表 4-1. 受試者基本資料

(1)

芝麻對停經婦女性激素與血脂的影響

66

表 4-1. 受試者基本資料

Table 4-1. Characteristics of study subjects

Items Value

年齡 (yr) 58.9 ± 7.0

身高 (cm) 154.8 ± 5.5

停經年數 (yr) 9.8± 7.8

Values are means ± SD (n=24)

(2)

67

表 4-2. 芝麻的 lignans 含量

Table 4-2. The lignans contents of sesame Total lignans

(mg/g)

Sesamol (mg/g)

Sesamin (mg/g)

Sesamolin (mg/g)

Sesame powder 7.62 0.79 4.95 1.87

Sesame oil 9.42 0.98 6.12 2.32

Daily intake (50g sesame powder)

381 mg 39.52 mg 249.71 mg 93.65 mg

(3)

68

表 4-3. 芝麻的α與γ-tocopherol 含量

Table 4-3. The α and γ-tocopherol contents of sesame α-tocoperhol

(μg/g)

γ-tocopherol (μg/g) Sesame powder 20.46 244.20

Sesame oil 37.94 452.79

Daily intake (50g sesame powder)

1.02 mg 12.21 mg

(4)

69

表 4-4. 芝麻油的脂肪酸組成

Table 4-4. The fatty acid composition of sesame oil

Palmitic acid Palmitoleic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid α-linolenic acid C16:0 C16:1 C18:1 (n-9) C18:2 (n-6) αC18:3 (n-3)

(mol %)

9.62 0.19 43.48 45.67 0.32

(5)

70

表 4-5. 芝麻的鈣、草酸含量

Table 4-5. The calcium and oxalate contents of sesame Ca

(mmol/100 g)

Oxalate (mmol/100 g) Sesame powder 2.678 0.705

Daily intake (50g sesame powder)

1.339 mmol 0.353 mmol

Ca：40 mg/mmol

Oxalate：90.04 mg/mmol

(6)

71 第四章結果

表 4-6. 受試者實驗期間身體組成之變化

¹

Table 4-6. Body composition at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

前測後測差值² p 前測後測差值² p

p³

體重 (Kg) (n=24)

57.30±9.10 58.52±9.13 1.22±0.76 0.000* 57.45±9.26 58.51±9.17 1.05±0.93 0.000* 0.520

BMI (kg/m²) (n=24)

23.84±3.38 24.27±3.45 0.43±0.32 0.000* 23.92±3.48 24.25±3.44 0.33±0.43 0.001* 0.308

體脂肪率 (%) (n=22)

33.44±5.61 34.84±5.11 1.26±1.15 0.000* 33.83±5.69 35.03±5.15 1.20±1.42 0.001* 0.850

1 Values are means ± SD.

2差值＝後測－前測

3 Comparison of changes from baseline between the sesame and placebo periods.

* Values are significantly different between before and after the treatment period at p＜0.05.

(7)

72 芝麻對停經婦女性激素與血脂的影響

圖 4-1. 不同組受試者身體組成前後差值之比較

Figure 4-1. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in body composition between the sesame and placebo periods.

Body weight (n =24)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Kg

BMI (n =24)

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

kg/m

2

% body fat (n =22)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

%

Sesame Placebo p=0.308

p=0.850

(8)

73 第四章結果

表 4-7. 受試者實驗期間血清中性激素之濃度

¹

Table 4-7. Serum sex hormone concentrations at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

Estrone (pg/mL) 19.81±7.69 20.00±8.094 0.19±6.56 0.895 20.23±7.89 18.77±7.74 -1.45±5.96 0.268 0.374 Estradiol (pg/mL) 32.86±28.86 33.94±28.03 1.09±11.79 0.678 26.03±18.93 27.92±19.36 1.90±10.29 0.408 0.807 DHEAS (μg/mL) 0.99±0.57 0.94±0.43 -0.49±0.20 0.138 1.02±0.61 0.83±0.48 -0.18±0.20 0.000* 0.010**

FSH (mIU/mL) 56.68±42.80 60.02±40.52 3.34±24.59 0.995 53.23±35.90 56.63±37.08 3.40±17.34 0.652 0.825 SHBG (nmol/L) 45.93±25.50 48.24±27.85 2.31±9.04 0.244 45.88±24.55 53.90±31.07 8.02±10.39 0.002* 0.028**

E1/SHBG (pmol/nmol)

2.15±1.69 2.02±1.41 -0.13±0.81 0.468 1.96±1.10 1.74±1.25 -0.22±0,62 0.105 0.705

E2/SHBG (pmol/nmol)

3.48±3.66 3.26±2.51 -0.23±1.78 0.568 2.56±1.87 2.56±2.17 -0.002±1.40 0.995 0.623

Estrone, DHEAS, SHBG, E1/SHBG (n=22) ; Estradiol, E2/SHBG (n=21) ; FSH (n=18)

** Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.

(9)

圖 4-2. 不同組受試者血清中性激素濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-2. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in serum sex hormone between the sesame and placebo periods.

*Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.

Sesame Placebo Estrone (n=21)

-8 -4 0 4 8

pg/mL

1

p=0.374

Estradiol (n =20)

0 4 8 12 16

pg/mL

p=0.807

DHEAS (n =21)

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

μ g/mL

p=0.010*

(10)

75 第四章結果

續圖 4-2. 不同組受試者血清中性激素濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-2. (Continue) Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in serum sex hormone between the sesame and placebo periods. Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.*

FSH (n =18) 0

8 16 24 32

mIU/mL

Sesame Placebo

SHBG (n =21)

0 4 8 12 16 20

nmol/L

p=0.028*

(11)

圖 4-3. 每位受試者在食用芝麻或安慰劑前後血清中 DHEAS 濃度差值之變化量

Figure 4-3. Effect of sesame or placebo intakes on the changes of serum DHEAS concentrations in individual subject.

DHEAS differences between before and after the sesame period

-0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Case numer

nmol/L

DHEAS differences between before and after the placebo period

-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Case numer

nmol /L

(12)

77 第四章結果

圖 4-4. 每位受試者在食用芝麻或安慰劑前後血清中 SHBG 濃度差值之變化量

Figure 4-3. Effect of sesame or placebo intakes on the changes of serum SHBG concentrations in individual subject.

SHBG differences between before and after the sesame period

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Case numer

nmol/L

SHBG differences between before and after the placebo period

-24 -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18 24

Case numer

nm ol/L

(13)

表 4-8. 受試者實驗期間血漿總膽固醇與各種脂蛋白膽固醇濃度

¹

Table 4-8. Plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(mg/dL) (mg/dL) Plasma-C 209.17±35.20 206.75±32.52 -2.43±17.91 0.513 207.51±36.03 195.39±32.93 -12.13±16.38 0.001* 0.072

VLDL-C 11.83±5.01 13.15±6.76 1.32±5.23 0.239 11.99±4.85 12.49±7.56 0.50±5.50 0.666 0.596 LDL-C 123.43±26.88 121.58±28.37 -1.85±14.42 0.536 117.14±37.40 105.25±32.09 -11.88±17.52 0.004* 0.060 HDL₂-C 37.88±10.34 37.14±10.57 -0.74±4.89 0.468 37.66±11.67 36.20±11.45 -1.46±4.29 0.108 0.646 HDL₃-C 15.60±7.00 15.35±6.77 -0.25±2.59 0.638 14.08±2.10 13.99±1.59 -0.09±1.27 0.741 0.798

1 Values are means ± SD (n=24).

(14)

79 第四章結果

圖 4-5. 不同組受試者血漿總膽固醇與各種脂蛋白膽固醇濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-5. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in plasma and lipoproteins cholesterol between the sesame and placebo periods.

Plasma-C

-30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0

mg/dL

VLDL-C

0 2 4 6 8

mg/dL

LDL-C

-32 -24 -16 -8 0

mg/dL

Sesame Placebo p=0.072

p=0.596

p=0.060

(15)

續圖 4-5. 不同組受試者血漿與各種脂蛋白中膽固醇濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-5. (Continue) Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in plasma and lipoproteins cholesterol between the sesame and placebo periods.

HDL

₂

-C

-8 -6 -4 -2 0

mg/dL

HDL

₃

-C

-3 -2 -1 0

mg/dL Sesame

Placebo

p=0.646

p=0.798

(16)

81 第四章結果

表 4-9. 受試者實驗期間血漿與極低密度脂蛋白三酸甘油酯的濃度

¹

Table 4-9. Plasma and very-low-density-lipoprotein triglyceride at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(mg/dL) (mg/dL)

Plasma-TG 91.60±30.32 103.34±38.16 11.74±26.01 0.037* 95.17±26.78 98.35±40.83 3.18±36.00 0.669 0.220 VLDL-TG 49.15±21.43 54.71±26.72 5.56±16.64 0.115 52.74±22.75 54.29±30.88 1.55±27.17 0.783 0.515

(17)

圖 4-6. 不同組受試者血漿與極低密度脂蛋白三酸甘油酯濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-6. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in plasma and very-low-density-lipoprotein triglyceride between the sesame and placebo periods.

Plasma-TG 0

10 20 30 40

mg/dL

VLDL-TG

0 10 20 30

mg/dL

Sesame Placebo p=0.220

p=0.515

(18)

83 第四章結果

表 4-10. 受試者實驗期間 LDL 以銅離子催化氧化反應時 conjugated dienes 形成之 lag time 與 TBARS 產生量之變化情形

¹

Table 4-10. Lag time of conjugated diene formation and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production of LDL

oxidized by copper at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

前測後測差值 p 前測後測差值 p

p³

Lag time (mins) (n=19)

44.96±11.40 47.11±15.20 2.15±19.90 0.643 45.06±8.23 48.94±9.71 3.87±11.16 0.148 0.750 TBARS (nmol/mg protein) (n=24)

氧化 1 hr 21.96±8.78 22.62±12.97 1.01±9.20 0.598 23.78±12.73 18.82±10.92 -5.55±11.80 0.031* 0.031**

氧化 2 hr 60.93±13.82 58.79±20.32 -1.82±12.90 0.497 54.91±19.14 50.77±16.07 -3.84±14.76 0.216 0.637 氧化 3 hr 84.00±19.44 81.18±26.15 -2.47±21.33 0.576 81.99±16.79 74.51±18.06 -7.38±11.05 0.003* 0.329

(19)

圖 4-7. 不同組受試者 LDL 以銅離子催化氧化反應時 conjugated dienes 形成的 lag time 前後差值之比較

Figure 4-7. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in lag time of conjugated diene formation of LDL oxidized by copper between the sesame and placebo periods.

Lag time (n =19)

0 5 10 15 20 25

mins

Sesame

Placebo

p=0.750

(20)

85 第四章結果

圖 4-8. 不同組受試者 LDL 以銅離子催化氧化反應時 TBARS 產生量前後差值之比較

Figure 4-8. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production of LDL oxidized by copper between the sesame and placebo periods. *Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.

TBARS (氧化1 hr)

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

nmol/mg protein

TBARS (氧化2 hr)

-20 -15 -10 -5 0

nmol/mg protein

TBARS (氧化3 hr)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

nmol/mg protein

Sesame Placebo p=0.031*

p=0.637

p=0.329

(21)

表4-11. 受試者實驗期間血清中α、γ-tocopherol之濃度及與血脂質之比值

¹

Table 4-11. Serum α and γ-tocopherol concentrations and the ratio of divided by the concentrations of plasma lipids at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(μg/mL) (μg/mL) α-TOH 7.422±1.94 7.457±1.90 0.035±1.93 0.930 7.345±2.15 8.052±2.51 0.707±2.07 0.115 0.131

γ-TOH 0.673±0.45 0.625±0.52 -0.048±0.35 0.504 0.677±0.56 1.120±0.91 0.443±0.51 0.000* 0.000**

(μmol/mol/10) (μmol/mol/10) α-TOH / total lipids / 10 26.86±5.76 27.03±7.80 0.16±8.23 0.924 26.36±5.90 30.90±10.42 4.54±8.91 0.020* 0.012**

γ-TOH / total lipids / 10 2.42±1.41 2.21±1.63 -0.21±1.31 0.431 2.50±1.91 4.24±3.06 1.74±1.84 0.000* 0.000**

(22)

87 第四章結果

圖 4-9. 不同組受試者血清中α與γ-tocopherol 濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-6. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in serum α and γ-tocopherol between the sesame and placebo periods. Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.*

α-tocopherol

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

μg/mL

γ-tocopherol

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

μg/mL

Sesame Placebo

p=0.131 p=0.000*

(23)

γ-tocopherol/total lipids

-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

μ mo l/mo l/1 0

α-tocopherol/total lipids

0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0

μ mol/mol/10

圖4-10. 不同組受試者血清中α、γ-tocopherol與血脂質比值前後差值之比較

Figure 4-10. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in serum α-tocopherol / plasma lipids and serum

γ-tocopherol / plasma lipids ratios between the sesame and placebo periods. Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.*

Sesame Placebo p=0.000*

p=0.012*

(24)

89 第四章結果

表4-12. 受試者實驗期間血清中脂肪酸組成之變化

¹

Table 4-12. The composition of serum fatty acid at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

前測後測差值² p 前測後測差值² p p³

(mol %) (mol %)

C14:0 0.735±0.229 0.717±0.200 -0.018±0.186 0.636 0.713±0.288 0.710±0.347 -0.002±0.168 0.946 0.775 C16:0 22.090±1.640 21.964±1.373 -0.126±1.219 0.619 21.833±1.294 21.309±1.223 -0.525±1.087 0.027* 0.258

C16:1 2.100±0.479 2.156±0.455 0.056±0.283 0.341 2.078±0.449 1.983±0.543 -0.095±0.440 0.303 0.160 C18:0 7.759±0.457 8.030±0.475 0.271±0.455 0.008* 7.745±0.526 7.976±0.670 0.231±0.333 0.003* 0.770

C18:1 19.381±2.201 20.436±2.867 1.056±2.784 0.076 19.425±2.440 19.465±2.490 0.040±2.293 0.933 0.255 C18:2 (n-6) 34.266±3.644 33.025±3.607 -1.241±3.225 0.072 33.824±3.578 35.133±2.627 1.309±2.635 0.023* 0.018**

αC18:3 (n-3) 0.788±0.266 0.871±0.281 0.083±0.334 0.237 0.847±0.269 0.809±0.245 -0.038±0.267 0.494 0.185

C20:0 0.600±0.482 0.455±0.133 -0.145±0.454 0.131 0.515±0.138 0.542±0.331 0.027±0.324 0.691 0.142 C20:3 (n-6) 1.094±0.301 1.059±0.265 -0.035±0.194 0.383 1.125±0.268 1.104±0.341 -0.021±0.199 0.610 0.830

C20:4 (n-6) 4.878±0.942 4.658±1.096 -0.220±0.570 0.072 4.921±1.010 4.543±1.139 -0.378±0.684 0.013* 0.391 C20:5 (n-3) 1.458±0.717 1.488±0.785 0.030±0.542 0.789 1.535±0.642 1.354±0.668 -0.180±0.301 0.007* 0.135 C22:6 (n-3) 4.113±1.875 4.448±2.268 0.335±1.946 0.408 4.675±2.014 4.325±2.204 -0.350±1.278 0.193 0.106

20:4/18:2×10 1.44±0.34 1.43±0.38 -0.02±0.17 0.646 1.47±0.36 1.30±0.36 -0.17±0.23 0.001* 0.008**

20:4/20:3×10 47.45±15.10 46.99±17.50 -0.46±9.76 0.820 46.27±15.45 45.52±19.15 -0.75±10.23 0.723 0.916

1Values are means ± SD (n=24).

* Values are significantly different between before and after the treatment at p＜0.05.

(25)

αC18:3 α-linolenic acid (n-3)

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

mo l %

圖 4-11. 不同組受試者血清中脂肪酸組成前後差值之比較

Figure 4-11. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in serum fatty acid composition between the sesame and placebo periods. Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.*

C18:2 linoleic acid (n-6) -5

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

mo l %

p=0.018* p=0.185

Sesame

Placebo

(26)

91 第四章結果

C20:3 Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (n-6)

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

mol %

C20:4 Arachidonic acid (n-6)

-1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0

mol %

C20:5 EPA (n-3)

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

mol %

續圖 4-11. 不同組受試者血清中脂肪酸組成前後差值之比較

Figure 4-11. (Continue) Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in serum fatty acid composition between the sesame and placebo periods.

p=0.830 p=0.391

Sesame Placebo

p=0.135

(27)

表4-13. 受試者實驗期間尿液中Bicyclo PGE

2

之濃度

¹

Table 4-13. Urinary Bicyclo PGE

₂

concentrations at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(ng/mg Cr) (ng/mg Cr)

Bicyclo PGE2 38.50±31.12 45.99±26.59 7.49±35.94 0.318 37.03±18.41 56.83±29.92 19.79±36.22 0.014* 0.330

(28)

93 第四章結果

圖4-12. 不同組受試者尿液中Bicyclo PGE

₂

濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-12. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in urinary Bicyclo PGE

2

between the sesame and placebo periods.

Bicyclo PGE

₂

0 15 30 45 60

ng/m g Cr

p=0.330

Sesame

Placebo

(29)

表4-14. 尿液Bicyclo PGE

₂

與血清花生四烯酸（C20:4）之比值

¹

Table 4-14. The urinary Bicyclo PGE

2

/ serum arachidonic acid ratio at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(ng/mg Cr/mol %) (ng/mg Cr/mol %)

Bicyclo PGE2 / C20:4 8.247±7.071 10.438±6.913 2.191±8.506 0.220 7.752±4.209 12.941±6.945 5.189±8.557 0.007* 0.324

(30)

95 第四章結果

表4-15. 受試者實驗期間尿液中鈣、鈉、鉀、氯排出之濃度

¹

Table 4-15. Urinary calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(μmol/mg Cr) (μmol/mg Cr)

Ca 4.484±2.37 4.727±2.02 0.243±2.71 0.665 5.888±2.77 4.322±2.52 -1.566±2.19 0.002* 0.037**

Na 127.76±75.82 141.04±83.94 13.28±85.66 0.455 177.35±105.37 136.80±84.30 -40.54±130.81 0.143 0.138 K 39.83±14.91 53.46±34.64 13.63±36.54 0.081 41.29±16.78 48.57±34.51 7.29±37.61 0.353 0.608 Cl 124.24±76.32 143.28±90.73 19.04±93.39 0.328 172.63±106.28 129.46±72.05 -43.17±120.92 0.094 0.081

* Values are significantly different between before and after the treatment at p＜0.05.

(31)

-200 Na -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

μ mol/mg Cr

圖4-13. 不同組受試者尿液中鈣、鈉、鉀、氯排出濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-13. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in urinary calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride between the sesame and placebo periods. Mean differences (±SD) are significantly different between the sesame and placebo periods at p＜0.05.*

Ca

-4

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

μ mol/mg Cr

p=0.037* p=0.138

(32)

97 第四章結果

K

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

μ mol/mg Cr

Cl

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

μ mol/mg Cr

續圖 4-13. 不同組受試者尿液中鈣、鈉、鉀、氯排出濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-13. (Continue) Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in urinary calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride between the sesame and placebo periods.

Sesame Placebo p=0.081

p=0.608

(33)

表4-16. 受試者實驗期間中血糖之濃度

¹

Table 4-16. Blood sugar concentrations at baseline and at the end of placebo and sesame treatment periods

¹

Placebo Sesame

p³

(mg/dL) (mg/dL) Blood sugar 104.73±8.38 104.10±8.54 -0.64±6.79 0.650 103.47±10.13 105.39±9.82 1.92±6.92 0.187 0.224

(34)

99 第四章結果

圖 4-14. 不同組受試者血糖濃度前後差值之比較

Figure 4-14. Comparison of the mean differences (±SD) in blood sugar between the sesame and placebo periods.

Blood sugar

-10

-7 -4 -1 2 5 8 11

表 4-1. 受試者基本資料