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中東歐國家加入歐洲聯盟的意義及其影響
洪 茂 雄 (國立政治大學國關中心第一所研究員兼所長) 摘要 歐洲聯盟自一九五一年四月歐洲煤鋼共同體（ECSC）成立迄今，歷經五次的 擴大，已由原來六個創始會員國擴增到二十五國，可謂是人類史上偉大的創舉。 尤其第五次擴大接納中東歐八國和地中海沿岸兩國，比前四次擴大總數還多，其 所顯示意義和影響倍受國際社會注目。 首先中東歐加入歐盟就政治意義而言：一、中東歐在共黨政權統治下，形同 蘇聯附庸阻礙國家正常發展，毫無獨立自主可言。這些國家得以融入歐洲，正標 誌著終結「蘇維埃化」。二、華約組織解體，蘇聯也隨之崩潰，為填補東歐安全 真空，唯有向西方傾斜，加入北約和歐盟以自保。三、北約和歐盟一向所堅持的 是自由、民主、人權和市場經濟等普世價值，中東歐國家唯有融入北約和歐盟， 才符合其國家利益。 其次，就經濟意義而言：一、中東歐國家在進行經濟改革之際，資金、技術 和企業管理均有賴西方國家的奧援，以歐盟強大的經濟實力，助一臂之力，讓這 些前社會主義國家較易取得資金和技術的援助。二、歐盟以建立雄厚又繁榮的市 場基礎，對中東歐國家開拓國際市場，大有裨益。三、中東歐國家與北約、歐盟 融入一體，在發展初期階段，可獲得北約和歐盟先進國家的援助，大可助其政經 轉型。 最後中東歐國家加入歐盟所帶來較引人側目的影響，諸如歐盟新憲如何運 作；歐盟內部所謂「新舊歐洲」的心理圍牆，美國影響力多大程度的介入，「新 舊歐洲」如何化解彼此間的歧見或障礙；歐盟共同安全暨外交政策是否團結一 致，凡此可視為觀察歐盟發展的重要指標。 關鍵詞：歐洲聯盟、歐盟東擴、中東歐國家、前社會主義國家II
Abstract
Since European Coal and Steel Community was established in April 1951, EU has enlarged for five times. The membership has increased to 25 states from 6 founding members. We may well say that this is a great initiative in human history. Especially the fifth enlargement accesses 2 Mediterranean countries and 8 countries in central and east Europe. The number of new members is more then the amount of the past four expansions, and its meaning and effect has attracted the attention from all over the world.
The fact of the joining of central and east Europe countries has three implications. First, ruling by the Communist Party, these countries were equal to the Soviet vassal, which obstructed the normal development of these countries, not mention to independence and autonomy. These countries’ integration into Europe could identify as the termination of sovietization. Second, as the collapse of Warsaw Pact, the USSR crumbled. In order to satisfy the vacuum of security in east Europe, these countries join NATO and EU for the reason of their own security and getting closer with the Western. Third, the insistence of NATO and EU, such as freedom, democracy, human right and market economy, is the universal value. Only is it the central and east Europe countries integrate into NATO and EU that confirm their national interest.
Further more, we can discuss its economic meanings. First, when the central and east Europe countries are proceeding their economic reform, they need the western countries’ assistance in finance, technology and business administration. As a result, with the mighty economic power of EU, these former socialist countries could get financial and technological assistance more easily. Second, EU has established a prosperous market, which is really a support of the central and east Europe countries for expanding overseas markets. Third, with the integration with EU and NATO, the central and east Europe countries can obtain assistances from EU and the other developed countries.
Finally, there are still some noticeable effects of these central and east Europe countries’ affiliation with EU. How the EU constitution is operated? How to reconcile the estrangement and different opinions between the new and the old member? To what extent is the scope of the interference from U.S.? Can EU be unity in its common Foreign and Security Policy? All these above aspects can be seemed as important indications as we observe the development of EU.
Keywords: European Union, the enlargement of EU, central and east European countries, post-socialist nations.
