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R = 0 == RiR u uu RRG -==

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(1)

I I

O R

R R

R υ

υ υ

1 2 2

1

0 =

=

簡易運算放大器電路

A

υO υI

R2

R1 iI+=0 0V

iI=0

反相放大器(inverting amplifier) Virtual ground

虛擬接地

1

1 R

i = υI

1 1

2 i R

i = = υI

1 2

R G R

I

O

= −

= υ υ

輸入阻抗

1 1

i R R

i

= υ

I

=

輸出阻抗

R

0

= 0

等效電路可畫為

υI R1 I υO

考慮finite open-loop gain A

A R

R R G R

I O

/ ) / 1

( 1

/

1 2

1 2

+

− +

=

= υ υ

(自行練習)

1

2

3

(2)

4 3

1 2 1

1 2 4

4 R

R R

R R

R R R

i I I I

x

O 



+

=

=υ υ υ υ

υ

I I

R R

R i R

i

i υ υ

3 1

2 1

3 2

4 = + = +

I x

R R

R

i Rυ υ

3 1

2 3

3

0 =

=

用T型回授網路的反相放大器(inverting amplifier with a T-network)

I I

x R

R R

R υ

υ υ

1 2 2

1

0 =

=

A

υO

υI

R2

R1 iI+=0 0V

iI=0

1

1 R

i = υI

1 1

2 i R

i = = υI

υx i3

i4 i2

R3

R4

 

 

+ +

 =

 

 +

=

=

3 4 2

4 1

2 3

2 1

4 1

2

1 1

R R R

R R

R R

R R

R R

G R

I O

υ υ

1

2 3

4

5

6

(3)

100MΩ

例題

利用運算放大器設計一個反相放大器,輸入阻抗1MΩ,增益 100,但電路中不得使用大於1MΩ的電阻。

設計一

υO υI

R2 R1

1MΩ

設計二

υO υI

R2

R1

υx R3

R4 1MΩ

1MΩ





+ +

=

=

3 4 2

4 1

2 1

R R R

R R

G R

I O

υ υ

1 1MΩ

1 100

98

R3 =1MΩ/98=10.2kΩ 10.2kΩ

(4)

Current-to-Voltage Converter (CCVS)

υO iI

RF

I F O

= − R i

υ

iI(t)

RF iI υO

Voltage-to-Current Converter (VCCS)

υO iI

R

i

L

= υ R

I

iL ZL υI

Transresistance Amplifier

υI

iI iL

ZL

R υ

I

Virtual ground

υO要在合理範圍

(5)

Voltage Follower (Buffer) 耦隨器(緩衝器)

υO =υI υI

iI=0

υI Ri υI υO

G=1 、 Ri→∞ 、 Ro→0 用途:

1.改善負載效應 2.快速,寬頻

3.通常可提供大電流給負載

4.特別適用於高輸出阻抗的訊號源 注意事項:

不是每一種運算放大器都可接成緩衝器。有些會產生高頻振盪,這是由 於高頻時,開路增益的相位達180º,且增益大小大於1,形成正回授。

(6)

Weighted Summer (加權加法器)

υO R1

 

 

+ +

+

=

 

 

+ +

+

=

=

n n f f

f

n n f

f O

R R R

R R

R

R R

R R

i R

υ υ

υ

υ υ

υ υ

L L

2 2 1

1

2 2 1

1

υ1 υ2

υn

i1

i2

in

i

Rn

Rf R2

n n n

R R

R

i i

i i

υ υ

υ + + +

=

+ +

+

=

L L

2 2 1

1 2 1

Summing amplifier

(7)

差動放大器(difference amplifier)

υO R1

υ1 υ2

R2

R3

R4

差動放大器有兩個輸入訊號,利用線 性疊加法:

先令υ2 =0,得輸出υO1 再令υ1 =0,得輸出υO2 然後υO = υO1+ υO2

R1 υ1

υ2

R2

R3

R4

υO1

R1 υ1

υ2

R2

R3

R4

υO2

1 1 2

1 υ

υ R

R

O = −

2 1 2 4

3 4

2 1 υ

υ 



 +

 

= +

R R R

R R

O 2 4 3

1 2 1

1 2

/ 1

/

1 υ

υ

υ R R

R R

R R

O +

+ +

=

= = +

(8)

2 4 3

1 2 1

1 2

/ 1

/

1 υ

υ

υ R R

R R

R R

O +

+ +

=

我們希望輸入只有共模訊號υCM ,無差模訊號υd時,輸出愈小愈好。

υ1 = υ2 = υCM

3 4 1

2

4 3

1 2 1

2 0

/ 1

/ 1

R R R

R

R R

R R

R R

CM O

=

 →

 

+ + +

= υ

υ

一般選擇R1=R3R2=R4

共模增益為0 CMRR→∞

(

2 1

)

1 2

2 2 1

1 2 1

1 2

/ 1

/ 1

υ υ

υ

υ υ

υ

=

+ + +

=

R R

R R

R R

R R

O O

適當的選擇電阻後,

A =0,A = R /R

υ1

Adυd υ2

1

1 R

Rin =

4 3

2 R R

Rin = +

(9)

差模與共模的輸入阻抗

R1 υ1

υ2

R2

R1 R2 υd

Virtual short circuit

(

2 1

)

1

2 υ υ

υ =

R R

O

i

i

2R

1

R

d

= υ i

d

=

差模輸入阻抗

R1 υ1

υ2

R2

R1 R2 υd

i2

i1 共模輸入阻抗

= 0 υO

υc

2 1 2

1 i R R

i c

= +

= υ

2

2 1

2 1

R R

i

R

c

i

c

= +

= υ +

此差動放大器的缺點:

1.增益不容易調整 2.輸入阻抗小

3.正負輸入端不對稱

(10)

儀器放大器(instrumentation amplifier)

增益調整

in = R

in = R

有現成的IC產品!

參考文獻

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