alarm purpose, another color model is proposed for the as-built schedule alarm (see Table 3).
28
Update the as-built activity schedule Submit for
Approving
Publish the updated as-built schedule linked
with BIM model Yes
Update the component schedule
of BIM model
End Yes
No
Start
Activities linked with BIM model?
Activities linked with the component of
BIM model No
Figure 14. A flowchart of the as-built schedule management with BIM model
29
Table 2. The description of color use for BIM models for as-built schedule Color of Status Usage Description
Pink Color To index schedule regarding to no start status Yellow Color To index schedule regarding to under construction
status
Blue Color To index schedule regarding to completion status
Table 3. The description of color use for BIM models for as-built schedule alarm Color of Status Usage Description
Red Color To index schedule regarding to delay status
The above two types of color use will be different and applied based on different purposes and situations.
The example of grille installation activity uses three colors to illustrate different schedule statuses (no start status, under construction status, and completion status) (see Figure 15). Furthermore, another example regarding the whole project schedule uses three colors to illustrate no start, under construction, and completion schedule statuses (see Figure 16).
30
No start status Completion status
Under construction status
Installation of gratings
65%
Figure 15. The sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (1/2)
Figure 16. The sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (2/2)
No start status
Under construction status
Completion status
31 Delay status (Red)
Figure 17 illustrate the sample of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM for alarm use. Furthermore, another alarm example regarding the whole project schedule uses red color to illustrate delay status (see Figure 18).
Figure 17. The alarm sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (1/2)
Figure 18. The alarm sample illustration of as-built updating schedule integrated with BIM model (2/2)
Installation of gratings
Delay status (Red)
32
3.3 BIM Knowledge Management Model
Usually, most knowledge can be classified as either tacit or explicit knowledge in knowledge management (Tiwana, 2000). Tacit knowledge is personal, context-specific knowledge that is difficult to formalize, record or articulate. This type of knowledge is stored in the heads of people (Hart, 1992). Tacit knowledge or experience is primarily developed through a process of trial and error in practice. Tacit knowledge that can be communicated directly and effectively is personal knowledge embedded in individual experience and shared and exchanged through direct, face-to-face contact (Tiwana, 2000).
In contrast, the acquisition of explicit knowledge is indirect: it must be decoded and re- coded into one’s mental models, and is then internalized as tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge can be codified and transmitted in a systematic and formal language. Explicit knowledge can be found in the documents of organizations, including reports, articles, manuals, patents, pictures, images, video, audio, software, and other forms. In this study,
"tacit knowledge" refers to "hard" information that is visibly or invisibly related to part of an area of knowledge, including experience and know-how; explicit knowledge is
"soft" information that enables or facilitates the execution of specific information, including contracting, drawing, solving problems, or approving proposals. Figure 19 shows construction tacit and explicit knowledge management. Furthermore, Figure 20 shows traditional knowledge management approach.
33 Approve
Knowledge
Acquired Knowledge Chief Knowledge
Officer (CKO)
Managers and Engineers
Submit or Update
Shared Knowledge
Figure 19. Construction tacit and explicit knowledge management
Figure 20. Traditional knowledge management approach
Knowledge Sharing
Submit Knowledge
Respond Knowledge Tacit
Knowledge
Explicit Knowledge
Respond Knowledge
Respond Knowledge Respond Knowledge
Respond Knowledge
34
All onsite engineers are responsible for sharing knowledge pertaining to their own domain. Any BIM model that’s integrated information/knowledge sharing requirements have been noted will be classified as explicit in order to allow relevant experiences and processes to be recorded. Therefore, the shared information associated with objects of BIM model can be referred to and reused in other projects.
Shared information from all onsite engineers is divided and saved as “activity,”
“object,” or “issue” for collection and management. The main advantage of BIM-based knowledge management is the ease with which information and knowledge can be understood and reapplied. Knowledge saved in the "issue" category includes both tacit and explicit knowledge. With respect to explicit knowledge, BIM-related information normally includes original comments, reports, drawings, documents, and comments submitted by onsite engineers. In contrast, tacit knowledge may include process records, problems faced, problems solved, expert suggestions, know-how, innovations and notes on experience. Such information is better saved in issue-based components to facilitate classification and searching by users. Information that relates to the whole project that cannot be easily classified into issue components is saved under the “project” category.
A BIM-based knowledge model can be defined as a graphic representation of experiences linking relationships between objects of the BIM model and aspects of experience-based knowledge. The BIM technology retains knowledge in a digital format, facilitating easy updating and transfer of knowledge into the BIM environment. A BIM-based knowledge model is designed to be easily integrated with information and components of the BIM model. Information in the BIM-based knowledge models can be identified, tracked, and managed, and problems encountered during construction projects can be solved. The most up-to-date knowledge and solutions can be acquired from participating engineers and then
35
shared and saved as objects of the BIM model for future reference. The model is constructed from variables that can be decomposed into objects of a BIM model and can then store the identified knowledge. Information stored in the objects of BIM models includes both facing problems and solutions. Facing problems may be knowledge issues, knowledge attributes, descriptions of problems, or knowledge attachments (e.g., documents, reports, drawings, and photographs). Fig. 21 illustrates the concept and framework of knowledge management using BIM models. With the assistance of BIM model, the knowledge can be enhanced illustrated and focused on updated knowledge the location or components of building. Because of BIM model characteristic, the application of ConBIM-SKM prototype for knowledge management will be illustrated different colors and status based on knowledge management using BIM model.
Figure 21. The concept of knowledge management using BIM model
Figure 22 shows the conceptual of knowledge management integrated with BIM models. After engineers acquire the knowledge, engineers can submit the collected
BIM Knowledge Management
Location Component Visual illustration
Submit Knowledge
KM
BIM model
Integration
Update Knowledge
(Photos, Documents, Knowledge)
36
Approve Knowledge
Integration of KM and BIM Submit Knowledge
Share Knowledge Publish Knowledge
Acquire Knowledge
knowledge for approving. Finally, the knowledge can be published and shared with other related participants after the knowledge is approved.
Figure 22. The conceptual of knowledge management integrated with BIM model
The procedures for using BIM-based knowledge models are based on a knowledge management framework. Figure 23 presents a flowchart of the knowledge management integrated with BIM. After the engineer identify the knowledge for knowledge sharing, the engineer can select the component of BIM model based on knowledge topic.
Furthermore, the engineer can select the existing knowledge topic or create new topic of KM. Finally, the engineer may edit the knowledge linked with the component of BIM model and submit for approving.
37
Figure 23. A flowchart of the knowledge management integrated with BIM model
In order to let the engineers understand where the knowledge is available for sharing in the model, the study proposed the two type of color use for BIM models for knowledge management (see Table 4). One type with blue color indexes available knowledge in the component of BIM model. Another type with orange color indexes new updating knowledge in the component of BIM model. Figure 24 illustrates sample of available knowledge illustration integrated with BIM models. Furthermore, Figure 25 shows sample of available knowledge illustration integrated with BIM models.
Table 4. The description of use of color for BIM knowledge management Color of Status Usage Description
Blue Color To index available knowledge in the component of BIM model
Orange Color To index new updating knowledge in the component of BIM model
Select component of BIM model for KM
Submit for Approving
Publish the acquired knowledge linked
with BIM model End
Yes No
Edit knowledge linked with component of BIM
model
Start Identify the
knowledge for knowledge sharing
Existing topics
No
Create the new topic for KM Select existing
knowledge topic for
KM Yes
38
Available knowledge
Figure 24. The sample illustration of available knowledge integrated with BIM models
Figure 25. The sample illustration of available new knowledge integrated with BIM models
Available New knowledge
39
The study proposed the procedures for using BIM-based knowledge models are based on a knowledge management framework. The procedure consists of three phases:
issue creation phase, knowledge sharing phase, and knowledge updating phase.
Issue Creation Phase
The initial engineer may determine which projects, activities, and issues are suitable for knowledge sharing. Furthermore, the issue must be set up by the initial participant (engineer) at the beginning of the phase. Such information under knowledge issues includes determining the type of knowledge, objects of BIM model, activities, and projects that should be assigned in association with the issue.
Knowledge Sharing Phase
After studying the published materials, all qualified and interested engineers are invited to edit and submit any knowledgeable comments they may have on the issue. All explicit knowledge prepared by engineers needs to be digitized by them or by assistants before it can be submitted to the ConBIM-SKM prototype. All knowledge must also be examined and confirmed before publishing. All interested engineers can discuss problems related to selected issues and objects of the BIM model and seek responses from other engineers and managers through the ConBIM-SKM prototype. Meanwhile, the engineers can direct responses either to individuals or a group. After tacit and explicit knowledge is saved in the system, all knowledge can be referenced and reused. Engineers can gain knowledge from the issues catalogue of the objects and can access this catalogue for use in other similar projects.
Knowledge Updating Phase
After applying tacit and explicit knowledge to similar projects, the engineers can resolve their problems related to those issues. Finally, the engineers can note and submit
40
Start Identify the
content for the KM
Create a BIM model for the KM
No Yes
End Create PPT or movie
file using BIM model
Approve the BIM- KM result
Confirm the BIM model
Yes Analyze the
scenario for the KM
Yes
Notice and publish the PPT or movie
Confirm the scenario
No
No
the new tacit knowledge and record the experiences through which it was gained, and they can associate this information with the original knowledge. Furthermore, the information is updated again because further feedback and updated knowledge is provided regarding the issues. After the approval process has been completed, the updated knowledge set is republished to authorized members.
Most of domain knowledge can be illustrated using BIM-based animation. After knowledge and scenario were identified for approving, the BIM-based PPT and movie file can be created using BIM model on the scenario of domain knowledge (see Figure 26).
Figure 26. The flowchart of domain knowledge illustration using BIM model
All the BIM-based animation can be developed and enhanced of knowledge sharing and knowledge. Based on the interviews with junior engineers, those BIM-based animations are helpful for them to acquire domain knowledge easily and effectively.
