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貝多芬的早期鋼琴奏鳴曲研究

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Abstract

The three stages divide Beethoven’s music creation period. The most familiar piano sonatas mostly fall on the second stage. Op. 10, No. 3 is not quite famous, compare to the programmed works. Without the limitation of title, the absolutely music might even induce infinite imagination.

To appreciate music, simply let music flew into one’s hearing is not complete. If people can refer live experiences, such as body movement, emotional ups and downs and other extra-musical signs into music, the interaction between contemporary people and the Classical master will be more effective.

The effective listening can be achieved upon more active involvement. In this piano sonata, one can feel the directly mood and positive attitude through out the first movement by using simple rhythm pattern. Second movement, in contrary, is filled with emotional depression with the dark mood and frequently changing rhythm patterns. The minuet and rondo bring back the optimist and unite these four

movements as a whole. The drastically contrast of second movement is rare evidence in Beethoven’s works. All these musical result can be sensed by the uses of rhythm pattern and melody development.

Music can be felt though the body movement. Listening and feeling music are essential in music appreciation. Beethoven use extra-music materials when creating works. The listener can also follow the music closely by applying body movement to it. While this route works, the powerful imagination of human being will present the infinity of music.

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一.貝多芬如何呈現節奏與旋律 音樂中的組合, 以節奏與旋律為自然形成的音樂型態。 所謂和聲學的觀念, 僅發展於西方藝術音樂之中, 再推廣至其他音樂文化。 對於一個專業音樂家, 了解貝多芬的音樂, 要能先具備對於和聲學或對位法的知識。 但對於音樂的推 廣上, 則是設立了重重關卡。 但是,如果從旋律與節奏入門, 則可與人類活 動的經驗相結合, 讓音樂褪下複雜的形貌。 也就是說, 由聽眾較易有明顯感 受的角度切入欣賞。 節奏是音樂的時間的要素。 不同的節奏, 可能源自於不同的人類活動。 對 於幼小兒童的音樂活動上, 教師用肢體的活動, 開發對音樂的節奏感。 因此, 四分音符被介紹成走路的步伐 ,八分音符被引伸(或採自?)為小跑步的動作。 一 個人的正常生活型態, 必由各種不同的活動的產生。 生活的節奏的多樣化, 類 似音樂上的複雜的節奏活動。 節奏上的 ostinato (頑固模式, 亦即重複發生不 改變的節奏活旋律模式。) 在帕海貝爾的卡農上, 即類似巴洛克時期威尼斯人, 在午間休憇時分, 於威尼斯廣場上的優閒踱步。 或是十八世紀後半交響曲中, 帶有衝勁的生動的 “manheim rocket"節奏, 則可能是此區的作曲家, 將火 箭的沖天一發的形象與氣勢幻化於節奏之中。 雖然, 我們無法將每一種節奏,都找出它的人類經驗的源頭, 但卻可以於 特定的音樂感覺下, 用生活中對時間的經驗, 體會音樂的節奏效果。 貝多芬的耳疾問題, 阻隔了外在聲音的刺激, 是否更強化了他在創作音樂 中的動作的時候, 更希望聽眾能與作曲家在此方面有共同的經驗交流? 貝多芬 由音樂以外的現象的到靈感, 對日常生活中的活動的敏銳, 可有此敘述稍見端 倪 :“Beethoven improvised the theme of this piece as once he saw a rider gallop past his window....With him every sound, every movement became music and rhythm."1

如果說貝多芬從動作中找到音樂中的節奏, 那麼聽眾也可以藉由身體對動 作的感覺, 發展出對節奏的強勁或疲弱的表現的感受力。 此時音樂的動力,就 可以與聽眾的呼吸與脈動合而唯一, 欣賞音樂的樂趣自然會油然而生。 古典時期 ,要求音樂以簡潔的形式出現。 影響到旋律的設計,以工整、對 稱的形式呈現樂句的對應。 旋律的俐落與簡短, 是貝多芬的音樂的特色。 他 善於將簡短的旋律重組變化, 與其說用聽覺欣賞貝多芬的音樂的旋律, 不如說 用解謎語的方式,來發掘貝多芬如何發展旋律。 在貝多芬時代, 鋼琴已富有良好的旋律性, 對於貝多芬式的戲劇性的音樂 對比, 也能忠實呈現。 於古典的框架下, 配合樂器的功能性, 貝多芬呈現的 旋律, 呈現擬人化的音樂對話效果。 例如: 悲愴奏鳴曲的第三樂章,即為鮮明 例子。 簡短的旋律, 在高低音域互相競逐, 但又有不同的意念 (這部分由音 色與強度的對比強化效果)。

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參考書目

Drake, Kenneth. The Beethoven Sonatas and the Creative Experience, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

參考文獻

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