Even Kalakota Failed in
Even Kalakota Failed in
e-Marketplace
Marketplace
Kalakota wrote the
Kalakota wrote the
best-selling
best-selling
book
book
E-
E-Business:
Business:
Roadmap For Success
Roadmap For Success
(AddisonWesley, 1999)
(AddisonWesley, 1999)
Lessons learned from failure
Lessons learned from failure
Alorie
Alorie
Gilbert
Gilbert
. InformationWeek. Manhasset:
. InformationWeek. Manhasset:
Dec 18-Dec 25, 2000. , Iss. 817; pg. 111,
Dec 18-Dec 25, 2000. , Iss. 817; pg. 111,
(availabe at Proquest)
3 3
背景
背景
:
:
電子商務與電子市集
電子商務與電子市集
電子商務
B2B
B2C
其他
e Marketplace e Distribution e Procurement 水平市場 垂直市場 賣方( Sell-side )市集 買方( Buy-side )市集 中介者( Intermediary )成立的 市集 買方主導的電子市集 賣方主導的電子市集 第三者主導的電子市集 採購電子市集( Procurement Hubs ) 配銷電子市集( Distribution Hubs ) 中立電子市集( Neutral Hubs ) MRO 中心 (MRO Hubs)型錄中心 (Catalog Hubs) 收益經理人 (Yield Managers) 交易中心 (Exchanges) 獨立型電子市集 (Independent) 聯盟型電子市集 (Consortium) 私有電子市集 (Private Exchange) Gebaue r(1996 ) Welle r(200 0) 史博言 (2000 ) 哈佛商 業評論 (2000 )
McKinsey & Company (2000)
背景
背景
:
:
電子商務與電子市集
電子商務與電子市集
資料來源: Legg Mason Equit
電子市集交易機制藍圖
電子市集入口 電子市集入口 內容服務 內容服務 型錄管理服務 型錄管理服務 競標服務 競標服務 交易服務 交易服務 後勤支援服務 後勤支援服務 整合後台服務 整合後台服務 供應鏈管理服務 供應鏈管理服務 加值服務 加值服務 防火牆 防火牆 大型供應商 大型供應商 賣 賣 方 方 銷 銷 售 售 系 系 統 統 企 企 業 業 內 內 部 部 系 系 統 統 XML XML XMLXML 防火牆 防火牆 大型採購商 大型採購商 買 買 方 方 銷 銷 售 售 系 系 統 統 企 企 業 業 內 內 部 部 系 系 統 統 XML XML XML XML ASP ASP 中小企 中小企 業採購 業採購 商 商 中小企 中小企 業採購 業採購 商 商 中小企 中小企 業供應 業供應 商 商 中小企 中小企 業供應 業供應 商 商 買方 買方 賣方賣方5 5
背景
背景
:
:
2000
2000
~
~
2009
2009
台灣
台灣
B2B
B2B
市場規模預測
市場規模預測
經濟部計畫報告, 94 年度電子商務法制及基礎環境建構計畫 B2B 電 子商務整體市場規模/國內商業 B2B 電子商務概況調查報告,財團法 人資訊工業策進會執行, 計畫編號: III9401-P104-015 。動機:
動機:
TIM
TIM
May 2001
May 2001
:
:
Taiwan Industrial Marketplace (TIM)
Taiwan Industrial Marketplace (TIM)
as a
as a
common platform for connecting more than
common platform for connecting more than
ten
ten
Taiwan industries
Taiwan industries
to the world, such as mechanics,
to the world, such as mechanics,
automobile, electronics, food, and steel.
automobile, electronics, food, and steel.
2002
2002
twenty e-marketplacestwenty e-marketplaces
US$1.2 billionUS$1.2 billion worth of worth of transactionstransactions
US$38.9 millionUS$38.9 million worth of worth of earningsearnings as of 2002 as of 2002
Expected in
Expected in
2005
2005
seventy e-marketplacesseventy e-marketplaces
US$4.4 billionUS$4.4 billion worth of transactions worth of transactions
7
7
動機
動機
:
:
失敗的鋼鐵電子市集
失敗的鋼鐵電子市集
Not all
Not all
e-marketplaces were performing
e-marketplaces were performing
equally
equally
well
well
Third quarter of 2004,
Third quarter of 2004,
two steel e-
two steel
e-marketplaces
marketplaces
were not profitable
were not profitable
low
low
actual transaction volumes
actual transaction volumes
information-exchange
動機
動機
:
:
臺灣鋼鐵業的優勢
臺灣鋼鐵業的優勢
Raw steel production ranks
Raw steel production ranks
number 14
number 14
worldwide
worldwide
with a
with a
two percent of market share
two percent of market share
A superior environmental factor:
A superior environmental factor:
2nd largest steel consumption (per person ratio) 2nd largest steel consumption (per person ratio)
nearby Asian counties : nearby Asian counties : on top of the list or the biggest on top of the list or the biggest
growth of consumption
growth of consumption
average average exporting rateexporting rate is is smaller than 50smaller than 50 percent and Taiwan percent and Taiwan
has been a
has been a free steel tradingfree steel trading country with custom duty country with custom duty closed to WTO level of 3.5 percent
closed to WTO level of 3.5 percent a great opportunity for a great opportunity for Taiwan’s steel industry
Taiwan’s steel industry growth by increasing steel exportgrowth by increasing steel export
9
9
動機
動機
:
:
動機
動機
Why did the
Why did the
steel industry
steel industry
perform so
perform so
poorly
poorly
compared to other Taiwan’s traditional or
compared to other Taiwan’s traditional or
high-technology industries in the realm of
technology industries in the realm of
e-marketplace?
marketplace?
Motivation
Motivation
could affect the
could affect the
long-term activity of participation
long-term activity of participation
(Grewal et al., 2001)
(Grewal et al., 2001)
A
A
forceful effect
forceful effect
on the will to
on the will to
succeed in the
succeed in the
electronic environment
electronic environment
(Stockdale & Standing,
(Stockdale & Standing,
2002)
動機
動機
:
:
理論
理論
Brunn et al. (2002) proposed a
Brunn et al. (2002) proposed a
theoretical
theoretical
framework
framework
to explain how an e-marketplace
to explain how an e-marketplace
could achieve
could achieve
success
success
by creating a
by creating a
powerful
powerful
setup
setup
and meeting the challenge of
and meeting the challenge of
building
building
liquidity and capturing value
liquidity and capturing value
The great comeback of Hong- Kong’s
The great comeback of Hong- Kong’s
isteelasia
isteelasia
e-marketplace (http://www.isteelasia.com) had
e-marketplace (http://www.isteelasia.com) had
demonstrated such a good application of
demonstrated such a good application of
focus,
focus,
governance, functionality, technology and
governance, functionality, technology and
partnership
11
11
目的
目的
Instead of investigating the after-failure factors,
Instead of investigating the after-failure factors,
this study aims to
this study aims to
explore the
explore the
original adoption
original adoption
factors
factors
of the participated members
of the participated members
In collaboration with
In collaboration with
MIRDC
MIRDC
, we intend to
, we intend to
validate our assumption by examining the
validate our assumption by examining the
perception of the e-marketplace members
perception of the e-marketplace members
in
in
Taiwan’s
鋼鐵產業
鋼鐵產業
狹義之定義,國內約有 300 家業者。
( 台灣鋼鐵公會 之會員名錄 )廣義的定義,與前述會員合計超過 1000 家。含鋼鐵
二次加工、廢鋼鐵等業者。
( 工業產品分類, 2001)鋼鐵廠商數
目前國內之鋼鐵電子市集均為垂直市集,會員均包
含二次加工、廢鋼鐵等業者。
國內之鋼鐵電子市集之會員,以中小企業居多,採
用廣義定義較符合現狀。
採用廣義定義之原因
13 13
中小企業
中小企業
資料來源:經濟部中小企業白皮書 (2000) 、財政部財稅資料中 心1999 年我國金屬產
業家數及比率
單位:家; % 中型企業 1~2 計畫 年導入 6% 無計畫或 意願導入 62% 已導入應 用 24% 1 計畫年 內導入 8% 小型企業 1~2 計畫 年導入 16% 無計畫或 意願導入 28% 已導入應 用 39% 1 計畫年 內導入 17%中小企業導
入 B2B EC
應用比率
我國鋼鐵電子市集概況
我國鋼鐵電子市集概況
鋼鐵優勢
鋼鐵優勢
steel.uxb2b
steel.uxb2b
中鋼與遠東集團主導
中鋼與遠東集團主導
(
(
第三者
第三者
)
)
我國鋼鐵電子市集
鋼鐵海灣
鋼鐵海灣
esteelbay
esteelbay
盛餘鋼鐵主導
盛餘鋼鐵主導
(
(
賣方
賣方
)
)
華文鋼鐵專業網
華文鋼鐵專業網
steelnet
steelnet
舜億集團
舜億集團
(
(
第三者
第三者
)
)
以提供訊息為主
提供電子交易為主
15 15
國外重要鋼鐵電子市集
國外重要鋼鐵電子市集
Isteelasia
Isteelasia
(
(
香港
香港
1999,12
1999,12
)
)
第三者主導
第三者主導
美國鋼鐵電子市集
Metalsite
Metalsite
(1998,8)
(1998,8)
第三者主導
第三者主導
e-STEEL
e-STEEL
(1999,9)
(1999,9)
賣方主導
賣方主導
亞洲鋼鐵電子市集
Worldmetal
Worldmetal
(
(
香港
香港
2000,
2000,
3)
3)
第三者主導
第三者主導
Mysteel
Mysteel
(
(
大陸
大陸
2000,
2000,
5)
5)
第三者主導
第三者主導
200 steel e-marketplaces at peak time (Schneider & Perry 2003)Steel e-Marketplace
Adoption Variables
Sample Profile
Sample Inspection
O
1:Adopting Factors
O
2:User Satisfaction O
3:Adopting Decision
1. Adoption
Variables
2. Preliminary
Analyses
3. Formal
Analyses
• Literature
Review
• Focus Group
Interview
•T-test
•Chi-square test
• Descriptive
Analysis
• Factor Analysis
• Descriptive
Analysis
• Binary
Logistic
17
17
Why not TAM or DOI models?
Why not TAM or DOI models?
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis
(1989) Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory by
(1989) Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory by
Rogers (1995).
Rogers (1995).
TAM : the
TAM : the
individual attitude-behavior
individual attitude-behavior
rather than the
rather than the
firm behavior (King & Gibbins, 2003)
firm behavior (King & Gibbins, 2003)
DOI :
DOI :
unsuitable
unsuitable
for
for
explaining a firm’s adoption
explaining a firm’s adoption
decision(
decision(
Lundblad, 2003)
Lundblad, 2003)
more
more
generalized adoption factors
generalized adoption factors
from the
from the
firm’s
firm’s
perspective
Adoption Variables:
焦點團體訪談
焦點團體訪談
目的
做法
結果
找出影響中小企業採用電子市集之決策因素
人員篩選
討論前提供電子市集之基本資料
討論時,以文獻探討所歸納之採用因素與效益,做
為輔助討論之基礎。
全程錄音,並逐字轉化為書面資料。
影響中小企業採用電子市集之決策因素,最終整合
成 24 項 ( 如下頁
V1-V24)
。
19 19
Adoption Variables:
焦點團體訪談結果
焦點團體訪談結果
V1. 增加企業曝光率 V2. 縮短應收帳款時程 V3. 刺激企業變革 V4. 增加信用額度 V5. 獲得資訊,提升決策效率 V6. 電子商務趨勢使然 V7. 電子市集會費 V8. 企業對電子化之支持 V9. 企業相關人才、設備 V10. 往來客戶、廠商固定 V11. 國外貿易機會多寡 V12. 電腦系統相容性 V13. 網路不確定因素 V14. 網路競標之公平性 V15. 人為簽章較具公信力 V16. 相關法規健全與否 V17. 金流安全性 V18. 庫存訊息外流 V19. 電子市集之加值服務 V20. 產品規格與現實之差距 V21. 鋼鐵在網站拍賣之適切性 V22. 完善之金流、物流機制 V23. 人為操控電子市集 V24. 政府介入電子市集 V25. 企業形成相對優勢 V26. 降低產品庫存 V27. 減少交易成本 V28. 協同合作機會 V29. 平台環境的公平性 V30. 降低人為之交易疏失 V31. 整合同業,集體採購 V32. 交易服務費用問卷調查
問卷調查
目
的
做
法
以問卷調查方式取得鋼鐵業者之看法,並做為後續
統計分析之用
結
果
一、確認母體 -- 全體鋼鐵中小企業
二、抽樣—以鋼鐵公會之會員名錄與兩家電子市集網
站之名單,去除重複的廠商與大企業。
三、問卷設計 -- 分三部分
企業之基本資料與採用電子市集狀況
測量採用決策因素之重要程度
採用電子市集後之滿意程度。
四、問卷預試與修正、寄發與催收
有效寄發 291 筆,回收 48 筆,扣除無效問卷 1 筆,
實際回收率為 16.2% 。
21
21
Low Response Rate
Low Response Rate
Comparable
Comparable
to Taiwan’s studies on
to Taiwan’s studies on
manufacturing
manufacturing
sector:
sector:
14.6 percent (Huarng & Chen 2002), 13.1
14.6 percent (Huarng & Chen 2002), 13.1
percent (Chen & Wei 2002), 13 percent (Liang
percent (Chen & Wei 2002), 13 percent (Liang
& Hung 1997), and 16.5 percent (Shang &
& Hung 1997), and 16.5 percent (Shang &
Marlow 2005) on
Marlow 2005) on
large
large
manufacturing
manufacturing
enterprises,
enterprises,
12.6 percent (Tao et al. 2001) on
12.6 percent (Tao et al. 2001) on
medium
medium
enterprises,
enterprises,
and 16.3 percent (Kao et al. 1997) and 13
and 16.3 percent (Kao et al. 1997) and 13
percent (Carr
Low Response Rate
Low Response Rate
Higher education institutions :
Higher education institutions :
< 30 to >= 170
< 30 to >= 170
Limited sources of company directories
Limited sources of company directories
:
:
Common Well magazine, China Credit
Common Well magazine, China Credit
Information Services, and the Ministry of
Information Services, and the Ministry of
Economic Affairs,
Economic Affairs,
A large portion
A large portion
of Taiwan’s business category is
of Taiwan’s business category is
in the
in the
manufacturing sector
manufacturing sector
.
.
the SMEs and medium-sized enterprises lack
the SMEs and medium-sized enterprises lack
adequate professionals and skills to satisfactorily
adequate professionals and skills to satisfactorily
respond to the
respond to the
overflown survey studies
overflown survey studies
, the low
, the low
response rate has been noted to be
response rate has been noted to be
a common
a common
situation in Taiwan’s survey studies
situation in Taiwan’s survey studies
on the
on the
manufacturing sector.
23 23
Preliminary Analyses
Respondents vs. Non-respondents
Respondents vs. Non-respondents
1. 透過
t 檢定方法
,回收廠商與未回收廠商做比較
檢定,在
人數
及
資本額
,兩者均沒有達到顯著水
準
2. chi-square
test to inspect the independence of
responding decision on
industry type
from the
respondents and the non-respondents. The result
did not reject
the
indifference hypothesis
respondent sample was a
good
representative
of the targeted steel
Preliminary Analyses
Questionnaire Follow-up Analysis
Questionnaire Follow-up Analysis
Statistics
Item Number of Companies Ratio
Returned 18 25%
Not
Retur ned
Empty number or closed 8 11.1% Too busy or no proper person
to fill out the questionnaire 9 12.5% Organization downsized 5 6.9% Not fulfilling the promise 23 31.9% Not relevant to the company 9 12.5%
25 25
Preliminary Analyses
:敘述性分析
敘述性分析
基本資料
( 一 ) 公司屬性 -- 以製造商共 40 家廠商達 85.1% ,貿易商佔
8.5% ,製造 + 貿易者僅 3 家,佔 6.4% 。
( 二 ) 員工人數 -- 平均數為 65.5 人,與我國中小企業 200 人
以下之定義比較,廠商
人數規模屬偏少
。
( 三 ) 資本額 -- 平均數為 24,783 萬元新台幣,我國製造中小
企業是以 8000 萬元新台幣為參考標準,顯示大部分製造
商之
資本額高於 8000 萬元新台幣
,
( 四 ) 外銷狀況 -- 大部分廠商仍是以
內銷為主
,其中有 37%
的廠商是完全內銷。
( 五 ) 加入電子市集狀況 --
未加入電子市集接近 6 成
Preliminary Analyses
滿意度
敘述性分析
敘述性分析
競標服務 後勤支援服務 後台整合服務 供應鏈之規劃與執行服務 加值服務 交易服務 型錄管理服務 產業訊息 整體滿意度 Weller (2000)27
27
Preliminary Analyses
Multiple Regression Analysis of Satisfaction
Multiple Regression Analysis of Satisfaction
Factors
Factors
items Full Model
Beta Coefficient Beta CoefficientStepwise
S2 0.131 S3 0.008 S4 0.414 0.757*** S5 0.045 S6 0.259 S7 -0.255 S8 0.319 S9 0.059 R2 0.677 0.573 F test 2.616 22.829 P-value 0.078 0.000*** Auction
Formal Analyses
Case-to-Variable Ratio
Case-to-Variable Ratio
Issue
Issue
Rule of thumb
Rule of thumb
> 5:1
> 5:1
ratio of
ratio of
case to variable
case to variable
( Hair et
( Hair et
al. (1998)
al. (1998)
Debates : Roberts et al. (2001) who claimed that the
Debates : Roberts et al. (2001) who claimed that the
rule of thumb to
rule of thumb to
exploratory studies
exploratory studies
could be
could be
loosened
loosened
based on the evidences of
based on the evidences of
existing
existing
references
references
18 18 samples of top samples of top IS journal articlesIS journal articles with exploratory factor with exploratory factor
analysis
analysis below 5:1 ratiobelow 5:1 ratio
Abdul-Gader & Kozar (1995) from
Abdul-Gader & Kozar (1995) from Management Information Management Information Systems Quarterly
Systems Quarterly
Essex et al. (1998) from
Essex et al. (1998) from Journal of Management Information Journal of Management Information Systems
Systems
““Cattell (1988) clearly indicates that factor analysis can be Cattell (1988) clearly indicates that factor analysis can be
performed
29
29
Formal Analyses
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis
Factors Adoption variables with loadings Internal Management Efficiency V2 (0.788), V4 (0.735), V5 (0.617), V3 (0.602), V30 (0.598), V1 (0.579) Market Competitive Advantage V25 (0.779), V26 (0.753), V27 (0.743), V28 (0.73) Business Resources V9 (0.727), V31 (0.617), V8 (0.599), V24 (0.594), V14 (0.411) Trading Opportunities V11 (0.83),V10 (0.452) Security Mechanism V29 (0.716), V17 (0.671), V21 (0.615), V12 (0.555), V16 (0.488) Barrier of Electronic Transactions V22 (0.808), V18 (0.736), V23. (0.582), V20. (0.476) e-Marketplace Trend V6 (0.811), V19 (0.531) Paying Fees V7 (0.796),V32 (0.778) Authentic Documents V15 (0.86), V13 (0.412)
Formal Analyses
二元邏輯斯迴歸分析
二元邏輯斯迴歸分析
π
= P(Y = 1) = 1/[1 + exp( - (β
0+ β
0X
1+
∙∙∙
+
β
kX
k))]
Y
= 1 表企業已採用電子市集, Y = 0 表企業未採用電子
市集,
X
1∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ X
k表採用因素
(FAC1~FAC9)
其顯著性為 0.209 , -2 Log likelihood 為 51.351 ,顯
示二元邏輯斯迴歸模式
並不具統計意義
採用因素
無法解釋
企業採用電子市集與否
31
31
Averages and Ranks of Adoption
Averages and Ranks of Adoption
Factors
Factors
Adoption Factors Average* Rank
Barrier of Electronic Transactions 1.91 1 Authentic Documents 2.07 2 Security Mechanism 2.08 3
Business Resources 2.35 4 e-Marketplace Trend 2.39 5 Trading Opportunities 2.58 6
Market Competitive Advantage 2.59 7
Paying Fees 2.73 8
Conclusion
Conclusion
Taiwan’s steel e-marketplaces are more
Taiwan’s steel e-marketplaces are more
information-
information-oriented
oriented
Taiwan’s medium-sized steel enterprises
Taiwan’s medium-sized steel enterprises
expect a
expect a
strong transaction-oriented
strong transaction-oriented
e-marketplace environment
e-marketplace environment
Many many medium-sized steel enterprises
Many many medium-sized steel enterprises
decreased
decreased
their participation
their participation
and
and
lowered their enthusiasm
lowered their enthusiasm
Previously perceived adoption factors
Previously perceived adoption factors
were
were
inconclusive
inconclusive
and unable to predict the current
and unable to predict the current
adoption of an e-marketplace for Taiwan’s
adoption of an e-marketplace for Taiwan’s
medium-sized steel enterprises.
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