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海外實習評鑑指標建構計畫

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明新科技大學 校內專題研究計畫成果報告

海外實習評鑑指標建構計畫

Constructing Evaluation Indicators of Overseas Intern Program

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整3-1

海外實習整合型計畫-海外實習評鑑指標建構(子)計畫

彭康麟 明新科技大學旅館事業管理系 中文摘要 餐旅實習教學已為大部份餐旅校系普遍採用,制度已臻成熟,餐旅業也廣為接受 並積極爭取產學合作,除了讓學生貼近實務外,亦解決了餐旅業大部份的人力短缺問 題。在國際化的壓力下實習從國內到海外持續擴展,海外實習成為學校努力爭取的國際 化績效,許多學生們也積極爭取以增廣國際經驗並培養個人職涯優勢,然而,海外實習 制度須由學校解決本國與跨國行政等問題,學生也須解決個人訓練與適應等問題。本研 究以旅館系 96 學年度參與海外實習學生為樣本,以層級法建構海外實習評鑑指標,結 論為評鑑指標可分為三大構面,即海外實習滿意度、能力提昇與職涯準備,顯示學生認 為完成海外實習後,對三大構面評鑑效度均予以肯定,除了對首屆的實習安排有相當之 滿意度外,亦對本身能力與職涯準備有一定程度的自信。在各大構面的細部衡量項目效 標部份,海外實習滿意度構面可由海外學習成果、海外工作表現、海外實習單位、海外 實習安排成為評鑑細部衡量指標;能力提昇構面可由外語能力、團隊合作能力、問題解 決能力、技術服務能力、海外文化適應力、工作抗壓性成為評鑑細部衡量指標;職涯準 備構面則可由獲得國際職場訊息與機會、增加國際職場知識、增加學習職涯知識的意 願、增加求職自信心、增加職場適應力、與提昇專業知識成為細部項目衡量指標,至此, 本研究完成建構海外實習學生評鑑指標。 關鍵詞:海外實習、評鑑指標、國際化、層級分析法 英文摘要

Practical training program has been adopted in the most of hospitality educations which is not only let students to get hands on experiences but also solve the short hands problem in the industry. Recently, the stress of internationalization, oversea internship has been a popular program to help school to gain the internationalized performance and students to gain the international working experiences in order to develop the advantage of personal career. However, oversea internship program is required school to solve local and oversea administration problems, as well as, students to understand personal training and adaptation issues. The aim of this research was to take oversea interns as samples to construct the evaluation indicator and to analyze interns’ achievements after overseas intern program. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to analysis different level of students’ data. Data analysis of school shows that the indicators are overseas corporation experience, government

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policy guideline, school administrative resources involvement, and perspective of faculty. Moreover, Students’ individual case study shows that the indicators are personal career development, language improvement, and interpersonal relation development. As a result, oversea internship program can evaluate students’ international abilities. International human capital can be the competency to school in order to corporate with industry.

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及行政院青輔會(2008)「補助大專校院「辦理各項職涯發展與提升就業力工作計畫」作 業計畫」內容據以修改而得下述學生評鑑指標,以作為評鑑指標篩選之依據。 表 1 評鑑構面與衡量指標 構 面 海外實習滿意度 能力提昇 職涯準備 衡 量 指 標 海外學習成果 海外工作表現 海外實習單位 海外媒合單位 學校實習安排 外語能力 團隊合作能力 問題解決能力 服務技術能力 海外文化適應力 工作抗壓性 獲得國際職場訊息與機會 增加國際職場的認識 增加學習職涯知識的意願 增加求職自信心 增加職場適應力 提昇專業知識

參、研究設計

服務計算(services computing)爲現代橋接商業服務與資訊技術的跨領域學科與技術 (Zhang, et. al. 2007),本文應用服務計算的觀點,採 AHP 法並自行撰寫程式計算表 1 評 鑑指標之信度並確認本整合計畫之有效評鑑指標。 一、問卷設計及資料蒐集 研究樣本為本校2007 至 2008 年(96 學年度)參與海外實習之 8 位學生。問卷在掌握 各衡量指標的必然性、問題範圍的適切性以及受測者能回答等三樣設計重點下,依內容 效度之科學性要求而參酌文獻而彙整問卷衡量指標如表1,以此問卷對研究樣本進行施 測8 份問卷全數收回。 二、研究方法

層 級 分 析 法 (Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP ) 可 應 用 於 多 目 標 決 策 或 評 估

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建立成對比較矩陣(Pairwise Comparison Matrix):成對比較矩陣之建立,在於求 取要素間之相對重要程度,並進行因素間的成對比較。因此若有n 個因素,建立如下的 成對比較矩陣A。 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 n n n n A A A A A M O M A A 澺 Ù 蕫 蕫 Ù 蕫 = 蕫 蕫 Ù 蕫 蕫 Ù 蕫 錵 計算特徵向量(Eigen Vector):為了瞭解建立模型的一致性,成對比較矩陣建立 後 , 即 可 利 用 數 值 分 析 求 取 特 徵 向 量 ; 本 研 究 採 用 列 向 量 幾 何 平 均 值 的 常 態 化 (Normalization of the Geometric Mean of the Rows,NGM)方法計算特徵向量如下。

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而一致性比率(C.R.)為相同階數的矩陣下,一致性指標(C.I.)與表 2 隨機指標 (Random Index, R.I.)的比率。階數 n 與其相對應的隨機指標 R.I.如表 2 所示。Saaty(1980) 建議一致性比率應小於等於 0.1,其一致性的程度才可接受。 . . . . . . C I C R R I = 若 C.R. ≦ 0.1 則符合一致性。 若所建立的層級超過一層,則必須求算整體一致性指標(C.I.H),其計算方式如下: C.I.H = ∑ (每層級的優先向量)*(每層級 C.I.值); R.I.H = ∑ (每層級的優先向量)*(每層級 R.I.值); C.R.H= C.I.H / R.I.H 若 C.R.H ≦ 0.1 ,則層級的一致性可被接受。 表2 隨機指標表 N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 R.I. 0 0 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.48 1.56 1.57 1.59

資料來源:Saaty, T. L., (1980), The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Pittsburgh: RWS Publication.

三、AHP Maker 系統實作

為了進行層級分析法之計算,本研究搜尋目前相關之計算軟體,發現這些軟體在功

能上仍有不足。雖然AHP 的計算可利用 Expert Choice 軟體進行計算,但目前該軟體尚

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9 黃政傑,(1993),課程評鑑,台北:師大書苑。 黃顯華、李子健,(1996),課程:範式、取向和設計,台北:五南。 魏 梅 , (2007) , 海 外 實 習 對 求 職 籌 碼 , 中 國 青 年 報 , 2007/04/12 取 自 http://www.cnwest.com。 蘇靖淑,(2006),「愛我所選擇、選擇我所愛」--餐飲管理科畢業生在餐飲業的發展歷 程,餐旅暨家政學刊,3(4),453-471。

Feldman, D.C. & Bolino, M.C., (2000), Skill utilization of overseas interns: antecedents and consequences, Journal of International Management, 6, 29-47.

Go, F., and P. van Fenema, (2006), Moving Bodies and Connecting Minds in Space: It is a Matter of Mind over Matter. In Space, Organizations and Management Theory, S. Clegg and M. Kornberger, eds. Frederiksberg, Denmark: Liber & Copenhagen Business School Press.

Huang, H.C., (2009), Designing a knowledge-based system for strategic planning: A balanced scorecard perspective, Expert Systems with Applications, 36(1) 1, 209-218.

Litvin, S., (2003), Tourism and Understanding the MBA Study Mission. Annals of Tourism

Research, 30, 77–93.

Peng, K.L. & Lin, M.C., (2008), Providing Service Innovation for Creative Life, Proceedings

of the 3rd IEEE Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference (APSCC 2008), Taiwan.

Stewart, D.W., & Shamdasani, P.N., (1990), Focus Groups: Theory and Practice , SAGE: fornia

Cali

Tzeng, G., Teng, M. & Chen, J. (2002), Multi-criteria Selection a Restaurant Location in Taipei, Hospitality Management, 21, 171-187.

van ‘t Klooster, E., van Wijk, J., Go, F. & van Rekom, J., (2008), Educational Travel - The Overseas Internship, Annals of Tourism Research, 35; 3, pp. 690–711

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