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APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A Pre-test Attitude Questionnaire
(The Chinese Version)
高中生英文寫作態度量表 姓名__________ 座號_______
本問卷目的在於了解同學們對於英文寫作的看法，以供老師教學研究之用。同 學儘可放心作答。請同學依自己的看法在右側數字上圈選適合的數字。
５：非常同意 ４：同意 ３：沒意見 ２：不同意 １：非常不同意
1. 寫英文作文令我焦慮。 5 4 3 2 1
2. 寫英文作文是件愉快的事。 5 4 3 2 1
3. 我寧願修改寫過的文章而不要寫一篇新的文章。 5 4 3 2 1
4. 我 □ 討厭 □ 喜歡 修改寫過的文章，因為
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________。
( The English Version)
English Writing Attitude Questionnaire (I) for High School Students
Name: Number:
The questionnaire is intended to understand students' perceptions of English writing.
The result will be used for educational research. Please indicate the degree to which each statement applies to you by circling whether you (1) strongly agree, (2) agree, (3) are uncertain, (4) disagree, or (5) strongly disagree with the statement.
1. Writing English compositions makes me anxious. 5 4 3 2 1 2. Writing English compositions is a delightful thing. 5 4 3 2 1 3. I prefer revising an old composition to writing on a new topic. 5 4 3 2 1 4. I □ dislike □ like to revise an old composition
because_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
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APPENDIX B Categorization of Pre-test Attitude Questionnaire Items
1. Writing English compositions makes me anxious.
Writing Apprehension
2. Writing English compositions is a delightful thing.
3. I prefer revising an old composition to writing on a new topic.
Revision 4. I □ dislike □ like to revise an old composition because_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
APPENDIX C Post-test Attitude Questionnaire
( The Chinese Version)
高中生英文寫作態度量表 (後測)
組別： □修改組 □不修改組 姓名__________ 座號_______
本問卷目的在於了解同學們對於英文寫作及本學期英文課的看法，以供老師教學研 究之用。同學儘可放心作答，同時在問答題部份請儘量詳細回答。請同學依自己的 看法在右側數字上圈選適合的數字。
５：非常同意 ４：同意 ３：沒意見 ２：不同意 １：非常不同意
1. 寫英文作文令我焦慮。 5 4 3 2 1
2. 寫英文作文是件愉快的事。 5 4 3 2 1
3. 我寧願修改寫過的文章而不要寫一篇新的文章。 5 4 3 2 1
4. 我覺得老師解析同學的好作品對我的寫作很有幫助。 5 4 3 2 1
5. 我覺得和同學交換讀文章並互相給建議對我的寫作很有幫助。 5 4 3 2 1
6. 我覺得老師給我的評語對我的寫作很有幫助。 5 4 3 2 1
7. 這學期的練習使我看到新的題目時比較有自信了。 5 4 3 2 1
8. 這學期的練習使我在寫作過程更注意內容的問題。 5 4 3 2 1
9. 這學期的練習使我在寫作過程更注意結構的問題。 5 4 3 2 1
10. 這學期的練習使我在寫作過程更注意文法的問題。 5 4 3 2 1
11. 這學期的練習使我在寫作過程更注意用字的問題。 5 4 3 2 1
12. 修改作文令人 (可複選)： □ 快樂 □ 痛苦 □ 困擾 □ 進步 其它:_______
13. 我 □ 討厭 □ 喜歡 修改寫過的文章，因為_____________________
_______________________________________________________________________。
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14. 對於老師的評語(包括符號或文字的評語) 有如下的建議或想法：
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________。
15. 我對於「和同學交換讀文章，互相給建議和評語」有如下的感想 建議：
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________。
(The English Version)
English Writing Attitude Questionnaire (II) for High School Students
Name: Number:
The questionnaire is intended to understand students' perceptions of English writing. The result will be used for educational research. Please indicate the degree to which each statement applies to you by circling whether you (1) strongly agree, (2) agree, (3) are uncertain, (4) disagree, or (5) strongly disagree with the statement..
1. Writing English compositions makes me anxious. 5 4 3 2 1 2. Writing English compositions is a delightful thing. 5 4 3 2 1 3. I prefer revising an old composition to writing on a new topic. 5 4 3 2 1 4. The activity of “composition sharing and analysis” is very helpful
to my writing. 5 4 3 2 1
5. The activity of “peer feedback” is very helpful to my writing. 5 4 3 2 1 6. The teacher’s feedback is very helpful to my writing. 5 4 3 2 1 7. Due to the writing practice in this semester, now I feel more
confident when given a new topic to write on. 5 4 3 2 1 8. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to
content when writing. 5 4 3 2 1
9. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to
organization when writing. 5 4 3 2 1
10. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to
grammar when writing. 5 4 3 2 1
11. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to
vocabulary when writing. 5 4 3 2 1
12. Revising is （You may choose more than one answer.）
□ delightful □ painful □ troublesome □ helpful to my writing
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others:______
13. I □ dislike □ like to revise an old composition because____________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
14. I think the teacher’s feedback (including symbols and word comments) is_________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
15. I think peer feedback is_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
APPENDIX D Categorization of Post-test Questionnaire Items
1. Writing English compositions makes me anxious.
2. Writing English compositions is a delightful thing.
Writing Apprehension
7. Due to the writing practice in this semester, now I feel more confident when given a new topic to write on.
4. The activity of “composition sharing and analysis” is very helpful to my writing.
5. The activity of “peer feedback” is very helpful to my writing.
6. The teacher’s feedback is very helpful to my writing.
14 I think the teacher’s feedback (including symbols and word remarks) is ___________________________________________________________.
Feedback & Sharing
15.I think activity peer feedback is ________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
3. I prefer revising an old composition to writing on a new topic.
12. Revising is （You may choose more than one answer）
□ delightful □ painful □ troublesome □ beneficial to my writing others:______
Revision
13. I □ dislike □ like to revise an old composition because ___________________________________________________________.
8. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to content when I write.
9. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to organization when I write.
10.Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to grammar when writing.
Influence of the writing course
11. Due to the practice in this semester, now I pay more attention to
vocabulary when writing.
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APPENDIX E The Ten Topics in the Study
Topic Group
1. How I Release My Pressure (*pretest) Group S & Group M
2. My Ideal Husband Group S 3. How I Am Going to Spend My
College Life
Group S
4. The Joy in My Life Group S & Group M 5. If I Can Travel Abroad Group S
6. Difficulties I Have in Learning English
Group S
7. The Strengths And Weaknesses in My Personality
Group S & Group M
8. The Season I Like Best Group S 9. The Importance of _____ in Our
Society (Students decide on the missing words.)
Group S
10. How I Obtain Knowledge (*post-test)
Group S & Group M
APPENDIX F Rating Scale from the National Testing Center
項目
等級
優 可 差 劣
內 容 滿 分 ５ 分
能清楚界定一 個切合命題，
有意義的主 題，並有具 體，完整的相 細節來支持。
（５－４分）
有主題，但發 展不全；或主 題不夠突顯，
有與主題不相
關之敘述。 （３
分）
有些句子與題 意有關，但重 覆，未能發展 成與題意有關 之主題，或主 題混淆不清。
（２－１分）
文不對題或沒
寫。 （凡文不對
題或沒寫者，
其它各項均以 零分計算。）
組 織
滿 分 ５ 分
有開頭，發 展，結尾，轉 承語使用良 好，段落連 貫，行文統
一。 （５－４
分）
有佈局，但要 點安排不妥；
開頭，發展，
結尾比例不 當；轉承語使 用不好，以玫 行文不甚流 暢。 （３分）
題意分散在各 處，未能連貫 發展，行文不
流暢。 （２－１
分）
全文沒佈局，
段落不連買 貫，不統一。
行文不流暢，
毫無組織可言 或未按提示寫 作。 （０分）
文 法
滿 分 ４ 分
句子統一，有 變化，修辭妥 當。文法無 誤。 （４分）
錯誤主要為時 態，數，一致 性等，但不影 響文意表達。
（３分）
有連接詞誤 用，句子不完 整或結構錯誤 等現象，或錯 誤影響文意之
表達。 （２－１
分）
文法錯誤極 多，嚴重影響
文意表達。 （０
分）
用 字 拼 字
滿 分 ４ 分
用字清新，精 確，合乎習慣 用法；沒有拼
字錯誤。 （４
分）
用字單調，重 覆，偶有錯別 字或拼字錯 誤，但不影響 文意之表達。
（３分）
用字不當，且 拼字錯誤多，
文意表達不明
確。 （２－１
分）
只寫出與題意 有關的零碎字 詞，未能表達 完整的意思。
（０分）
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體 例
滿 分 ２ 分
格式，標點，大小寫均無錯誤。
（２分）
格式，標點，
大小寫等有錯 誤，但不影響 文意之表達。
（１分）
格式，標點，
大小寫等錯誤 甚多，違背基 本的寫作體 例。 （０分）
評分以內容為主要考量，內容若為差級，則總分不得高於９分。
APPENDIX G A Modified Rating Scale Based on the JCEE Rating Scale
Mechanics Vocabulary Grammar Organization Content
* Accurate and appropriate use of vocabulary.*Very few spelling errors. (4 points) * Wide range of structures are used. * Structures are sophisticated and effective. * Very few grammatical errors. (4 points) * Ideas logically organized andwell developed. *Wide and appropriate use of linking devices. *Appropriate paragraphing. (5-4 points) * Entirely relevant. * Supported by concrete,complete details (5-4 points) Excellent/ Good
* Demonstrate mastery of conventions. * No errors in punctuation, capitalization. (2 points) * Repetitive or limited use of vocabulary. * Errors are rare.(3 points) * Structures are accurate but simple. * Errors do not hinderexpression of ideas. (3 points) * Ideas not fully developed. * Inappropriate use of linkingdevices. * Disproportional paragraphing. (3 points) * Mostly relevant. * Lacks supporting details. (3 points) Fair
* Errors are rare and donot hindercomprehension. (1 point) * Inappropriate use of vocabulary. * Meanings are obscure or incomprehensible. * Errors are many.(2-1 points) * Wrong sentence structures hindercomprehension. * Incomplete sentences. * Inappropriate use of conjunctions. (2-1 points) * Ideas confused or disconnected. * Lacks logicalsequencing and developing. (2-1 points) * Topic not well addressed. (2-1 points) Weak Notes: 1.The required length is 120 English words. If a student writes fewer than 120 words, scores will be deducted from his/her originalscores for content and organization. 2. When necessary, half a point is allowed. For example, if the rater decides that 3 points is too high for the content of a specific composition, and 2 points is too low, then she can give 2.5 points. 3. A run-on sentence is regarded as one with mechanic errors. Incomplete sentences like “ Because I am too busy. I can’t go on a vacation”or“Iliketogotoschool.BecauseIcanseemyfriends.”areconsideredasoneswithagrammaticalerrorinsteadofa * Ignorance ofconventions. * Numerous errors. (0 point) * Does not convey complete ideas. (0 point) * Does not communicate. * No mastery of sentence construction rules. (0 point) * Does not communicate. * No organization. (0 point) * Topic not addressed. (0 point) Poor
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APPENDIX H Sample Compositions
1. The Difficulties I Have in Learning English
Learning English is a process which involves listening, speaking, reading and writing. In my process of learning English, the difficulties I have are speaking and writing.
Speaking a foreign language needs a great deal of courage. However, I am such a shy person that I dare not speak up in front of others. I feel embarrassed when others can’t understand what I say. To improve it, I try to converse with friends. Gradually, I have found speaking up was not as difficult as I thought. Writing is another difficulty I have with my English learning. I can’t express my ideas clearly with precise words.
To elevate my ability of writing, I have to memorize more idioms and phrases.
Learning English well is seldom the result of an one-time effort. I will definitely do it step by step to improve my English.
2. My Joy in Life
I have many joys in my life, such as reading novels, playing instruments, but my favorite is teaching others flute. Why is my favorite one that? It can be traced back to a little story happening before. One day my teacher wanted me to teach a student who would have a test after a month but didn’t prepare enough. So I started teaching her about the subject which would have in test. Every time when we have class. I could see her skills get better than before. It not only made her fell happiness and
confidence but also let me feel a sence of achievement. Because of her, I find the fun
in teaching others and enjoy in it.
3. My Joy in Life
The focus of my life is my family. My joy also comes from my family. When I go home from school, I see my family and I could happy.
I don’t like to be alone, namely, I need some friends and family. I enjoy people in my life. I am happy when many people are here. Their company made me happy.
When I see my family’s smiling face, and I am happy. When I hear my friends’
laughter, and I am happy. I have endless happy from my family and my friends.
5. My Joy in Life
As for me, It’s worthwhile to buy a novel and finish reading right away. When I was child. My friend make use of me a novel about science fiction. I’m attracted to it.
And didn’t take a bath until 3:00 am. Ever since then, I feel I fall in love with it, that
is such a fun that I like it.
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APPENDIX I Assorted Exercises
1. Organization Exercises
Adapted from Far East English Composition for Senior High School by Maosun Lin (p. 51-57)
1. 統一性：一個段落內容必須有統一性(unity)，所有論述不可偏離主題。有
些段落雖然只有一個中心思想，但若有無關的枝節，會影響主題的力道，所以整 段文章不可偏離主題，所有句子都必須與主題相關。
下面段落的中心主題是談論母親的管教方式，但有幾個句子郤偏離主題，談 起美醜和信心。這些雖未構成另一主題，但也影響到這段文章的力道，不能算是 好段落：
My mother is very strict with me. She doesn’t allow me to accept any gift without her permission. She insists that I come home before 10: 00 every nigh. She forbids me from talking too long on the telephone. She punishes me when I make mistakes or get poor grades. She used to be very beautiful so she has never been satisfied with my appearance. I have never been confident of myself because she never praises me.
以下段落談的是作者母親的管教方式，內容前後統一，並未偏離主題，具統 一性：
My mother is very strict with me. She doesn’t allow me to accept any gift
without her permission. She insists that I come home before 10: 00 every night. She
forbids me from talking too long on the telephone. She punishes me when I make
mistakes or get poor grades. Maybe she does all these things because I am the oldest
child in the family, and she wants me to set a “perfect” example for my younger
sisters. From this viewpoint, perhaps she is justified in being so exceptionally strict.
2.連貫性：
2-1 一個段落內容必須有連貫性（coherence） 。句與句之間的發展，必須合
乎邏輯，不可前後矛盾，所有論述項目必須井然有序。
以下二個段落主題句都是 “Computers have a great influence on our daily lives.”，試比較兩者之優劣：
(1) Computers have a great influence on our daily lives. The government releases important policies through the Internet. Students use computers to browse and collect data for their reports. Big businesses use computers to manage their factories and stores. Even some housewives make use of the computer to keep their homes running smoothly. We may well say that computers now help us to do almost everything.
(2) Computers have a great influence on our daily lives. People who knows nothing about computers may find it hard to achieve success. Personally I do not like computers, for they seem to waste my time.
2-2 此外，段落內容還要令讀者有“一氣呵成”的感覺。一篇具連貫性的文 章，就像拼圖一樣，每一塊都有一定的位置，且每塊之間必須結合得不著痕跡。
為達到這兩個目的，段落中每個論點要放於適當的位置，並且要善用轉承詞，使 文句緊密結合。
以下段落，畫線部份是轉承詞。如果我們將這些畫線的轉承詞抽離本文，試 著唸唸看，你一定會發現文章雖然沒有文法上的錯誤，意思也可以了，但是會顯 得上氣不接下氣，生硬而不流暢：
Each color has a special meaning, but these meanings may be different in
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different cultures. In China, for example, yellow is the color of the emperor. In the West, however, when people see yellow baby chickens or yellow flowers, they often think of spring. Another example is the color red. For Chinese, it suggests a wish for good things. On the other hand, for Americans, red is connected with love. The Chinese wear white at funerals. But for most Western people, white is only for weddings. They would never wear white to a funeral, only black.
3. 結論的寫法：
一段文章的最後，通常要有結語，以下是常見的段落結語形式：
(1) Summary: 將此段文字，以一兩句話簡單複述大意 Example:
Citizens in Taiwan have access to many different things. In the bookstores, books, magazines and newspapers crowd the shelves. Family appliances and utensils are always available in department stores and supermarkets. A variety of schools offer different learning opportunities, whether vocational or academic. The latest
information is quickly available through computers, TV and radio. It seems that any person in Taiwan can find whatever he needs, no matter what it might be.
(2) Solution: 針對此段文字所談到的問題，提出解決辦法。
Example:
Although people in Taipei are getting richer and richer, they are facing more and more social disorder. Too often one can see people spitting or littering at will.
Burglaries and robberies happen almost every day. The increasing number of traffic
violations is becoming a hazard for both drivers and pedestrians. Overall, many
people are finding life in Taipei intolerable. The only solution is to enact and
administer strict laws to prevent such disorder.
(3) Suggestion: 針對此段文字所談到的問題或狀況，提出建議。
Example:
It is dangerous to ride a bicycle in Taipei. There are no bicycle lanes in the city,
so bicyclists have to share the road with all kinds of vehicles. Air pollution also poses
a grave danger to bicycle riders. It is certainly not a good idea to ride a bicycle to
work or to school.
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2. Topic Sentence Exercises
Adapted from Far East English Composition for Senior High School
by Maosun Lin (p. 59-60)選出適當的主旨句
1.__________________________________ For example, they are not afraid of making mistakes in front of others. They enjoy talking with people, even in broken English. They enjoy singing English songs or watching English movies, even though they may not understand the meaning completely. They set goals and try any means to achieve them. They work hard and never quit. They believe that there is no short cut to learning a foreign language.
A. Successful English learners can make good use of their time.
B. Successful English learners have a positive attitude toward their studies.
2. _________________________________ Some of them have just arrived by plane and are waiting for a car or a bus or a train to take them home. Some are departing passengers waiting to board planes that will take them to other cities or other countries. Many other people at an airport are not passengers. They have come to meet passengers who are arriving or to say goodbye to friends or relatives who are leaving.
A. An airport is usually full of people.
B. An airport is usually full of passengers.
3._________________________________ You can use it to find out almost
anything you want to know. You can reach almost any library around the world. You
can have access to thousands of on-line books, magazines, and newspapers. You can
even listen to news broadcasts on the Internet. If you don’t know where to look for the
information you need, you can just type in a few key words. “Search engines” will then help you what you need.
A. You can get information through the Internet.
B. The Internet is in many ways like a huge information center.
4. ________________________________ For example, if you want to buy something but don’t have enough cash, you can charge it and then pay off the bill over several months. You can also use credit cards to order goods through the mail. All you do is give your credit card number. Credit cards are especially useful for making large purchases because you don’t have to take the risk of carrying a lot of cash with you.
A. Credit cards are convenient for shopping.
B. Credit cards are useful for making large purchases.
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3. Revision Exercises
The following passages both contain several errors. Can you see what problems they have? Please correct the underlined words or sentences. Also, see if there is anything to be improved in their content and organization.
(1) The Weaknesses And Strengths in My Personality When it comes to my personality, I consider that I am serious in facing everything. Because of this attitude, I am usually efficient doing something but
sometimes I am also under pressure. Besides, my classmates and friends are thinking I am mature and wise so that they often talk about some questions or complain to me about vexation.
On the other hand, I have some defects that everyone knows. For example, when I annoyed with something, I will be impatient and my temper is bad. And sometimes I am emotional and bossy. To sum up, my weaknesses and strengths in my personality are abundant.
(2) My Joy in Life
I feel joyful when I can solve a difficult problem by myself. Above all, if the case I solve that is the problem of my interest, I’ll devote my self to it and get the most happiness.
For instance, I once indulged myself in practicing typing computer keyboard in
the past. At first, I only could key in thirty words in one minute and I was ashamed of
it. So, I practiced a long time. I was very dedicated as if my soul melted in the air and
let me forget myself. Finally, I could key in sixty words in one minute.
We often have some difficulties in our life. They let us worry, unhappy, and even
let us ashamed of ourselves. However, when we overcome them, we can get a great
sense of achievement and the best mood. I enjoy this feeling very much and further,
that is my joy in my life.
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APPENDIX J Symbols for Composition Correction
Symbols What the symbols stand for
