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台灣鋼鐵電子市集的

台灣鋼鐵電子市集的

失敗分析

失敗分析

國立高雄大學資管系

國立高雄大學資管系

[email protected]

[email protected]

陶幼慧

陶幼慧

(2)

Even Kalakota Failed in

Even Kalakota Failed in

e-Marketplace

Marketplace

Kalakota wrote the

Kalakota wrote the

best-selling

best-selling

book

book

E-

E-Business:

Business:

Roadmap For Success

Roadmap For Success

(AddisonWesley, 1999)

(AddisonWesley, 1999)

Lessons learned from failure

Lessons learned from failure

Alorie

Alorie

Gilbert

Gilbert

. InformationWeek. Manhasset:

. InformationWeek. Manhasset:

Dec 18-Dec 25, 2000. , Iss. 817; pg. 111,

Dec 18-Dec 25, 2000. , Iss. 817; pg. 111,

(availabe at Proquest)

(3)

3 3

背景

背景

:

:

電子商務與電子市集

電子商務與電子市集

電子商務

B2B

B2C

其他

e Marketplace e Distribution e Procurement 水平市場 垂直市場 賣方( Sell-side )市集 買方( Buy-side )市集 中介者( Intermediary )成立的 市集 買方主導的電子市集 賣方主導的電子市集 第三者主導的電子市集 採購電子市集( Procurement Hubs ) 配銷電子市集( Distribution Hubs ) 中立電子市集( Neutral Hubs ) MRO 中心 (MRO Hubs)

型錄中心 (Catalog Hubs) 收益經理人 (Yield Managers) 交易中心 (Exchanges) 獨立型電子市集 (Independent) 聯盟型電子市集 (Consortium) 私有電子市集 (Private Exchange) Gebaue r(1996 ) Welle r(200 0) 史博言 (2000 ) 哈佛商 業評論 (2000 )

McKinsey & Company (2000)

(4)

背景

背景

:

:

電子商務與電子市集

電子商務與電子市集

資料來源: Legg Mason Equit

電子市集交易機制藍圖

電子市集入口 電子市集入口 內容服務 內容服務 型錄管理服務 型錄管理服務 競標服務 競標服務 交易服務 交易服務 後勤支援服務 後勤支援服務 整合後台服務 整合後台服務 供應鏈管理服務 供應鏈管理服務 加值服務 加值服務 防火牆 防火牆 大型供應商 大型供應商 賣 賣 方 方 銷 銷 售 售 系 系 統 統 企 企 業 業 內 內 部 部 系 系 統 統 XML XML XMLXML 防火牆 防火牆 大型採購商 大型採購商 買 買 方 方 銷 銷 售 售 系 系 統 統 企 企 業 業 內 內 部 部 系 系 統 統 XML XML XML XML ASP ASP 中小企 中小企 業採購 業採購 商 商 中小企 中小企 業採購 業採購 商 商 中小企 中小企 業供應 業供應 商 商 中小企 中小企 業供應 業供應 商 商 買方 買方 賣方賣方

(5)

5 5

背景

背景

:

:

2000

2000

2009

2009

台灣

台灣

B2B

B2B

市場規模預測

市場規模預測

經濟部計畫報告, 94 年度電子商務法制及基礎環境建構計畫 B2B 電 子商務整體市場規模/國內商業 B2B 電子商務概況調查報告,財團法 人資訊工業策進會執行, 計畫編號: III9401-P104-015 。

(6)

動機:

動機:

TIM

TIM

May 2001

May 2001

:

:

Taiwan Industrial Marketplace (TIM)

Taiwan Industrial Marketplace (TIM)

as a

as a

common platform for connecting more than

common platform for connecting more than

ten

ten

Taiwan industries

Taiwan industries

to the world, such as mechanics,

to the world, such as mechanics,

automobile, electronics, food, and steel.

automobile, electronics, food, and steel.

2002

2002

twenty e-marketplacestwenty e-marketplaces

US$1.2 billionUS$1.2 billion worth of worth of transactionstransactions

US$38.9 millionUS$38.9 million worth of worth of earningsearnings as of 2002 as of 2002

Expected in

Expected in

2005

2005

seventy e-marketplacesseventy e-marketplaces

US$4.4 billionUS$4.4 billion worth of transactions worth of transactions

(7)

7

7

動機

動機

:

:

失敗的鋼鐵電子市集

失敗的鋼鐵電子市集

Not all

Not all

e-marketplaces were performing

e-marketplaces were performing

equally

equally

well

well

Third quarter of 2004,

Third quarter of 2004,

two steel e-

two steel

e-marketplaces

marketplaces

were not profitable

were not profitable

low

low

actual transaction volumes

actual transaction volumes

information-exchange

(8)

動機

動機

:

:

臺灣鋼鐵業的優勢

臺灣鋼鐵業的優勢

Raw steel production ranks

Raw steel production ranks

number 14

number 14

worldwide

worldwide

with a

with a

two percent of market share

two percent of market share

A superior environmental factor:

A superior environmental factor:

2nd largest steel consumption (per person ratio) 2nd largest steel consumption (per person ratio)

nearby Asian counties : nearby Asian counties : on top of the list or the biggest on top of the list or the biggest

growth of consumption

growth of consumption

average average exporting rateexporting rate is is smaller than 50smaller than 50 percent and Taiwan percent and Taiwan

has been a

has been a free steel tradingfree steel trading country with custom duty country with custom duty closed to WTO level of 3.5 percent

closed to WTO level of 3.5 percent  a great opportunity for a great opportunity for Taiwan’s steel industry

Taiwan’s steel industry growth by increasing steel exportgrowth by increasing steel export

(9)

9

9

動機

動機

:

:

動機

動機

Why did the

Why did the

steel industry

steel industry

perform so

perform so

poorly

poorly

compared to other Taiwan’s traditional or

compared to other Taiwan’s traditional or

high-technology industries in the realm of

technology industries in the realm of

e-marketplace?

marketplace?

Motivation

Motivation

could affect the

could affect the

long-term activity of participation

long-term activity of participation

(Grewal et al., 2001)

(Grewal et al., 2001)

A

A

forceful effect

forceful effect

on the will to

on the will to

succeed in the

succeed in the

electronic environment

electronic environment

(Stockdale & Standing,

(Stockdale & Standing,

2002)

(10)

動機

動機

:

:

理論

理論

Brunn et al. (2002) proposed a

Brunn et al. (2002) proposed a

theoretical

theoretical

framework

framework

to explain how an e-marketplace

to explain how an e-marketplace

could achieve

could achieve

success

success

by creating a

by creating a

powerful

powerful

setup

setup

and meeting the challenge of

and meeting the challenge of

building

building

liquidity and capturing value

liquidity and capturing value

The great comeback of Hong- Kong’s

The great comeback of Hong- Kong’s

isteelasia

isteelasia

e-marketplace (http://www.isteelasia.com) had

e-marketplace (http://www.isteelasia.com) had

demonstrated such a good application of

demonstrated such a good application of

focus,

focus,

governance, functionality, technology and

governance, functionality, technology and

partnership

(11)

11

11

目的

目的

Instead of investigating the after-failure factors,

Instead of investigating the after-failure factors,

this study aims to

this study aims to

explore the

explore the

original adoption

original adoption

factors

factors

of the participated members

of the participated members

In collaboration with

In collaboration with

MIRDC

MIRDC

, we intend to

, we intend to

validate our assumption by examining the

validate our assumption by examining the

perception of the e-marketplace members

perception of the e-marketplace members

in

in

Taiwan’s

(12)

鋼鐵產業

鋼鐵產業

狹義之定義,國內約有 300 家業者。

( 台灣鋼鐵公會 之會員名錄 )

廣義的定義,與前述會員合計超過 1000 家。含鋼鐵

二次加工、廢鋼鐵等業者。

( 工業產品分類, 2001)

鋼鐵廠商數

目前國內之鋼鐵電子市集均為垂直市集,會員均包

含二次加工、廢鋼鐵等業者。

國內之鋼鐵電子市集之會員,以中小企業居多,採

用廣義定義較符合現狀。

採用廣義定義之原因

(13)

13 13

中小企業

中小企業

資料來源:經濟部中小企業白皮書 (2000) 、財政部財稅資料中 心

1999 年我國金屬產

業家數及比率

單位:家; % 中型企業 1~2 計畫 年導入 6% 無計畫或 意願導入 62% 已導入應 用 24% 1 計畫年 內導入 8% 小型企業 1~2 計畫 年導入 16% 無計畫或 意願導入 28% 已導入應 用 39% 1 計畫年 內導入 17%

中小企業導

入 B2B EC

應用比率

(14)

我國鋼鐵電子市集概況

我國鋼鐵電子市集概況

鋼鐵優勢

鋼鐵優勢

steel.uxb2b

steel.uxb2b

中鋼與遠東集團主導

中鋼與遠東集團主導

(

(

第三者

第三者

)

)

我國鋼鐵電子市集

鋼鐵海灣

鋼鐵海灣

esteelbay

esteelbay

盛餘鋼鐵主導

盛餘鋼鐵主導

(

(

賣方

賣方

)

)

華文鋼鐵專業網

華文鋼鐵專業網

steelnet

steelnet

舜億集團

舜億集團

(

(

第三者

第三者

)

)

以提供訊息為主

提供電子交易為主

(15)

15 15

國外重要鋼鐵電子市集

國外重要鋼鐵電子市集

Isteelasia

Isteelasia

(

(

香港

香港

1999,12

1999,12

)

)

第三者主導

第三者主導

美國鋼鐵電子市集

Metalsite

Metalsite

(1998,8)

(1998,8)

第三者主導

第三者主導

e-STEEL

e-STEEL

(1999,9)

(1999,9)

賣方主導

賣方主導

亞洲鋼鐵電子市集

Worldmetal

Worldmetal

(

(

香港

香港

2000,

2000,

3)

3)

第三者主導

第三者主導

Mysteel

Mysteel

(

(

大陸

大陸

2000,

2000,

5)

5)

第三者主導

第三者主導

200 steel e-marketplaces at peak time (Schneider & Perry 2003)

(16)

Steel e-Marketplace

Adoption Variables

Sample Profile

Sample Inspection

O

1

:Adopting Factors

O

2

:User Satisfaction O

3

:Adopting Decision

1. Adoption

Variables

2. Preliminary

Analyses

3. Formal

Analyses

• Literature

Review

• Focus Group

Interview

•T-test

•Chi-square test

• Descriptive

Analysis

• Factor Analysis

• Descriptive

Analysis

• Binary

Logistic

(17)

17

17

Why not TAM or DOI models?

Why not TAM or DOI models?

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis

(1989) Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory by

(1989) Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory by

Rogers (1995).

Rogers (1995).

TAM : the

TAM : the

individual attitude-behavior

individual attitude-behavior

rather than the

rather than the

firm behavior (King & Gibbins, 2003)

firm behavior (King & Gibbins, 2003)

DOI :

DOI :

unsuitable

unsuitable

for

for

explaining a firm’s adoption

explaining a firm’s adoption

decision(

decision(

Lundblad, 2003)

Lundblad, 2003)

more

more

generalized adoption factors

generalized adoption factors

from the

from the

firm’s

firm’s

perspective

(18)

Adoption Variables:

焦點團體訪談

焦點團體訪談

目的

做法

結果

找出影響中小企業採用電子市集之決策因素

人員篩選

討論前提供電子市集之基本資料

討論時,以文獻探討所歸納之採用因素與效益,做

為輔助討論之基礎。

全程錄音,並逐字轉化為書面資料。

影響中小企業採用電子市集之決策因素,最終整合

成 24 項 ( 如下頁

V1-V24)

(19)

19 19

Adoption Variables:

焦點團體訪談結果

焦點團體訪談結果

V1. 增加企業曝光率 V2. 縮短應收帳款時程 V3. 刺激企業變革 V4. 增加信用額度 V5. 獲得資訊,提升決策效率 V6. 電子商務趨勢使然 V7. 電子市集會費 V8. 企業對電子化之支持 V9. 企業相關人才、設備 V10. 往來客戶、廠商固定 V11. 國外貿易機會多寡 V12. 電腦系統相容性 V13. 網路不確定因素 V14. 網路競標之公平性 V15. 人為簽章較具公信力 V16. 相關法規健全與否 V17. 金流安全性 V18. 庫存訊息外流 V19. 電子市集之加值服務 V20. 產品規格與現實之差距 V21. 鋼鐵在網站拍賣之適切性 V22. 完善之金流、物流機制 V23. 人為操控電子市集 V24. 政府介入電子市集 V25. 企業形成相對優勢 V26. 降低產品庫存 V27. 減少交易成本 V28. 協同合作機會 V29. 平台環境的公平性 V30. 降低人為之交易疏失 V31. 整合同業,集體採購 V32. 交易服務費用

(20)

問卷調查

問卷調查

以問卷調查方式取得鋼鐵業者之看法,並做為後續

統計分析之用

一、確認母體 -- 全體鋼鐵中小企業

二、抽樣—以鋼鐵公會之會員名錄與兩家電子市集網

站之名單,去除重複的廠商與大企業。

三、問卷設計 -- 分三部分

企業之基本資料與採用電子市集狀況

測量採用決策因素之重要程度

採用電子市集後之滿意程度。

四、問卷預試與修正、寄發與催收

有效寄發 291 筆,回收 48 筆,扣除無效問卷 1 筆,

實際回收率為 16.2% 。

(21)

21

21

Low Response Rate

Low Response Rate

Comparable

Comparable

to Taiwan’s studies on

to Taiwan’s studies on

manufacturing

manufacturing

sector:

sector:

14.6 percent (Huarng & Chen 2002), 13.1

14.6 percent (Huarng & Chen 2002), 13.1

percent (Chen & Wei 2002), 13 percent (Liang

percent (Chen & Wei 2002), 13 percent (Liang

& Hung 1997), and 16.5 percent (Shang &

& Hung 1997), and 16.5 percent (Shang &

Marlow 2005) on

Marlow 2005) on

large

large

manufacturing

manufacturing

enterprises,

enterprises,

12.6 percent (Tao et al. 2001) on

12.6 percent (Tao et al. 2001) on

medium

medium

enterprises,

enterprises,

and 16.3 percent (Kao et al. 1997) and 13

and 16.3 percent (Kao et al. 1997) and 13

percent (Carr

(22)

Low Response Rate

Low Response Rate

Higher education institutions :

Higher education institutions :

< 30 to >= 170

< 30 to >= 170

Limited sources of company directories

Limited sources of company directories

:

:

Common Well magazine, China Credit

Common Well magazine, China Credit

Information Services, and the Ministry of

Information Services, and the Ministry of

Economic Affairs,

Economic Affairs,

A large portion

A large portion

of Taiwan’s business category is

of Taiwan’s business category is

in the

in the

manufacturing sector

manufacturing sector

.

.

the SMEs and medium-sized enterprises lack

the SMEs and medium-sized enterprises lack

adequate professionals and skills to satisfactorily

adequate professionals and skills to satisfactorily

respond to the

respond to the

overflown survey studies

overflown survey studies

, the low

, the low

response rate has been noted to be

response rate has been noted to be

a common

a common

situation in Taiwan’s survey studies

situation in Taiwan’s survey studies

on the

on the

manufacturing sector.

(23)

23 23

Preliminary Analyses

Respondents vs. Non-respondents

Respondents vs. Non-respondents

1. 透過

t 檢定方法

,回收廠商與未回收廠商做比較

檢定,在

人數

資本額

,兩者均沒有達到顯著水

2. chi-square

test to inspect the independence of

responding decision on

industry type

from the

respondents and the non-respondents. The result

did not reject

the

indifference hypothesis

respondent sample was a

good

representative

of the targeted steel

(24)

Preliminary Analyses

Questionnaire Follow-up Analysis

Questionnaire Follow-up Analysis

Statistics

Item Number of Companies Ratio

Returned 18 25%

Not

Retur ned

Empty number or closed 8 11.1% Too busy or no proper person

to fill out the questionnaire 9 12.5% Organization downsized 5 6.9% Not fulfilling the promise 23 31.9% Not relevant to the company 9 12.5%

(25)

25 25

Preliminary Analyses

:

敘述性分析

敘述性分析

基本資料

( 一 ) 公司屬性 -- 以製造商共 40 家廠商達 85.1% ,貿易商佔

8.5% ,製造 + 貿易者僅 3 家,佔 6.4% 。

( 二 ) 員工人數 -- 平均數為 65.5 人,與我國中小企業 200 人

以下之定義比較,廠商

人數規模屬偏少

( 三 ) 資本額 -- 平均數為 24,783 萬元新台幣,我國製造中小

企業是以 8000 萬元新台幣為參考標準,顯示大部分製造

商之

資本額高於 8000 萬元新台幣

( 四 ) 外銷狀況 -- 大部分廠商仍是以

內銷為主

,其中有 37%

的廠商是完全內銷。

( 五 ) 加入電子市集狀況 --

未加入電子市集接近 6 成

(26)

Preliminary Analyses

滿意度

敘述性分析

敘述性分析

競標服務 後勤支援服務 後台整合服務 供應鏈之規劃與執行服務 加值服務 交易服務 型錄管理服務 產業訊息 整體滿意度 Weller (2000)

(27)

27

27

Preliminary Analyses

Multiple Regression Analysis of Satisfaction

Multiple Regression Analysis of Satisfaction

Factors

Factors

items Full Model

Beta Coefficient Beta CoefficientStepwise

S2 0.131 S3 0.008 S4 0.414 0.757*** S5 0.045 S6 0.259 S7 -0.255 S8 0.319 S9 0.059 R2 0.677 0.573 F test 2.616 22.829 P-value 0.078 0.000*** Auction

(28)

Formal Analyses

Case-to-Variable Ratio

Case-to-Variable Ratio

Issue

Issue

Rule of thumb

Rule of thumb

> 5:1

> 5:1

ratio of

ratio of

case to variable

case to variable

( Hair et

( Hair et

al. (1998)

al. (1998)

Debates : Roberts et al. (2001) who claimed that the

Debates : Roberts et al. (2001) who claimed that the

rule of thumb to

rule of thumb to

exploratory studies

exploratory studies

could be

could be

loosened

loosened

based on the evidences of

based on the evidences of

existing

existing

references

references

18 18 samples of top samples of top IS journal articlesIS journal articles with exploratory factor with exploratory factor

analysis

analysis below 5:1 ratiobelow 5:1 ratio

Abdul-Gader & Kozar (1995) from

Abdul-Gader & Kozar (1995) from Management Information Management Information Systems Quarterly

Systems Quarterly

Essex et al. (1998) from

Essex et al. (1998) from Journal of Management Information Journal of Management Information Systems

Systems

““Cattell (1988) clearly indicates that factor analysis can be Cattell (1988) clearly indicates that factor analysis can be

performed

(29)

29

29

Formal Analyses

Factor Analysis

Factor Analysis

Factors Adoption variables with loadings Internal Management Efficiency V2 (0.788), V4 (0.735), V5 (0.617), V3 (0.602), V30 (0.598), V1 (0.579) Market Competitive Advantage V25 (0.779), V26 (0.753), V27 (0.743), V28 (0.73) Business Resources V9 (0.727), V31 (0.617), V8 (0.599), V24 (0.594), V14 (0.411) Trading Opportunities V11 (0.83),V10 (0.452) Security Mechanism V29 (0.716), V17 (0.671), V21 (0.615), V12 (0.555), V16 (0.488) Barrier of Electronic Transactions V22 (0.808), V18 (0.736), V23. (0.582), V20. (0.476) e-Marketplace Trend V6 (0.811), V19 (0.531) Paying Fees V7 (0.796),V32 (0.778) Authentic Documents V15 (0.86), V13 (0.412)

(30)

Formal Analyses

二元邏輯斯迴歸分析

二元邏輯斯迴歸分析

π

= P(Y = 1) = 1/[1 + exp( - (β

0

+ β

0

X

1

∙∙∙

β

k

X

k

))]

Y

= 1 表企業已採用電子市集, Y = 0 表企業未採用電子

市集,

X

1

∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ X

k

表採用因素

(FAC1~FAC9)

其顯著性為 0.209 , -2 Log likelihood 為 51.351 ,顯

示二元邏輯斯迴歸模式

並不具統計意義

採用因素

無法解釋

企業採用電子市集與否

(31)

31

31

Averages and Ranks of Adoption

Averages and Ranks of Adoption

Factors

Factors

Adoption Factors Average* Rank

Barrier of Electronic Transactions 1.91 1 Authentic Documents 2.07 2 Security Mechanism 2.08 3

Business Resources 2.35 4 e-Marketplace Trend 2.39 5 Trading Opportunities 2.58 6

Market Competitive Advantage 2.59 7

Paying Fees 2.73 8

(32)

Conclusion

Conclusion

Taiwan’s steel e-marketplaces are more

Taiwan’s steel e-marketplaces are more

information-

information-oriented

oriented

Taiwan’s medium-sized steel enterprises

Taiwan’s medium-sized steel enterprises

expect a

expect a

strong transaction-oriented

strong transaction-oriented

e-marketplace environment

e-marketplace environment

Many many medium-sized steel enterprises

Many many medium-sized steel enterprises

decreased

decreased

their participation

their participation

and

and

lowered their enthusiasm

lowered their enthusiasm

Previously perceived adoption factors

Previously perceived adoption factors

were

were

inconclusive

inconclusive

and unable to predict the current

and unable to predict the current

adoption of an e-marketplace for Taiwan’s

adoption of an e-marketplace for Taiwan’s

medium-sized steel enterprises.

(33)

33

33

Implications

Implications

Only the

Only the

security

security

issue came out in the

issue came out in the

focus group

focus group

interview

interview

Security control

Security control

significantly impacts on a

significantly impacts on a

customer’s

customer’s

trust

trust

in e-commerce (Gefen 2000;

in e-commerce (Gefen 2000;

Jarvenpaa et al. 2000;

Jarvenpaa et al. 2000;

Suh & Han 2003

Suh & Han 2003

)

)

Privacy protection

Privacy protection

is one component constituting

is one component constituting

the

the

trust

trust

construct (

construct (

Suh & Han 2003)

Suh & Han 2003)

or influence

or influence

trust (

trust (

Culnan & Armstrong 1999)

Culnan & Armstrong 1999)

.

.

or an e-marketplace to succeed, good

or an e-marketplace to succeed, good

developmental

developmental

policies

policies

and

and

strategies on security, privacy and trust

strategies on security, privacy and trust

are as critical as

are as critical as

satisfying customers’ desirable

satisfying customers’ desirable

adoption factors

(34)

報告完畢

參考文獻

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