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社會支持對中老年失能者憂鬱狀況之直接與間接影響

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社會支持對中老年失能者憂鬱狀況之直接與間接影響

本研究目的為:( 1 )瞭解社區中失能者的憂鬱狀況、社會支持系統及休閒活動情形;( 2 )探討社會支持及休閒 活動對憂鬱狀況的影響;( 3 )探討社會支持透過休閒活動對憂鬱狀況的影響。

研究資料來自九十年內政部「建構長期照護體系先導計畫」的第一年社區前測調查。研究對象為 672 位居住在台北 縣三峽鎮、鶯歌鎮、新店市、樹林市及嘉義市共五個地區的 50 歲以上的輕度失能者。民國九十年七月至十一月期間 進行訪視,問卷內容主要包括:基本人口學特性、健康狀況、認知功能、憂鬱狀況、營養狀況、休閒活動、健康行 為及社會支持等資料。採用的統計方法有描述性分析、 T 檢定、 ANOVA 檢定、 pearson correlation 、複迴歸分析、

路徑分析。

672 位研究對象的平均年齡為 71.8 歲,男性佔 48.1% ,女性佔 51.8% 。憂鬱狀況方面,憂鬱量表總分轉換成原始分 數後若以 16 分為 cut-off point 的話, 56.3% 的人有憂鬱傾向;以 20 分為 cut-off point 則有 44.6% 的人有憂鬱傾向。

社會支持方面, 54.3% 的失能者與配偶同住、平均同住子女數為 1.15 位、與不同住子女聯絡情形之平均分數為 5.46 分(總分為 0-10 分)、約 52.1% 的失能者每個月至少和親友聯絡 1-2 次以上、情緒性支持平均分數為 5.63 分(總分 為 2-8 分)、 72.7% 覺得滿意或非常滿意他人的金錢協助、 23.7% 覺得他人經常或總是提供資訊、 89.4% 認為生病 時會有人照顧他。在休閒活動方面,從事非互動性休閒活動的頻率的平均分數為 5.31 分(總分為 0-12 分)、從事互 動性休閒活動頻率的平均分數為 3.64 分(總分為 0-12 分)。

利用複迴歸分析影響憂鬱狀況的相關因素及影響從事休閒活動的相關因素,結果顯示:( 1 )失能者所接受的情緒 性支持越多,越不會有憂鬱狀況;( 2 )金錢協助越滿意,越不會有憂鬱狀況;( 3 )從事互動性休閒活動頻率越 頻繁,越不會有憂鬱狀況。利用複迴歸分析影響從事互動性休閒活動頻率的相關因素,結果顯示:( 1 )失能者與 親友聯絡情形越頻繁,會從事較多的互動性休閒活動;( 2 )失能者接受的情緒性支持越多時,會從事較多的互動 性休閒活動。

整合研究結果得知社會支持對憂鬱狀況的影響方式為:與親友聯絡情形對憂鬱狀況有間接影響、情緒性支持對憂鬱 狀況會有直接影響及間接影響、金錢協助滿意度對憂鬱狀況有直接影響。結果指出:( 1 )與親友聯絡情形越頻繁 會增加從事互動性休閒活動的頻率,透過從事互動性休閒活動的頻率越頻繁使得憂鬱狀況越少。( 2 )情緒性支持 越多憂鬱狀況越少;另外,情緒性支持越多會增加從事互動性休閒活動的頻率,透過從事互動性休閒活動的頻率越 頻繁使得憂鬱狀況越少。( 3 )金錢協助越滿意憂鬱狀況越少。

本研究建立社會支持影響憂鬱狀況的模式,除了重視中老年人在情緒支持及金錢協助上的滿足感,設計適合此年齡 層參與的休閒活動外,並且透過給予社會支持來鼓勵中老年人從事休閒活動,以減少憂鬱狀況的產生,提供中老年 人心理健康政策制定的參考。

關鍵字:社會支持、憂鬱狀況、休閒活動

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The Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Support on Depression among Old and Near-Old Disabled Person

Objective. The goals of this study are 1 ) to understand the depression status, social support and leisure ac tivity among the elderly, 2 ) to assess the effects of social support and social activity on depression. 3 ) t o assess the indirect effects of social support on depression via social activities.

Method. Data is collected from San-Yin, Hsin-Tien, Shu-Lin, Chia-Yi communities in Taiwan, as baseline surveys conducted by the Pilot Program for the Development of Long Term Care System. Six hundred and seventy-two participants, age 50 or older, with limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) or cognitive function completed the face-to-face interviews. Information o n demographic characteristics, health status, cognitive status, depression, nutrition status, social activity, he alth behavior and social support was collected. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, T test, One-way analyses of variance, multiple regression and path analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses.

Results. The results indicated that between 44% to 56% of the respondents were likely to have depression, based on their scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D ) . Analysis showed that emotional support, satisfaction with financial assistance from family members, and social acti vity have direct effects on depression. More of emotional support, financial assistance, and social activity t ended to reduce depression. Furthermore, frequency of contact with relatives or friends, and emotional sup ports also had indirect effects on depression via social activity.

Conclusions. Social supports and social activity have direct affects on depression. In addition, social suppo rts also affect depression indirectly via social activity. It reveals that the effects of social supports on depre ssion may be greater than expected by previous anticipated. Interventions aimed at improving social suppo rts will likely be effective in alleviating depressions among the elderly.

Key Words: social support, depression, social activity

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