ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรཚʳ 2003 ڣ 12 ִʳ 93-126
ఀৱடཾܖᢎ܈ᙏܒޟʳ
܆ၖஈޱȉМϽӔᇧ౩፣ޟᔮᜌʳ
ܺ ኃ ဢ ! ࡌ
֮֏٦፹ᓵ༿قषᄎၸ్٦፹ᄭ࣍ᖂீᓰ࿓փ୲Δࠡሎ܂ᛩᆏਢ៶طव ᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤऱၸ్ඈהࢤΔאሒࠩषᄎ൳ࠫऱؾऱΖڼጟ൳ࠫᖲࠫऱሎ܂
ࠉᘸ࣍ඒஃΔᚨኙ࣍ڼጟᣂᜤࢤΔءઔߒኙ 7 ۯഏઝጟඒஃၞ۩ 24 ڻ৫
ᓫΖઔߒ࿇᧩ق࠹ृࠀآๅᠦψՠࠠࢤωऱޔᗻΔ۟ފዝψ࢘ᇨऱച۩
ृωΔڼጟွᄭֶ֮࣍֏ޅܒऱီມΔڂۖאψូڂᓵωࠐٽ֏ඒߛ࣠
ऱլֆؓΔીࠌהଚאψ֨ᖂᖄٻ৸ፂω܅ګ༉ᖂسऱംᠲΔψᔞࢤ࿇୶ω ᖄ֧נऱψԫݾհ९ωլ܀آ౨ᇞެڼጟംᠲΔ۟ൎ֏ψ֮֏٦፹ωऱױ౨ࢤΖ
ᜢᗖӷǺЎϯӆᇙǵπڀ܄ǵϸඵЬက
ҁЎբޣࣁ୯ҥᆵࠄৣጄᏢଣ߃௲ػᏢس௲
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2002 ԃ 12 Д 16 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 8 Д 15 В
Bulletin of Educational Research
December, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 4 pp. 93-126
Are Teachers Professional Educators or Loyal Implementers with Conceptual Simplicity?
A Study of Cultural Reproduction
Tien-Hui Chiang A b s t r a c t
Some sociologists have recently argued that social reproduction is determined more by cultural than by economic factors. From their viewpoint, social mobility is generally condi- tioned by schools through the unique structure of curricular knowledge, and such a social control mechanism is largely reliant upon teachers due to their key role in the process of delivering teaching practices. This study attempted to examine the characteristics of teachers’ values and behavior by means of qualitative data collected from 7 primary teach- ers in 24 interviews. Research evidence showed that instead of asking “why,” our infor- mants were generally more concerned with “how” in their quest to achieve pre-determined educational goals. Under the constraints of such an instrumental rationality, they can be characterized as loyal implementers with conceptual simplicity. This phenomenon results from the lack of a critical-cultural vision. This simplistic and anti-intellectual mind-set made our informants neglect the problem of the educational system itself, and instead blame factors outside the system like parents’ values or efforts and pupils’ intellectual capacities. Furthermore, their behavior was generally constrained within the limits of a psychological orientation, as seen in their ways of managing under-achieving students.
However, such an approach was not only unable to help these students; it was also likely to increase the possibility of cultural reproduction.
Keywords: cultural reproduction, instrumental rationality, anti-intellectualism
Professor, the Department of Elementary Education, National Tainan Teachers College E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Dec. 16, 2002; Accepted: Aug. 15, 2003
ಥă݈! ֏
ᇷءषᄎऱᖂீ᧯ߓီࠠڶֆؓإᆠऱפ౨Δٍܛ៶طඒߛຜஉ໎ՠၸ
్ՀԫזאٻՂੌ೯Ζᕣጥԫࠄᖂृᎁױڼጟᛧીΰachievedαפ౨ߩא࠷ז
षᄎऱូ᥆ΰascribedαפ౨ΰParsons, 1951αΔ܀ਢ৵ᥛઔߒृথ࿇ڇषᄎੌ
೯ΰsocial mobilityαխথژڇઌᅝֺऱၸ్٦፹ΰclass reproductionαΰGoldthorpe
& Breen, 1999αΖઌᣂᖂृא֮֏٦፹ΰcultural reproductionαᓵᤩڼጟွ
ᄭᖂࢤᓰ࿓ΰacademic curriculumαፖၸ్֮֏ऱឰါΰৌᔕΔ2002aΙ Bernstein, 1996; Bourdieu, 1993; Willis, 1977αΔψ֮֏٦፹ωრਐՂՀࠟזհၴऱၸ
్٦፹ࠀॺ࠷ެ࣍ᆖᛎسขመ࿓Δۖਢ֮֏ᏆΔຍԯط࣍խՂၸ్֭षᄎ
ੌ֮֏ፖᏝଖᨠऱ࿇୶Δڂۖ౨ᖄᖂீᓰ࿓वᢝऱփ୲ፖዌΖ٦ृΔ࿙ਝ ڶයٙਢڇࡳൣቼՀ൷گࡳݮڤ֮֏ࠨᖿፖၦऱขढΔ࣍ਢᖂګய࠷ެ࣍
ᖂृऱਝڶයٙ౨ܡৈٽխՂၸ్ᖄٻऱᓰ࿓वᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤΔࢬאඒߛګ༉
ᖄ֧נऱषᄎੌ೯ᄭ࣍ឆ៲࣍ᓰ࿓փ୲ऱၸ్რᢝীኪΖط࣍ᓰ࿓वᢝዌፖ ᥆ࢤឆ៲৫ඈהࢤऱխՂၸ్ᏝଖᨠፖრᢝীኪΔીࠌᖂګய࠷ެ࣍ᖂ
ृࢬᖑڶऱࢤΰhabitusαΰBourdieu, 2000αࢨฤᒘΰcodeαΰBernstein, 1977, 1990αਢܡߩאৈٽڼጟփ৬ᖲࠫΔۖॺᖂृऱ֨යٙΔ壆ڕཕԺΕ೯ᖲፖ
ൣፃΖᕣጥᇷءषᄎᓿղխՂၸ్ࠫࡳᓰ࿓փ୲ऱᦞૻΔྥۖࠡച۩መ࿓থᏁٛ
ᘸඒஃΔٵழඒஃࠆڶױᨠऱඒᖂ۞ᦞΰৌᔕΔ2002bαΔڂۖᖂீխऱ षᄎ൳ࠫᖲࠫലױ౨ขسᠾ೯Ζྥۖڼጟױ౨ࢤጤᘸ࣍ඒஃऱᏝଖᨠΕኪ৫ፖ۩
೯Δڂڼᛀီڼֱ૿ऱኔᎾൣݮലڶܗ࣍ݺଚ壄ᒔ༳༽ඒஃڇψ֮֏٦፹ωመ࿓
խފዝऱߡۥፖᐙࢤΖܑਢ B. Bernstein ᓵ૪ᖂீ᧯ߓၞ۩ऱषᄎ൳ࠫ௫֗Կ ଡጹയᣂᜤऱᐋ్ΚࠉݧषᄎᏝଖᨠขسΰproduceαऱवᢝীኪΕਙࠫࡳृ
ፖറ୮ᖂृൕՂ૪वᢝא٦౧֏ΰrecontextualizationαመ࿓ۖ࿇୶נऱᓰ࿓փ
୲Δא֗៶طඒஃڇᖂீኔᔌۖ٦፹ΰreproduceαऱषᄎၸ్ዌΰDavies, 2003αΖ؆ΔڼԫઔߒՈױᛀᢞԫࠄઌᣂऱᓵរΔ壆ڕڇ៶طඒߛຜஉࠐኔᔌष ᄎޏऱᤜᠲՂΔඒஃ౨ܡފዝሀ။ᢰᎾऱ᠏ངীवᢝٝΰtransformative
intellectualαΰGrioux, 1997αΔࢨृႛਢྤრᢝΰunconsciousαऱٚ೭ച۩ृΰAl- thusser, 1971αΔڂۖ୶נऱ۩ওૻ࣍ૻࠫറᄐࢤΰrestricted professionalityα ऱᒤᡱΰHoyle, 1980αΖ
෮ă͛ᚥ̶ژ
৬षᄎऱرᇞႿທנषᄎੌ೯ऱ۞طᖲࠫΰWeber, 1964, 1966αΔٵழسข ݾ֏আࠌ։ՠ᧯ߓΰdivision of labourαཛٻޓ壄า֏ऱ࿇୶ΰDurkheim, 1933αΖڼጟ᠏᧢ࠌխၴۯᑇၦՕ༏ឩ്Δڂ᠏ী৵ऱᆖᛎ᧯ߓᏁޣՕၦऱݾ
ፖᆖԳΰDahrendorf, 1959; Poulantzas, 1979αΖڼጟ໎೯Ժዌऱ᠏᧢ߩא ףຒषᄎੌ೯ऱຒ৫Δڂۖޏ᧢ತ༄։ፖषᄎၸ్ዌΔTocquevilleΰ1945α
ঁᖕאᓵ૪խၴۯᑇၦऱՕ༏ᏺףലݮګᐖऑऱٻՂੌ೯ွΔٵழڼᣊۯ
ࣔ᧩༼ࣙᅝࠃृऱگԵֽؓΔڂۖהឰߢषᄎၸ్ऱլֆؓᄎດዬ؈Ζ ط࣍ᆖᛎ᧯ߓऱᥛංၞٛᘸ࣍سขݾऱ֏Δڂۖۯၸᐋ᧯ߓፖඒߛ ಝᒭ్ขسയ֊ऱٽΰDavis & Moore, 1966αΔຍጟٽലࠌඒߛګ༉܅ऴ
൷ᐙଡ᧯ऱषᄎੌ೯ֱٻΖڼጟᣂᜤࢤࠌԫࠄڰཚषᄎᖂृጠඒߛࠠڶֆؓ
إᆠऱࢤΔٍܛ໎ՠၸ్ՀԫזױᆖطඒߛຜஉٻՂੌ೯Δඒߛګ༉܅
࠷ެ࣍ᅝࠃृऱ֨ཕթ౨ፖܘԺ࿓৫ΰDavis & Moore, 1966; Havighurst, 1961;
Parsons, 1951αΖྥۖ৵ᥛᖂृথ࿇ڇषᄎੌ೯խΔषᄎၸ్ࠟጤژڇࣔ᧩ऱၸ
్٦፹ֺΰFielding , 1995; Glass & Hall, 1975; Goldthorpe & Breen, 1999; Gold-
thorpe, Llewellyn & Payne, 1987αΖڼጟ٦፹ွᄭ࣍ᖂᖵ֮ᖇऱ࠷Δઌᣂઔ
ߒਐٻՕຝ։໎ՠၸ్ᖂ࿙ऱᖂګயࣔ᧩܅࣍խՂၸ్ᖂ࿙ΰᄘᑽΔ˄ˌˌˇΙ
ࢭΔ˄ˌˌˉΙWolfle, 1961αΖ
৵ᥛઔߒޓਐٻڼጟംᠲᄭ࣍ᓰ࿓փ୲ऱवᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤΔࠡխऱᣂᜤࢤ ದڂ࣍ᓰ࿓փ୲ᙇ࠷۞षᄎ֮֏Δྥۖषᄎ֮֏ءߪথץ៲ױᨠऱᦞԺ֭
ࢤΖGramsciΰ1971αऱ֮֏ᦞΰcultural hegemonyαᓵ༿נ֮֏ګ
อएၸ్ፂ֭چۯऱૹՠࠠΔط࣍ڂຘመ֮֏ຜஉאႿທषᄎऱ٥ٵ ॾ࢚Δڂڼอएၸ్ؘႊڇ֮֏৬ዌՂ࠷ᏆᖄᦞΰleadershipαΚ
ӵ݀ݯ໘ભѨѐځཀـޑठ܄ǴٯӵόӆԖሦᏤǴԶࢂЍଛᆶၮ բુॐΚໆǹԜᅿᆒዴޑཀࡘࢂቶεޗεςᡂԋಥᚆдॺޑ
ཀࠠᄊǴ٠Ъόӆ࣬ߞдॺӃಞᄍ࣬ߞޑǶԜᅿӒᐒޑᆒዴಔԋࢂ
ᙑԖޑᅌԝΫǴԶཥޑࠅόૈፍғǹӧԜᅿ୯ৎค҅தݯޣޑਔය ύஒрੰᄊቻރޑঁѮεϩݔǶȐGramsci, 1971: 275ȑ
ڼጟਙएრቹࠌהଚીԺലءߪऱၸ్რᢝীኪፖᏝଖᨠ᠏֏षᄎऱ
ੌ֮֏ΔڂۖהଚऱᏝଖᨠ᠏֏ګषᄎऱ٥ٵრᢝΔၞۖאᦞऱݮڤၞ۩ኔᔆ ऱ୬ࠫ܂شΔࠀሒࠩፂอएਙᦞऱؾऱΖڼጟᣂᜤࢤࠌᓰ࿓वᢝփ୲ץ៲৫ ऱਙएࢤΔ֭რቹࠌᓰ࿓փ୲ឆ៲ൎՕऱषᄎၸ్ᗴᙇᖲࠫΔط࣍ᓰ࿓փ୲֘
ᚨխՂၸ్ࢬ৬ዌנऱषᄎੌ֮֏Δڂۖᓰ࿓ऱवᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤ᠏ٻխՂၸ్
ऱ֮֏փොፖ৸ፂᑓڤΔ࣍ਢᖂګפፖܡ࠷ެ࣍ᖂृءߪऱࢤΰhabitusα ౨ܡৈٽᓰ࿓ऱਝࡳޣΰBourdieu, 1973αΖ࠹ࠩषᄎၸ్֮֏ΕᏝଖᨠΕᆖᛎ ౨ԺΕषٌጻऱᐙΔլٵषᄎၸ్࿇୶נլٵᣊীऱسፖ၄ীኪΔၞ
ۖႿທנլٵᣊীऱ֮֏ᇷءΰcultural capitalαΰBourdieu, 1998αΖڼጟሶᓿ ղ࿙լٵऱψࢤωΔڂլٵषᄎၸ్سীኪژڇषᄎ़ၴΰsocial spaceα ऱሶΔຘመފዝזृΰagentαऱᐿߛृڕ׀ئᘣڇ܂זᖲዌΰagencyα ऱ୮அၞ۩षᄎ֏ΔڂۖՀԫזࢭՂԫזऱψࢤωΰBourdieu, 2000αΖ
Bernsteinΰ1977, 1990, 1996αऱψฤᒘωᓵ֍೬נլٵषᄎၸ్ऱඒ塄ֱڤႿ
ທנՀԫזऱլٵ౨ԺΔྤᓵߢሎشΕ৸ەֱڤΕᖂኪ৫Ε۩ᑓڤፖᙃᢝ ᦞԺᣂএऱ౨Ժઃژڇषᄎၸ్ሶࢤΔط࣍խՂၸ్ᖂ࿙ऱψฤᒘωৈٽᓰ
࿓ΕඒᖂፖေᦸऱޣΔڂۖᖕڶܓऱᖂۯᆜΔྥۖ໎ՠၸ్ᖂ࿙থ૿ᜯՂ ૪Կૹ൷ᥛࢤऱᖂᎽᡶΖڼጟឆ៲࣍ᓰ࿓փ୲ऱषᄎၸ్ᗴᙇᖲࠫࠌඒߛྤ
ऄך։ᆵኔषᄎֆؓऱפ౨Δᑇױᨠऱ໎ՠၸ్Հԫזྤऄ៶طඒߛຜஉՂ
ੌ೯Δڂۖݮګषᄎၸ్٦፹ΰclass reproductionαऱွΖ
Ղ૪։࣫ਐٻඒߛऱֆؓፖ࣠հၴژڇؿએွΔྥۖՕڍᑇषᄎګ
থآڶኔᎾऱᔆጊࢨਢਗᖏΖઌᣂᖂृਐנຍԯᄭ֮࣍֏ྤრᢝࢤΰcultural
unconsciousnessαΔຍრਐᆖطषᄎ֏ऱᖵ࿓Δהଚփ֏षᄎੌ֮֏ऱᏝଖᨠΔ
ၞۖٽ֏ڼጟ֮֏Δڂۖኙਝژषᄎ֮֏ီٵਢ۞ྥࢨਢࢬᅝྥΔໜ؈ᔆጊ ፖޅܒऱ֨ᨋΰFreire, 1976; Williams, 1976αΖٵழהଚՈॾᘸഏ୮ᖲᕴΰthe stateα ऱխمࢤΔ٦ृط࣍ച۩ഏ୮ٚ೭ऱՀ᥆ᖲዌፖഏ୮ᖲᕴΰthe stateαհၴژڇԫ
ࡳ࿓৫ऱઌኙ۞ࢤΰrelative autonomyαΔຍრਐഏ୮ᖲᕴࠀॺݙ٤ऱ൳ࠫՀ᥆ ᖲዌΔᕣጥՀ᥆ᖲዌؘႊച۩ഏ୮ᖲᕴᓿղऱٚ೭Δ܀ਢথՈࠆڶԫࡳ࿓৫ऱ۞
ط৫ΖڇᡓՕऱഏ୮ᖲᕴխڶઌᅝڍᐋ్ऱՀ᥆ᖲዌΔڂۖषᄎՕฒޓլᄎᔆጊ
່ࢍᐋᖲዌऱإᅝࢤΔڕᖂீΔ֘ଙ൷࠹ࠡإٻऱפ౨Δ壆ڕႚᎠषᄎ֮֏
ΰPoulantzas, 1979αΖڼጟψઌኙ۞ࢤωٵழឩ്ࠩᓰ࿓वᢝऱ৬ዌΔط࣍ൕष ᄎ֮֏ࠩᓰ࿓वᢝऱᙇ࠷መ࿓խژڇψ٦౧֏ωऱࢤΔڂۖၲඔԫᐋऱψઌ ኙ۞ࢤωΰBernstein, 1996αΖՂ૪壆ڍࢤऱٌᙑ࣠אګפឆ៲ᓰ࿓փ୲ ऱ֭რቹΔڂۖՕຝ։षᄎګྤऄኘᤚڼጟრቹΖ
ط࣍Օຝ։षᄎՕฒܧ৫ऱψ֮֏ྤრᢝࢤωΔխՂၸ్אႉܓሎشᗑ
ऱᓰ࿓փ୲ሒࠩषᄎ൳ࠫऱؾऱΖ૿ኙڼጟ֮֏୬ࠫΔ໎ՠၸ్ᖂ࿙ലৰᣄᛧ
ߜړऱᖂ।ΰ്৬ګΔ1999αΔྥۖط࣍ڼጟ൳ࠫᖲࠫऱച۩ࠉᘸรԫᒵऱ ඒஃΔڂۖڇށ᠏ࢨਢޏڼጟംᠲՂΔඒஃګڍޅܒᓵᖂृऱ္ޣྡྷរΔ הଚൎᓳޅܒ֘ઊڇඒᖂመ࿓ऱૹࢤΔၞۖ౨ജሒࠩటإऱറᄐچۯΰޕ࡚ᕢΔ 2002αΖ༉ڕ Girouxΰ1983α്֘ઊ৸ەਢ܂ޅܒፖᇞऱܓᕴΔڂۖඒஃլ ᚨࡹ֭ࣚ࣍ࢤऱᆖ᧭Δؘۖႊኙژࠃ೭ፖᆖ᧭܂ᐋऱ൶ፖᇭᤩΖڼጟॾ
࢚ࠌ Girouxΰ1997α༼ଠඒஃᚨګψ᠏ངীवᢝٝωΔٍܛլᚨޔᗻ࣍ᦞԺࢬ Ⴟທנऱਝژ֮֏ࢨॾ࢚Δൕሀ။৸უᒵא༈ᛧ۞ݺ᧯Δ៶طޅܒຜஉګ
षᄎޏऱኔᔌृΖ
ྥۖԫࠄᖂृথለ༟ᨠΔڼጟ༟ᨠࢤࠐ۞࣍ԫࠄᖂृᓵ૪ऱՠࠠࢤ ΰinstrumental rationalityαΔR. Gibson ኙڼ܂ԱՀ૪ऱࡳᆠΚ
πڀ܄ཀښύԵቾȨӵՖӳѬȩޑୢᚒǴԶόࢂȨࣁϙሶाȩ ޑୢᚒǴ܈ࢂȨךॺाوӛব္ȩޑୢᚒǶӢԶѬ׳ӛܭԵቾ৩Զ όࢂಖᗺǴԵቾਏԶόࢂҞޑǶѬӧᏢਠύޑ߄ϐࢂமፓᆅک ಔᙃǴԶόԵቾȨ௲ػࣁΑϙሶȩǶȐҡѳǴ1995Ǻ125ȑ
ڂۖඒஃڇඒᖂመ࿓խലױ౨ᣂࣹ࣍ڕ۶༼ࣙய౨ΔאሒګהԳቃ٣ࡳऱ ؾᑑΔۖॺ৸ە۶ڕڼΖࠏڕΚAlthusserΰ1971α࿇ႛڶ֟ᑇऱऄഏඒஃࠠ
ڶޅܒऱ۩Δࠡ塒Օڍފዝ࢘ᇨച۩ृऱߡۥΖהଚڇച۩ඒᖂࠃ೭Օڍᣂࣹ
࣍ݾய౨ऱಳޣΔࢨਢؾᑑऱሒګΔڼጟ୬֏Ꮭଖᨠᖄ֧נऱ۩ܧ֘
റᄐऱࢤΖJacksonΰ1968αലڼጟွᄗ࢚֏ᨠ࢚១ࢤΰconceptual simplic- ityαΔٍܛඒஃኙ࣍ඒᖂംᠲፖࠃ೭ೖఎ࣍ᆖ᧭۟ऴᨠᐋ૿Δۖॺ֘ઊ൶ࠡה
ֱூΔՂ૪ࢤࠌՕຝ։ඒஃႉൕ࣍ઝᐋ᧯ߓऱਐཀࡎחΰConnell, 1985αΔ ڂۖފዝച۩ृऱߡۥΖઌᣂᖂृਐנڼጟွᄭ࣍ஃᇷഛߛᓰ࿓ך؞֨ᖂ ᖄٻऱᖂઝΔڼᣊઝؾထૹ࣍ՠࠠய౨ۖॺޅܒፖ৸ەΰࣥࢀΔ3112ΙৌᔕΔ
˄ˌˌˋΙᚮᖠដΔ1997αΖ٦ृΔᇘڤඒޗऱ֧ၞޓףൎ֏ՠࠠய౨ऱွΔ،ข سψച۩ωፖψૠωऱ։ᠦ܂شΔڂۖଷኆඒஃ࿇୶ፖኔᔌඒߛॾ࢚ऱ़ၴΔ ڇڼጟ᠏᧢խᆖطൕװݾΰde-skillαࠩ٦ݾΰre-skillαऱመ࿓ΔඒஃႿທ ګᣂࣹݾய౨ऱಳޣृΖࠠ᧯ۖߢΔൎԺऱ֨ᖂඒ֏ࠌඒஃ࿇୶נࡐऱψՠ
ࠠࢤ৸ፂωΔڂۖࠌڍඒஃ൷࠹ਝࡳඒޗփ୲ऱᦞࢤΔᣂࣹ࣍ඒᖂய౨ऱಳ ޣאሒګהԳٌבऱٚ೭ΰApple, 1985, 1988αΖՂ૪࿇ਐٻඒஃೖఎ࣍ψૻࠫ
ࢤറᄐωΔࠡࢤਢऴᤚΕఄ్ඒྡྷរΕᆖ᧭ۖॺᓵഗ៕Ζۖॺឩ്ࢤറ ᄐΰextended professionalityαΔࠡොᆠਢඒஃലఄ్ඒᖂࠃ೭ڜᆜ࣍ለᐈᐖऱඒߛ
ൣቼխΔᗨᄕല۞ߪऱՠ܂ፖהԳၞ۩ֺለΔૹီߓอࢤऱေᦸΔࠀᣂ֨ፖה Գၞ۩٥ٵٽ܂ΰHoyle, 1980αΖ
ણăࡁտϫ۞ᄃયᗟ
Ղ૪։࣫ਐٻषᄎၸ్٦፹ऱૹᛩᆏਢᓰ࿓փ୲Δٍܛᗑऱवᢝዌፖ ᥆ࢤขسࡳऱᏁޣΔڂۖؐ׳ᖂृऱᖂګயΖྥۖڼጟឆ៲ࢤषᄎၸ్ᗴ ᙇᖲࠫऱሎ܂ࠉᘸ࣍ඒஃΔڂۖהଚऱ৸ፂᑓڤΕኪ৫ፖऄऴ൷ᐙڼጟᖲࠫ
ऱሎ܂ፖᐙΖഗ࣍ڼጟᣂᜤࢤΔءઔߒऱؾऱڇ࣍ᇞ࣫ڇ֮֏٦፹ऱᖵ࿓
խΔඒஃފዝ۶ጟߡۥΛא֗ࠡᐙࢤ۶Λ
Ղ૪֮։࣫ਐٻᓰ࿓ፖඒஃࠟଡு֨ᄗ࢚Δڂۖ࿇୶נնଡޓࠠ᧯ऱઔ
ߒംᠲΔאሒګءઔߒऱؾऱΚ
ԫΕඒஃڇച۩ඒᖂࠃ೭ऱᣂࣹ૿ٻ۶Λ ԲΕඒஃڇച۩ඒᖂࠃ೭ऱ۩࠷ٻ۶Λ ԿΕඒஃᣂ֊࣍ඒޗփ୲ऱ֮֏૿ٻ۶Λ
Εඒஃڕ۶ᇞᤩ܅լऱᖂګயΛ նΕඒஃڕ۶܅ګ༉ᖂسऱംᠲΛ
ࠉᖕՂ૪ઔߒംᠲၞԫޡ࿇୶נᓫՕጼΰߠॵᙕԫαΔࠡփ୲ထૹ൶ߒඒஃ ച۩ඒᖂࠃ೭୶ऱᣂࣹྡྷរΕ۩࠷ٻΕ৸ፂᑓڤΔא֗ڕ۶ৱᓰ࿓փ୲ፖ
܅լऱᖂګயΔڂڼൕຍࠄ૿ٻऱ։࣫ױᛀᢞנඒஃڇ֮֏٦፹መ࿓ࢬފ ዝऱߡۥΔא֗ࠡᐙࢤΖ
དྷăࡁտ͞ڱᄃᏴᇹ
ʙăࠂՀ̟ٲ!
ءઔߒאתዌڤΰsemi-structuredα৫ᓫၞ۩ᇷற፦ႃΔ৫ᓫრਐ
ޣ൶ޓᐋऱრᆠࢨڂΔኙଡܑ࠹ृၞ۩ڍڻऱᓫΖڼԫֱऄऱᙇࡳ
ԯഗ࣍ছ૪ઔߒംᠲऱࢤΖছ૪ᢅ٨ऱઔߒംᠲڇ࣍൶ߒඒஃऱփڇᏝଖ ᨠΕኪ৫ፖ۩Δڂۖᚨ៶ܗᔆ֏ઔߒՠࠠթߩא༳༽ଡܑኙွऱൣტΖۖ
ءઔߒޓᛵᇞඒஃ۩હ৵ऱڂΔᣂ࣍ڼֱ૿ၦ֏ઔߒՠࠠྤऄᛧી
षᄎွ৵૿ऱψრᆠωΰBorg & Gall, 1989; Cohen & Manion, 1980αΖ ٦ृΔתዌڤᓫᓿղઔߒृޓՕऱᐘࢤΰflexibilityαΔൕಳംຜஉױᛵᇞ
࠹ृ۩હ৵ऱڂΰOppenheim, 1966αΖڂڼଡ᧯ڇᆖ᧭ऱტ࠹
ፖᨠរΔᚨൕ࠹ृऱխၞ۩ܒឰΔࠀၞ۩ᐋऱᇤംΰܦ॒ᏚΕޕ࡚ᕢΔ 1995αΖڼጟᐘࢤ࠷ٻࠌᓫՕጼګᖄ֧ࢤऱਮΔۖॺᏜ֏ऱዌΔڂ࠹
ृऱூലױ౨ขسޓᐋऱ൶ߒྡྷរΰ׆८ةΔ2000ΙᚊᤴΔ2000αΔ ࢬא༳༽ፖᛵᇞޓᐋऱψრᆠωྤऄ៶طऱڻᓫΖ؆Δط࣍ءઔ ߒᣂࣹඒஃߡۥፖᐙࢤΔຍֱ૿௫֗ڍႈઌᣂࢤऱᄗ࢚Δ壆ڕ۩ᔆΕ࠷ٻΕ
৸ፂᑓڤፖᏝଖᨠΔຍࠄଡܑᄗ࢚ऱ൶ಘঁ௫֗ԫࡳᑇၦऱၲ࣋ࢤംᠲΔࠉᖕ
࠹ृڃᚨ৵ขسऱၞԫޡംᠲՈઌᅝױᨠΔڂڼڇ൶ᐋრᆠፖڂՂΔ
৫ᓫڶؘࠡࢤΖ
ʠăᎵᆺൊୱჄᆺΏࠧು!
ءઔߒኙԮۯᚌߐඒஃၞ۩ڍڻऱ৫ᓫΔຍࠄઔߒኙွऱᙇ࠷ਢᖲᄎᙇ ᑌΰopportunity samplingαऱขढΔᕣጥຍਢᔆ֏ઔߒྤױᝩ܍ऱૻࠫΔ܀ਢءઔ ߒრᙇ࠷ᚌߐඒஃΔط࣍ءઔߒڇ࣍൶ߒඒஃڇ֮֏٦፹መ࿓ࢬފዝऱߡۥፖ ᐙΔૉᚌߐඒஃޅܒࢤ֮֏ီມፖᨠ࢚ΔঞࠡהඒஃՈለױ౨ܧઌ२ ऱွΖءઔߒࡳऱᚌߐඒஃؘႊٵழࠠໂߜړऱඒߛಝᒭፖ᠆༄ऱඒᖂᆖ
᧭Ζഗ࣍Ղ૪ەၦΔءઔߒආ࠷ࠟၸऱᙇᑌฃΖรԫၸਢᙇ࠷ڶለڍ໎ՠ ၸ్ᖂسऱࠟࢬ՛ᖂΔٵழ֗چڂైขسऱᐙΔڂۖڇፕতຝਬԫᗼΕ
ؑٺᙇ࠷ԫࢬ՛ᖂΖรԲၸঞਢൕຍࠟࢬ՛ᖂᙇ࠷ԮۯඒஃΔ। 1 הଚऱહ ནᇷறΖ
ے1! ֧ڱࠧುཥट
ደम ؒѿ ˽Ϫ Չማ ઔ݅ Бཥ Щᆵ
ߊ ۶٠ࣔ ஃೃ آദ 5 4
ຫිဎ ஃᇷఄ آദ 6 4
႓ભᣝ ஃೃ آദ 12 2
෨ώˉ
Ֆ
ࣥߐఇ ஃᇷఄ آദ 6 4
ߊ ᘸ֮ີ ஃೃ բദ 8 2
׆ႁ ஃᇷఄ բദ 7 4
Ⴆสˉ Ֆ
ڹᶇె ஃೃ բദ 10 4
ᙇ࠷הଚऱᑑᄷؘႊڇΕড়ᨠֱ૿ࠠໂઌᅝ࿓৫ऱᚌߐයٙΔᨠය
ٙᖂீࢬංΔড়ᨠයٙঞਢהଚؘႊࠠໂՕᖂאՂऱ֮ᖇΔۖࠠڶڣ᎘֏
ፖԫࡳڣૻऱඒᖂڣᇷΔ٦ृΔຍԮۯ࠹ृڍڣᖜٚኔ᧭ठඒޗऱጟඒஃΖ
। 1 ऱહན᧢ႈឈྤऄ൳ࠫݙ٤ऱ݁ᘝࢤΔ܀থ౨ො።ޓᐈᐖऱ૿ٻΔאঁא
ขسᇷಛ༼ࠎृհၴऱԿߡᛀᢞΖ
ʭă྆ുჄཥट୩!
ൕ 1999 ڣ 11 ִ 4 ֲࠩ 2000 ڣ 3 ִ 17 ֲΔኙຍࠄඒஃၞ۩ԲԼڻऱᓫΔ
࠹ृࢬެࡳऱᓫچរઃڜᙩऱࢬΔڕඒΕᙄֆΕቹ塢ࢨٖஒΖ ط࣍ࠀآ௫֗ඕტࢤऱംᠲΔ٦ृᆖطଡܑڍڻऱ৫ᓫߩא৬مࡳऱॾᘸ ᣂএΔא֗ޓੌዃऱኙᇩֱڤΔڂۖᓫመ࿓ᏅႉዃΖঁܓᇷறऱᖞΔ ٤࿓ઃၞ۩ᙕଃΔޢԫᓫऱழၴտ࣍ 40 ۟ 60 ։ᤪհၴΖڇᇷறऱՂΔല ޢԫᓫᙕଃؚګດڗᒚΔࠀ៶طփ୲։࣫ΰcontent analysisαݾၞ۩Լڻऱ
֘ᔹᦰፖ։࣫Δאࢼᠦு֨ᄗ࢚ΰcore conceptαΔࠀࠉᖕࠡ᥆ࢤូᣊګᠲ ΰthemeαΖሒࠩᇷறऱঅയࢤΔՀ૪ઔߒ࿇ࢬ௫֗ऱீټፖࡩټઃא֏ټ
Ζ
Ͳă۬ݙჄझݙ!
ψॾ৫ωֱ૿Δءઔߒආ࠷ு֨ᄗ࢚ऱૹᓤࢤፖࡳࢤΔٍܛਬԫு֨ᄗ࢚
ࠀॺႛਢԫ࠹ृڇᓫᇩխऱދ୴Δۖਢڇڍ࠹ृऱᓫᇩխࠠڶૹᓤנ
ऱွΔڼጟ٥ٵࢤലױᝩ܍ઔߒृᨠᗴᙇࢬขسऱೣߠΖ
ᔆ֏ઔߒڇψய৫ωऱྒྷၦՂڶԿጟֱऄΚรԫጟਢྒྷၦՠࠠፖᨠኘኙွհ
ၴയ֊ٽΔאൕᛧીڶயᇷறࠐሒࠩࣔ᧩ய৫ΰapparent validityαΖรԲጟֱऄ ਢՠࠠய৫ΰinstrumental validityαΔຍਐऱਢࡳՠࠠࢬᛧऱᇷறፖԫଡ
ᢞኔڶயऱՠࠠࢬྒྷऱᇷறઌᅝ൷२ΖรԿጟਢ፦ႃᇷறፖઔߒࢬᖕऱᓵ ਮዌઌࡅᚨࢬዌګऱᓵய৫ΰtheoretical validityαΰؔᐝΕભဎΔ1996Κ 143αΖᣂ࣍ψࣔ᧩ய৫ωֱ૿Δছ૪ઔߒֱऄऱᙇᖗբᎅࣔᓫऄڇءઔߒऱᔞ
֊ࢤΖڇሒګψՠࠠய৫ωֱ૿Δءઔߒऱ࿇ٵழፖਝڶऱઌᣂ࿇ၞ۩ኙֺ
ፖᛀᢞΔ؆ءઔߒऱᓫംᠲਮዌਢࠉᖕઌᣂ֮ࢬ࿇୶נࠐऱΔڂڼٍ౨ሒ
ࠩ፦ႃᇷறፖᓵਮዌઌࡅᚨऱψᓵய৫ωΖ
ˤăࠂՀࡩ֙!
ط࣍ᇷற፦ႃႛଗشᓫऄΔڂۖྤऄሒࠩઔߒՠࠠऱԿߡᛀᢞΔࢬאᣄ܍
ᐙઔߒ࿇ऱࡌࢤΖ٦ृᕣጥԲԼڻऱᓫឈױሒࠩᇷறऱ堷ࡉ৫Δ܀ਢ
ૉ౨ឩՕᓫᑇၦലڶܗ࣍ઔߒ࿇ऱࡳࢤΖូຍࠄૻࠫΔءઔߒ࿇ڶࠡ
ওૻࢤፖᔞشࢤΖ
Ёăࡁտ൴ன
ʙăˎ֎୩ؒڟݦႰჄїߏ!
)Ι*ҬᏲөᇄώڎਝ!
ψؾᑑᖄٻω୶࣍ࠟଡ૿ٻΔࢬڶ࠹ृઃᓫᓵࠩࠟڤඒᖂؾᑑΔรԫ ၸਢഗءᖂઝ౨ԺΔהଚઃᎁഏઝ່ૹऱඒᖂؾᑑਢඒᖄഗ៕֮౨ ԺΔ壆ڕسڗΕᄅဲፖທΚ
дॺ൩ࢂाᏢಞǴգό๏дॺᏢಞ೭ঁܿՋȐ᠋ǵᇥǵ᠐ǵቪȑǴฅࡕ
৾Αε୴܌ᒏޑΓғণᏢѐྠдॺޑ၉ǴځჴдॺΨགྷόమཱୟǴǾǾ
ঁ୷ᘵޑᇟЎᎦԋ൩ࢂӧ୯λޑ໘ࢤǴیࣁϙሶό๏дǶȐЦ൛Ǵಃ
2ԛೖፋǴಃ 10 ڔȑ
൷ᥛऱၸঞਢփ୲ߒΔڼጟᨠរԯਢᄭ࣍הଚᎁࡳഏઝ᥆ࢤլٵ࣍
ࠡהઝؾΔڼጟᗑࢤਐऱਢ֮ᖂऱփ୲რᆠΔࠠ᧯ۖߢਢڕ۶ൕ֮ڗඖ૪ऱඈ ٨ิٽ᧯ᄎࠩ܂ृ៶طऄࢬႚሒऱრᆠΚ
௲Ꮲख़ᗺ൩ࢂ೭ፐޑϣ఼ကکཀࡘుزϩǴᗋԖӚᅿቪբמѯǴ Ӣࣁ೭ঁࢂቪբמѯǴ൩ࢂдॺωૈፕޑӦБୟǶǾǾόฅ୯ᇟፐा
Ꮲϙሶǻόฅ୯ᇟፐाቪϙሶǻȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ 22 ڔȑ
Ղ૪ψؾᑑᖄٻωࠌඒஃڇඒᖂመ࿓խ୶נψՠࠠய౨ωऱ۩ᑓڤΔψ৬ ዌᆠωਢ࠹ृڇᓫᇩխ່ൄנऱറᄐΔࠀګהଚऱඒᖂ࢚ࠉᖕΔ
ڂۖᖂسګඒᖂ೯ऱ᧯Ζڇڼጟॾ࢚ՀΔ࠹ඒஃ٥ٵᎁࡳ֧ದ೯ᖲਢඒ ᖂੌ࿓ऱଈޡᨏΚ
Ȑӧ௲ፐЎޑਔংȑಃঁӃЇଆᐒփǼฅࡕӃ࣮࣮Ԗϙሶૈᡣдॺ
ྗഢٰޑǴ൩ᡣдॺྗഢǶȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 3 ڔȑ
ᖂسඒᖂ᧯ऱॾ࢚ၞۖᖄᖞଡඒᖂੌ࿓ፖᑓڤΖᖞ᧯ۖߢΔ࠹ृᓫ ᇩփ୲٥ٵ༴ᢄנվऱඒᖂীኪᚨൕႚอჄᚅڤ᠏ٻψ܂խᖂωݮڤΔڂۖߡ ۥފዝΕಘᓵፖ࿇।ګᅝছඒᖂ೯ૠऱۥΚ
ӵ݀ޑգѝࢂाעғӷǴעٗ٤௲ֹฅࢂࡐᙁൂǴՠࢂനख़ाࢂգ
ाፕޑၸำǴाᡣдॺޑᕕှǴԖਔংдॺࢂటጝόૈǶȐ݅ذ੧Ǵ
ಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 7 ڔȑ
࠹ृઌॾڼጟ೯ኪඒᖂฃࢨᑓڤ౨ജࠌඒᖂ೯ޓᑣፖᔊ࠺Δၞۖ
౨༼ࣙᖂګயΔڼጟمܛګயߩאൎ֏ਝڶऱॾ࢚ΖطՂױߠΔ࠹ඒஃᣂࣹ
࣍ڕ۶ሒګؾᑑΔڂۖขسՠࠠய౨ऱ۩ࢤΖ )Π*܆ၖޟஈޱ!
ψؾᑑᖄٻωፖψՠࠠய౨ωኦ᧩נඒஃਢψՠࠠࢤ৸ፂωऱ೯ढΔࠡො
ᆠਢᣂ֊ڕ۶ړΔۖॺ൶ߒ۶ڕڼΔڼጟ৸ፂၞۖႿທנψ࢘ᇨऱച۩ृωΔ
ࠡොᆠਢਐໜ؈ᔆጊፖޅܒऱ֨ᨋΔ܀ਢথᗨᄕᣂࣹ࣍ய౨ऱಳޣΔאሒګהԳ ቃ٣ࡳऱؾᑑΔࠀהଚ֟۟լམ֘ઊڼጟွऱᔞᅝࢤΖڇඒޗֱ૿Δ הଚ۞ݺᡖጊࠠໂ࿇୶ᓰ࿓ऱ౨ԺΔڂۖ᠏ٻॾᘸറ୮ᖂृऱറᄐ౨ԺΔ࣍
ਢᄕ৫ࠉᘸᇘڤඒޗΚ
Ӣࣁҁيޑޕ൩ࢂόӵ೭٤ৎǼǾǾգόࢂࡐޑ၉Ǵޑᇥ
ाץຑޑ၉ǴΨפόрϙሶܿՋٰୟǶǾǾࡽฅጓԋΑፐำΑǴ൩ࢂࡪ
൩ѐ๏дୟǶǾǾךࡐ࣬ߞ೭٤ৎǼǾǾдࡽฅૈጓፐำ ޑ၉Ǵᔈ၀ჹፐำБय़ԖࡐుΕޑᇡǼȐᒘЎകǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ
20ڔȑ
ךዴۓдॺȐ௲ጓᒠޣȑۓԖдॺޑၰǴیᕴόૈᇥԴৣࣁϙሶ ό໒ొፐǴࣁϙሶόाٗঁǴࣁϙሶόा௲ٗঁǴഖךॺѸा
Ԗ܌ڗ௭Ǵдࣁϙሶ೭ኬηڗǴך࣬ߞдԖдޑཀကǴٗךளᇥд೭ ኬጓ௨ךёаௗڙǴ܌аךᜫཀѐתᄽঁ௲ᏢޣǴᗋԖЇᏤޣޑঁ
فՅǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 9 ڔȑ
٦ृඒᖂਐ֧ီച۩ඒᖂٚ೭ऱࠉᖕ່۟ਐᖄጼᏆΚ
࡛ሶ௲ᗋࢂୖԵ௲ᏢࡰЇǼǾǾ௲ᏢࡰЇᔈ၀ࢂᇥεৎჴᡍၸǴ௲ ၸǴךᗋࢂளӝୖԵޑǶȐᒘЎകǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 20 ڔȑ עፐЎ௲ӳഽǼךӃ࣮௲ᏢࡰЇǴǾǾவ௲ᏢࡰЇᕕှᇥ೭ঁբޣǴ
܈೭ጇЎകډۭѬޑٗঁཀࡘࢂ࡛ኬǴǾǾ࣮Α೭ኬঁ௲ᏢࡰЇϐ ࡕǴךวځჴѬჹךૈԖ׳మཱޑှ೭ኬঁፐำǶǾǾ೭ࢂග ٮԴৣӧ௲ޑၸำύКၨૈճᗺǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ
23ڔȑ
Ղ૪ኦ᧩נऱ᧩ࣔࢤਢψച۩ωۖॺᔆጊࢨޅܒΖڇψՠࠠࢤωऱ৸ፂ ՀΔܛࠌඒᖂृኙᓰ֮փ୲ڶࢬޅေΔ܀ਢࠡᣂࣹྡྷរսਢڕ۶༼ࣙඒᖂய౨Δ 壆ڕהଚൎᓳᓰ֮փ୲ᚨৈٽᖂسऱਝڶᆖ᧭Δթ౨༼ࣙᖂګயΚ
೭ঁಃΖፐᔼ໗ࢲᆶԾךԋߏǴӢࣁךॺࢂໂΠޑᏢਠǴ൩ࢂჹѦޑ ࢲКၨϿǴ܌адॺჹ೭٤ᔼ໗ࢲᇡόࢂࡐుڅǶȐᒘЎകǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 1 ڔȑ
ຍࠄޅေऱહ৵ઃਐٻඒᖂृᣂࣹ࣍ඒᖂ೯ऱੌዃࢤΔא֗ᖂسڕ۶ޓڶ யऱᖂᓰ֮փ୲Δڂۖᓰ֮փ୲ऱ壄ᒔ৫ፖᔞ֊ࢤՈਢ࠹ृ٥ٵᣂࣹऱྡྷ
រΔڂຍࠄઃᄎኙඒᖂੌ࿓፹ທנլؘऱᅀΔࠀᐙᖂسऱᖂګயΚ ךॺа܌Ꮲޑ٤ᙑፐำǴǾǾ٤ғӷǵཥຒࠅԖਔংᙌǶ Кӵךॺаதᖱޑ϶ፉȐΈȑǴёࢂӧᡂ϶ፉȐΊȑǴǾǾ܌а
ࡐӭӷຒګǴךॺςᡂளǾǾབόమཱډۭ೭ঁӧ೭ঁӷा࡛ሶ ୦КၨჹǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 4 ڔȑ
ٗঁൂϡޔᖱȨР҆ޑඵችȩǴǾǾ࠸ηޔᇥٗঁඵችࢂϙሶǴฅࡕ
࡛ሶኬᕇள೭ঁඵችǴǾǾգ࣮೭ፐȨϺҡะȩǴٗঁλܻ϶ϸᔈӭٗ!
ঁǴԴৣǼдݿݿ࡛ሶёૈٗሶӳǴाࢂךݿݿԐ൩ѺΓጜΓΑǴ൳Я
ࢂ೭ኬޑᖂॣǶǾǾԖঁᏢғԛӧᖄ๎ᛛቪǴݿݿ೭ኬηǴ ךၟ༰༰ࡐགྷཚрѐՐǴǾǾݿݿ೭ኬηസᎈଚǴ೭ኬηдԖϙሶ
ၗᆅךǶдளךݿωό೭ኬǴۓλ࠸η࣮ډ೭ঁǴд൩གྷ ډԾρǼȐԙ੦દǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 9 ڔȑ
ψؾᑑய౨ωᖄٻऱԫ।ᐛਢ࠹ृઃൎᓳ᎖ܗՠࠠڇ༼ࣙඒᖂய౨ऱૹ
ࢤΔڂۖᣂࣹ࣍ᛧ࠷ઌᣂऱቹׂፖඒࠠඒᖂᇷᄭΚ
ӧᒧፐҁޑਔংԖࡐӭቷډᏢਠٰǴฅࡕдॺԖࡐӭޑ௲ڀǴٗঁ
௲ڀϐᙦޑࢂᡣգளǴঁԴৣଆፐٰۓࢂૈࡐғǴٗ
ךॺҔჴᡍፐำǴ൩ࢂѝԖ೭٤ܿՋǴ܌ԖޑܿՋգѸाѐ൨פǶ Ȑ
ऍǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 5 ڔȑ
ڼጟՠࠠ૿ऱᣂࣹ٦৫ٱᢞඒஃऱψՠࠠࢤ৸ፂωΔٍܛլം۶ڕڼΔ܀
ޣڕ۶ሒګٚ೭Δڂۖඒஃ۩୶נψ࢘ᇨച۩ृωऱᔆΖ
ʠă̆ೃ̺༎५ؒڟගఏ!
)Ι*ਗ਼ӎኇޟМϽຜഏ!
Ղ૪։࣫᧩ق࠹ृ୶נࣔ᧩ऱψՠࠠࢤ৸ፂωΔڂۖᣂࣹ࣍ڕ۶ሒګؾ ᑑΔࠡ۩ᔆਢψಳޣய౨ωΔڼጟψ࢘ᇨച۩ृωऱߡۥފዝࠌඒஃໜ؈ޅܒ
۟ᔆጊऱ֨ᨋΔڂۖ୶נψ֘ཕᆠωࢤऱ۩Δຍਐऱਢהଚլᄎᔆጊ ፖޅܒᓰ࿓वᢝփ୲ፖዌऱٽࢤΔא֗ኙլٵၸ్ᖂ࿙ᖂګயऱᐙΖڇ Օຝ։࠹ृऱᎁवխΔᓰ࿓փ୲բٽ֘ਠषᄎऱڍց֮֏૿ٻΚ
ፐำ္ޑीޑࢂϺЎӦୟǴђϞύѦх֖ӧ္य़ǶǾǾךள Ȑፐำϣޑӭϡ܄ȑᗋӝǴѬؒԖၟޗಥǶǾǾךॺा൧ख़
ঁӚᅿόӕޑဂǴѬȐፐҁϣȑۓԖගচՐ҇ޑǵ܈ޣࢂග࠼
ৎޑǵчБޑǴᗋԖመࠄޑǴќѦ୯ϣ୯ѦޑǴѬȐፐЎϣȑ
ԖගډǴᗋԖӧޑၗૻǴѬΨԖගډǴ൩ࢂҔٗঁ E-mail ޑБԄٰ
೯ߞǴǾǾࣗԿ೭ǵٿԃϐ໔ޑ٣Ǻݙख़ᕉߥǴ܌аᕉߥޑঁૻ
৲ΨԖӧ္य़ǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ 21 ڔȑ
ൕՂ૪֧֮խױ࿇ඒஃऱ֮֏ီມܧ৫ψ௬٠൲ᐙωऱࢤΔຍਐऱ ਢהଚࢬ༼נऱ֮֏૿ٻওૻ࣍ᑷ॰ᤜᠲڕᇷಛፖᛩঅΔࢨਢ᧩࣐ۖߠऱᤜᠲڕ ਙएΕࢤܑΕගᆢፖߢΔڂۖ࠹ඒஃኙᓰ࿓փ୲ऱ֮֏ࢤေᓵՕ༏ా֏࣍
ຍᣊ୲࣐ኘᤚऱംᠲΚ
ځჴӧޑፐҁςКаӳᗺΑǴԿϿעӳႽࢂζғӧৎ٣ޑ
ٗᅿፐЎմନǴǾǾȐࡹݯઓ၉ࡺ٣ȑ೭ᅿϣΨόـΑǶȐ݅ذ੧Ǵಃ
4ԛೖፋǴಃ 24 ڔȑ
ךளᏢਠޑፐำჴሞᗋࢂόȐӭϡȑǶǾǾӢࣁႽӧٗঁξӦ ၉ǴךॺᏢਠؒ᠋ډǴ࠼ৎ၉ǴךॺᏢਠΨؒ᠋ډǴመࠄᇟԖǴՠࢂך ॺፐЬाࢂа୯ᇟ௲ᏢǴǾǾ܌аךளӭϡϯΨόӭୟǶȐЦ൛Ǵ
ಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ 22 ڔȑ
Ղ૪ψ௬٠൲ᐙωऱ֮֏ီມࠌඒஃ୶נψ֘ཕᆠωࢤऱ۩Δהଚ ൎ௺ᎁױژऱᓰ࿓փ୲ፖवᢝዌΔࠀլམ৸ەᏝଖᨠऱംᠲΔ۟ຍࠄਢ լژڇऱംᠲΚ
ךॺؒԖࡘԵၸᇥፐำޕ่ᄬԖؒԖϙሶኬঁǴךॺόᇡࣁٗࢂך ޑёаѐ࣮рٰޑǴǾǾഖ೭ঁࢂৎᏢޣጓрٰޑǶǾǾӢ ࣁ೭ঁΨࢂ୯ৎޑࡹǴԶЪᗋࢂࡐӭΓࣴزрٰޑǴΨࢂा಄ӝਔж ޑዊࢬǴᗋԖ಄ӝךॺޗޑሡǴдॺωुр೭ኬޑঁፐำǶǾǾ
ךޑཀࡘࢂᇥǴፐҁ܌ၲޑόࢂᒱᇤޑᢀۺǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 4 ԛೖ
ፋǴಃ 21 ڔȑ
ӵ݀ۓा܌ᒏሽॶᢀٰղᘐѬȐፐЎϣȑޑ၉Ǵךॺࢂόࢂा೭ኬ
ǻёࢂୢᚒࢂךؒԖ೭ኬǴךѝࢂעѬԋጇࢂጇޑբ ЎǴጇޑЎകǴٗךॺा࡛ሶኬѐݒ፞ѬǴ᎙᠐ѬǴᘏڗѬऍӳޑӦ БǶǾǾךளሽॶᢀکࡘགྷӳႽ҉ᇻόёૈᡂփǼ൩ႽգϞϺڇУ ޑБԄၟࢄϺڇУБԄԖόኬ༏ǻیڇУޑਔংᖄགྷډ೭ঁܿՋ Ȑሽॶᢀޑୢᚒȑ༏ǻ ךϞϺࡽฅࢂ௲ϖǵϤԃભǴך൩ࢂाעдॺޑ ЎᏢ௲ӳǴԶЪ୯ᇟ൩ࢂ୯ᇟǶȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 10 ڔȑ )Π*לԙબϽМϽຜഏޟौશ!
ݮګڼጟψ֘ཕᆠωऱહ৵ڂైೈছ૪ऱψՠࠠࢤ৸ፂωհ؆Δ؆௫
֗ඒஃءߪਝڶऱᏝଖᨠፖඒᖂऱψዌࢤૻࠫωΖᓫᇷற᧩قנඒஃऱᏝ ଖᨠৈٽषᄎਝژऱᏝଖ᧯ߓΚ
ךளᇥπၟᙴғȐϐ໔ᖒНޑܴᡉৡຯȑǴځჴی࡛ሶޕၰᙴғόಕ ګǻЀځࢂႽգॺӚՏΨࢂࡐಕୟǼȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 10 ڔȑ ڼጟৈٽࢤၞۖขسٽ֏ऱ܂شΔٍܛᎁױژषᄎᒤਢڂᅝࠃृᖑ ڶԫીࢤࢨઌ२ऱᏝଖᨠΖژ࣍ඒᖂխऱψዌࢤૻࠫωՈൎ֏ψ֘ཕᆠω ऱݮګΔڇඒᖂխױߠࠩٚඒઝؾڍΕޅޏᑇၦױᨠऱ܂ᄐΕጅᅷऱᖂ سࠃ೭Εച۩ࡐࡳፖլࡳழऱ۩ਙࠃ೭Δຍࠄݮګױᨠऱՠ܂ၦΚ
ךॺόࢂѝԖᏼҺ୯ᇟࣽޑ௲ᏢǴךॺᗋᏼҺѤࣽޑ௲ᏢǴӆуᡏػ ޑ၉ǴӅࢂϖࣽޑ௲ᏢǴ܌аࣽךॺाྗഢǴٗӢࣁ೭ࢂཥ௲
ǴԶЪךॺޑޜࢂӧྗഢ௲Ǵόฅ൩ࢂץׯբǴᇆၗޑ ၉൩ाӣډৎ္ǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 2 ڔȑ
ךॺΨࢂࡋᇴޑǴӢࣁᏢਠКӵᇥႽךॺٰঁၮǴঁၮ
൩൳ЯךॺࢂӧԆၮǴǾǾ܌аᇥգᇥόਊᗺፐٰࢂٗ
൳ЯόёૈޑǶȐऍǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 5 ڔȑ
ڼጟψዌࢤૻࠫω۞ྥᏁޣױᨠऱழၴፖ壄ԺΔڂۖીࠌඒஃྤᄈ৸ەᓰ
࿓वᢝዌፖᏝଖᨠऱംᠲΔၞۖ୶נψ֘ཕᆠωࢤऱ۩Ζ
ʭăՉൖَڟᔪϰባ!
ޅܒࢤऱ֮֏ီມፖ֨ᨋࠌඒஃψ֘ཕᆠωऱψ࢘ᇨച۩ृωΔڼ ጟહནၞۖᐙהଚڕ۶ᇞᤩඒߛ࣠ऱֆؓࢤΖഗءՂΔ࠹ඒஃᎁඒᖂੌ
࿓ࠠڶ৫ऱֆؓࢤΚ
௲գගډ௲ػόϦѳǴࢂব္όϦѳǻၗྍኬǴٗգᏢޑٗࢂঁΓ ӢનǴٗ൩ႽКӵᇥ೭္௨ޑԾշᓓǴኬࢂΟԭ༧ᒲ࠼ǴیӞӭ ӞϿǴٗၟךॺගٮޣ๊ჹࢂؒԖᜢ߯ǴεৎኬΟԭ༧ᒲǴኬ೭ ሶӭՅǶǾǾ൩ᏢғٰᖱࢂࡐϦѳǴǾǾኬޑፐำǴኬޑ௲Ǵ ฅࡕԴৣΞૈӢࡼ௲ǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ 21 ڔȑ
ڂڼඒஃլᄎᔆጊඒߛ᧯ߓءߪΔܑਢڇ֮֏ޅܒီມऱൣउՀΔה ଚآམᣂ֊ᓰ࿓वᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤऱᔞ֊ࢤፖٽࢤΔીࠌהଚലඒߛ࣠ऱլֆ
ؓψូڂω࣍ඒߛ᧯ߓհ؆ऱڂైΔຍࠄڂైױ։षᆖહནፖᖂسءߪࠟଡ ᐋ૿Ζ
)Ι*ޥငधශቹ७!
ޢۯ࠹ृઃᎁवࠩषᆖહནऱฆऴ൷ᐙ࿙ऱ֮֏ࠨᖿΔڂۖؐ׳ᖂ
࿙ऱᖂ౨ԺΚ
εϩٰᇥଯޗӦՏλ࠸ޑᏢԋ൩ଯܭեޗӦՏޑ࠸ηǶǾǾޗ
ӦՏଯޑٗ٤ৎߏவλ൩ڈᐟ࠸ηǴǾǾວਜǵວᒵቹୟǴວ ϙሶǴႽӧႝတୟǵVCD ǼޗӦՏКၨեޑৎ္य़ΨؒႝတǴΨ
ؒϙሶ ȐЎϯڈᐟޑܿՋȑǴȐ೭ᅿৎߏȑΨόགྷᇥѐឪڗ೭٤ၗૻୟǴ Ψόᔅ࠸ηວਜ๏д࣮ୟǴவλ൩ৡӧ೭္ǼȐᒘЎകǴಃ 2 ԛೖ
ፋǴಃ 14 ڔȑ
ࠀषᆖයٙऱ܅Ոؐ׳୮९ኙՖऱඒߛګ༉ཚඨΔԫۖߢΔ࠹ඒ ஃ٥ٵტ࠹ࠩ܅षᆖ୮९ࣄऱཚඨለ܅Κ
ঁৎߏ൩ၟךᇥǴך׆ఈךޑ࠸ηګǴдؒԖϲᏢΨؒԖᜢ߯Ǵ୦ډ ଯύ൩ӳǴฅࡕࡕѐታৣǴѐᏢ೭ኬΨόᒱǶȐഋలǴಃ 3 ԛೖ
ፋǴಃ 19 ڔȑ
ѝޕၰдޑ࠸η೭ኬǴόϷǴٗаࡕ൩π൩ӳΑǴд൩གྷ೭ኬ ԶςǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 15 ڔȑ
׀ئऱګ༉ཚඨፖՖऱᖂ।ขسയ֊ऱٌյ܂شΔྥۖ܅षᆖᖂ
࿙ऱᖂᄐګᜎለ܅ᆵΔڂۖขس༞ࢤ༛ᛩऱွΔڼጟൣउࠌຍᣊ୮९ऱ ᣂࣹྡྷរൕᓰᄐ᠏ฝࠩ۩Κ
ࡕъࢤޑৎߏӭъࢂፕ࠸ηޑࠔቺୢᚒǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ
17ڔȑ
եޗङඳৎߏޑᜢЈ൩Кၨୃख़ғࢲБय़Ǽдޑ٤ᘶሺǼ܈ޣ ғࢲޑ٤ᢀۺǼКӵႽࡑΓೀ٣ޑБݤǼȐᒘЎകǴಃ 2 ԛೖ
ፋǴಃ 14 ڔȑ
ઌ֘ऱΔषᆖ୮९ኙՖཏሙڶለऱګ༉ཚඨΔڼጟཚඨ۟ٵழො።
ᓰᄐፖ۩ࠟଡ૿ٻΚ
ޗӦՏКၨଯޑǴдКၨதၟԴৣᖄ๎ǼӧፐБय़ǵՉࣁБय़Ψ
ᕕှǶǾǾቪᖄ๎ᛛǵѺႝ၉܈ᒃԾٰᏢਠǴ൩ࢂᇥӧԖᐒၶ ډਔࡐ၁ಒޑᕕှᏢғޑǴǾǾፋ၉ϣᗋࢂಥᚆό໒Ꮲғӧ ᏢਠޑՉࣁᆶፐБय़ǼȐᒘЎകǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 14 ڔȑ
ګ༉ཚඨၞۖᐙ୮९ڇᖂ࿙ᖂመ࿓ऱፖ৫Ζ᜔᧯ۖߢΔ܅षᆖ୮९
୶ᄕऱኪ৫Κ
ךॺԖঁλܻ϶ǴךখௗдޑਔংǴдޑӷךᙁޔࢂ࣮όᔉǴҁ
ΎΖᕪǴǾǾךѺႝ၉ѐၟдৎߏྎ೯ΠཀـǴፎдحλܻ϶Ǵ่
݀дഖฅӣךѡǴԴৣգؒԖ࣮ၸдঢঢޑᛛηഽǴٗ׳ᜤ࣮ګǴٗ
೭ঁ࡛ሶᒤګǻǾǾৎߏΨόӧЯୟǴдᗋഖฅၟךᇥǴдঢঢޑ׳Ǵ ךόޕၰдঢঢޑԴৣ࡛ሶᒤǴךςזᅭΑǶȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴ
ಃ 16 ڔȑ
ڼጟᄕፖ۞ݺᚨ᧭۞ྥচஇהଚፖᖂ࿙ᖂऱ೯ᖲΔڂۖຍᣊ୮९
ലᖂီٵ࿇س࣍ᖂீΚ
дॺளᖺᒲࡐख़ाǴளᆅ௲࠸ηҗԴৣॄೢ൩ӳΑǶдॺளǴ
௲ػ൩ࢂӧᏢਠޑ٣Ǵόࢂৎޑ٣ǴԴৣ൩ࢂૈޑǴϞϺдעλܻ
϶ଌډᏢਠٰǴԴৣ൩ाॄೢд܌ԖޑϪǶǾǾךၟৎߏᇥךததӧ ᖄ๎ᛛቪдؒԖֹԋȐфፐȑǴգ൩ᔈ၀ᔅдᔠǴёࢂ٩ᙑࢂ೭ኬǴ дᗋࢂᛝӜǴᗋࢂؒԖҬфፐୟǼǾǾд٠ؒԖ҅ѐᔠǶȐ݅ذ੧Ǵ
ಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 18 ڔȑ
ৎߏёૈࢂ୍ၭǴ܈ޣࢂλπޑ೭ኬηǴǾǾࣁΑᖺᒲдॺёૈ
ࡐϿԖਔ໔ѐݙཀډλ࠸ηᏢБय़ǵԋߏБय़ǴǾǾдॺΨӭъࡐϿ ѐᜢЈǴǾǾࢂҧ๏ᏢਠޑԴৣѐೀǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 4 ڔȑ
ઌኙ࣍ڼΔषᆖ୮९ਢᗨᄕऱፖृΚ
ޗӦՏКၨଯޑǴдᖄ๎ᛛय़ᛝӜǼୟΨѐ࣮࣮࠸ηբ
ቪޑ࡛ሶኬୟǴѳத၂ڔୟѐ࣮ୟǴёૈୢᚒрӧব္ѐу аࡰᏤǼȐᒘЎകǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 14 ڔȑ
࠹ृՈᎁवࠩڼጟኙֺࢤऱહ৵ژڇᆖᛎයٙΕፖழၴΔא֗౨Ժٌ
ᙑࢤऱᓤᠧڂైΔהଚ٥ٵტ࠹ࠩᆖᛎයٙፖՠ܂ࢤᔆऱٌᙑ࣠Օ༏ૻࠫ܅ष ᆖ୮९ऱፖழၴΚ
മπ໘ભдёૈ൩ࢂԖਔংाଛӝϦљѐуୟǼǾǾдȐമπ໘ભৎ ߏȑ๏ךޑӣเࢂᇥǴдޑؒਔ໔ᆅǴдӣٰǴ࠸ης൩ჶΑǴ ฅࡕдளᇥӧനख़ाޑҞ൩ࢂᖺᒲ๏λ࠸ηҔǴ܌аؒԖᎩΚӆ
ٗঁȐݙཀλ࠸ޑፐȑǶȐ݅ذ੧Ǵಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ 24 ڔȑ
ٗঁР҆ᒃΨόϼᆅλ࠸ǴӢࣁдॺࢂࢬೡǴӢࣁдΨؒԖਔ໔ᆅ дǴӢࣁдډఁ൩ाрѐᘍೡǶȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 16 ڔȑ ٵழለ܅ඒߛֽؓॴᡶຍᣊ୮९ګᗨᄕऱፖृΔٍܛઌᣂ౨Ժࠐਐ ᖄ࿙ऱᓰᄐΚ
ᙌΠךॺޑ୷ҁၗǴԖޑৎߏࣗԿؒ୦ၸਜǴࡐӭࢂλᏢǴ дॺࡐڶฅޑນךǴдॺԖޑ࣮όᔉǴǾǾ࠸ηࣗԿࢂޔௗၟ
ךᇥǴ೭ঁಞբҘҁǴ༰༰ᇥ࣮όᔉǴӢࣁ༰༰ᇥਜ୦ޑόଯǶȐഋ! ! లǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 6 ڔȑ
)Π*ᏰҡޟЖ౩ቹ७!
ᖂسءߪऱයٙီᐙᖂګயऱԫڂైΖᖞ᧯ۖߢΔ࠹ृऱ ᇞᤩژڇ৫֨ᖂᖄٻࢤΔڂהଚऱᇞᦰๅᠦլԱཕԺΕਝڶ౨ԺΕᖂ
೯ᖲፖᖂኪ৫ΖڇཕԺֱ૿Δ࠹ඒஃ࠹֨ᖂऱඒ֏Δڂۖᎁױᇷᔆฆ ऱ۞ྥࢤፖٽࢤΚ
գϖଫЋࡰᓐߏอΑǴΓฅߏޑΨόኬୟǴฅϺғޑٗᅿၗ
፦ΨόኬǴ࡛ሶёૈኬǴӵ݀ኬǴ೭ঁШࣚ൩ࡐڻ܁ΑǶ!
ȐऍǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 5 ڔȑ
ᅝཕԺፖᖂ౨Ժขسऴᒵᣂᜤհ৵Δᖂ࣠ီᅝࠃृཕԺ܅
ऱܧΖڇڼጟ᧤ᙀ৸ፂՀΔࢬڶ࠹ृഒॾ܅ګ༉ᖂ࿙Օຟਢᄭ࣍ءߪऱཕ ԺΚ
൩ࡐᜤၸୟǴӢࣁךளךҔЈޑǴ่݀ԖϿኧؒၲډႣයǴёࢂ
Ԗޑ࠸ηޑؒԖᒤݤǴӢࣁдඵΚԖୢᚒޑǶȐഋలǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴ
ಃ 13 ڔȑ
ӵ݀ᇥգҔΑࡐӭࡐӭЈΚǴՠࢂգޔעдόϼଆٰǴٗᅿޑࢂ
дၗ፦൩ࢂ೭ኬǶȐऍǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 12 ڔȑ
รԲଡᇞᤩࢤڂైਢᖂृऱਝڶ౨ԺਢܡߩאᎲ൷ᄅऱᖂփ୲Κ ԖޑԋᕮჴӧࡐᕪᑖǶόࢂፐำϣޑୢᚒǴٗࢂдॺঁΓޑୢᚒǴӢ ࣁԖޑ࠸ηεӷᇡόள൳ঁǴٗࢂдॺவԃભډӧࣁЗޑୢᚒǶȐഋ లǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 6 ڔȑ
Ꮲԋ൩եပǴǾǾ೭ޑࢂٰޑǴа୷ᘵؒѺᛙǴӧ ޑ၉ཇٰཇᜤǴдཇᏢཇؒᑫ፪Ǵ܌аԋ൩ཇٰཇեΑǶȐ݅ذ੧Ǵಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 18 ڔȑ
ךঁΓளၟፐำޕϣࢂؒԖᜢᖄ܄Ǵךᢀჸޑ่݀ᔈ၀ࢂ٤
୷ҁૈΚǴёૈΒԃભ܈Οԃભޑਔং൩ؒԖံ௱௲ᏢԋфǴӢࣁፐำ ޑጓ௨җభډుǴԖሒௗ܄Ǵ܌аӵ݀գޑ୷ᘵؒԖӳޑ၉ǴǾǾ ډύǵଯԃભаࡕګǴԋᕮ൩όٗሶޑགྷǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴ
ಃ 21 ڔȑ
طՂױߠΔڇඒஃऱณխΔᓰ࿓փ୲ࠠڶߓอࢤऱૠΔߜړഗ៕ലᣄ אᖂޓᐋڻऱඒޗփ୲Ζط࣍ཕԺऴ൷ؐ׳ଡ᧯ऱᖂګயΔڂۖਝڶ౨Ժ
ਢཕԺᐙऱ९ཚ࣠Δڼጟᣂᜤࢤਐٻਝڶ౨ԺፖཕԺژڇയ֊ऱᣂᜤ ࢤΔࠠ᧯ۖߢΔᇷᔆ࿓৫ऱ९ཚᐙႿທנᅝࠃृਝڶ౨Ժऱ܅Ζ
࠹ृਐנᐙᖂګயऱԫైਢᖂ೯ᖲΚ
ঁΓёૈԋ൩եᗺǴӵ݀ରדࡐமёૈ൩όኬǴǾǾჹ೭٤ύΠ ޑᏢғٰᇥǴǾǾԖਔংளᇥࣁϙሶдॺόૈԾךाӭᗺǶ ȐՖӀܴǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 17 ڔȑ
؆Δ࠹ृՈലᖂګயऱ܅ψូڂω࣍ᖂ࿙ءߪऱᖂኪ৫Κ ךၟᏢғᇥǴգԵόӳܭࢂգፐਥҁؒԖӧݙཀ᠋ǴǾǾգԖӧӳ ӳፐޑǴϩኧ൩ࡐଯǴόᇡፐޑǴϩኧ൩फ़եǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 4 ڔȑ
ྥۖΔڇඒஃऱณխΔཕԺΕਝڶ౨Ժፖᖂ೯ᖲհၴݮګዌࢤऱڂ࣠ᣂ এΔڂཕԺլႛᐙਝڶ౨Ժऱ܅ΔՈؐ׳ᖂ࿙ऱᖂ೯ᖲፖᖂኪ৫Δڂ
ۖݮګઌᅝ࿓৫ऱٌᙑ܂شΚ
൩ࢂдԾρҁيԖؒԖٗঁமਗ਼ޑᏢಞኅఈǴԖޑд൩ᇡࣁǴдΞόࢂ
ϖԃભωԋᕮឳǴவԃભᏢԋᕮࢂǵǵǵǾǾԾךයఈ ਥҁ൩זाډၲٗঁ႟ᗺǴд൩ᇡࣁϸ҅൩ࢂ೭ঁኬηǴ൩ࢂٰᏢਠǴ ൩ࢂፐǴୟԵ၂൩๏ѬቪቪǴ൳ϩ൩ࢂ൳ϩǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴ
ಃ 15 ڔȑ
Ͳă̜˽ϔყڟ૰̙!
)Ι*Ж౩ᏰᏲөޟሄᏲࡦᆰ!
Ղ૪ψូڂᓵωኦ᧩נඒஃऱψ֨ᖂᖄٻ৸ፂωΖڇڼጟ৸ፂՀΔඒஃڇ
܅ګ༉ᖂسऱฃፖֱऄՈψ֏પωࠩ֨ᖂऱᐋ૿Δᕣጥ࠹ඒஃ٥ٵᣂࣹ
܅ګ༉ᖂسऱᖂګயΔ٣ছբᓵ૪መᖂسءߪ֨යٙီᐙᖂګயऱ
ڂΔط࣍ཕԺਢ٣֚ެࡳΔࢬאᖂ೯ᖲፖᖂኪ৫ګඒஃᎁױށ᠏ऱ૿
ٻΔڼጟ৸ፂขسऱฃๅᠦլԱψቔᚐωΚ
ךวԖ൳ঁ᠐όӳǴךѝૈޔޑႴᓰдǴךၟдᇥգϞϺόा
ၟձΓКᖻǴၟԾρᝡᖻǴૈϩ൩ࢂϩୟǼȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 16 ڔȑ
୷ҁǴԖޑΓவλډεᎦԋ೭ᅿಞᄍǴКၨᜤׯǴԖޑیႴᓰдǴ дᜫཀ၂ӆѐ၂ǶǾǾؒԖว߄ޑᏢғࢂᖱрٰǴёࢂࡐλᖂǴ
൩ࢂाᝩុႴᓰдǶȐ݅ذ੧Ǵಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 8 ڔȑ
ψᒭωױီ൷ᥛࢤऱ᎖ᖄֱऄΔڇ࠹ृऱᨠរխψᒭωױଥᇖਝ ڶ౨ԺऱլߩΔڂۖޓڍऱψᒭωߩאࠌ܅ګ༉ᖂس०ᙰ᎔ՂΚ
Ⴝ೭ፐȨϦၟ೯ޕȩ൩ࢂঁԄޑܿՋୟǴдॺѝࢂલЮᔈҔ ግಞǴόाᇥᏢғӳΑǴךॺޑԴৣ܈ࢂޑཥᙍډঁ
πբ܌္य़ǴգाቪঁϦ೯ޕ܈ޣࢂ܌ᒏޑߞڄǵЎҹǴԖ Ѭޑঁ֚ᜤᗺӧǴ೭ঁࢂঁግಞޑୢᚒୟǶȐЦ൛Ǵಃ 2 ԛೖ
ፋǴಃ 10 ڔȑ
ำࡋӳޑךёૈޑਔ໔КၨϿӧдيǴٗำࡋКၨ১ᗺޑ၉Ǵٗ
ךёૈКၨӭᗺᗺਔ໔ǴКӵᇥךॺёૈፄಞޑঁግಞКၨӭ
ᗺǴᡣдॺКၨᕕှǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 4 ڔȑ
ᥛՂ૪ψ֨ᖂᖄٻωऱऄΔଡܑ᎖ᖄګ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱ
ᑓڤΔྥۖ࠹ૻ࣍ছ૪ऱψዌࢤૻࠫωΔඒஃࠀྤ֜ڍழၴࠐൕࠃଡܑਐᖄΖڇ ڼጟૻࠫՀΔԾףՂඒஃࠀآ൜ࠩທګ܅ګ༉ऱڂࠀॺᖂृءߪऱ֨ය
ٙΔۖਢᓰ࿓փ୲ऱवᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤΖڇՂ૪ᠨૹૻࠫՀΔޢۯ࠹ृઃტ࠹ࠩ
᎖ᖄګயլኦΔ۟ݮګ৫ऱψ༟ᨠᆠωΔຍਐऱਢ८ڗჃীऱᖂګயီ
ྤऄށ᠏ऱࠃኔΔڂۖ܅ګ༉।ګ۞ྥऱွΚ
ךමԾρጓၸ௲Ǵёࢂךளԋ݀ߚதޑԖज़ǶٗਔংךԾρѐጓ
௲ǴฅࡕԾρѐວӷьǴฅࡕ൩ࢂᇥࢴόӕޑπբ܈ࢂϙሶǴǾǾ Ԗޑ࠸ηӢࣁ೭ኬηଆٰᗺᗺǴՠࢂ൩Ⴝঁߎӷ༣Ǵ൩Ⴝঁ
தᄊϩଛኬǴǾǾᅿࢂޑৡډӷ൳Я൩ࢂֹӄόᇡǴќᅿࢂ
ޑᖃܴډٗᅿᖃ๊ܴഗǶȐऍǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 5 ڔȑ )Π*ᎌܒ྅܈ᄺԙޟϷࢺี!
ψ༟ᨠᆠωߩאޏ᧢ඒஃኙ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱཚඨΔط࣍הଚྤऄڶய༼ࣙຍ ᣊᖂسऱᖂګயΔીࠌᣂࣹྡྷរൕᓰᄐ᠏ฝࠩ۩Κ
ٗ٤եԋ൩ᏢғǴך൩ࢂགྷ๊ჹόёаᡣдᚯǶǾǾךখωᖱޑٗ٤ եԋ൩ޑǴाޕؒޕǴाૈΚؒૈΚǴдޑঁԾךຝഽࢂК
ၨॄय़Ǵٗаࡕдӵ݀ӆၶډϙሶשഽǴдёૈ൩ࢂوᒱၡǴ܈ࢂو Иၡ೭ኬηǴǾǾךᗋࢂᇡࣁǴдޑঁؼӳޑಞᄍǴᗋԖ҅ዴޑঁ
ՉࣁࢂКၨख़ाǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 15 ڔȑ
д༰༰ΨٰǴךॺΨፋၸ൳ԛǴךၟӴᇥǴځჴیޑ࠸ηਜ୦όӳǴ
ޑдΨᅰΚΑǴ࡛ٗሶᒤګǻٗѝӳаࡕдόाᡂᚯǴόाႽഋᑫǴ ฅࡕ҂ٰᡣдᏢמϐߏǴབόӳ҂ٰࢂεԴᗥ໒ᇯγޑΨόۓǴ ৎߏΨᇥჹǴΨѝૈ೭ኬǶȐഋలǴಃ 1 ԛೖፋǴಃ 6 ڔȑ
٣ছբ։࣫መຍᣊᖂس୮९ऱᣂࣹྡྷរٍਢ۩Δڂۖڼऱ۩ཚඨყݮ
ࡳΖψ༟ᨠᆠωٵழՈޏ᧢ඒஃኙ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱآࠐ࿇୶ཚඨΔ࠹ࠩࢤٻ࿇୶ ᄗ࢚ऱᐙΔ࠹ඒஃཏሙൎᓳຍᣊᖂسڇᢌ౨ઝऱ࿇୶ᑨ౨Κ
ךᚈЋᚈဌᜅԋ܄วǴǾǾдӧࢌБय़ޑፐޑ൩ࡐόՉǴёࢂ
дӧќѦБय़ΞࢂڧڧћǴǾǾӵ݀ᇥႽдӧҖ৩Бय़ࡐӳǴךߚத
ཀдѐǴ܌аךΨႴᓰдۓा۳೭Бय़ѐǶȐഋలǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴ
ಃ 19 ڔȑ
طՂ૪֧֮ױߠࠩ࠹ࠩᔞࢤ࿇୶ᄗ࢚ऱᐙΔ࠹ඒஃൎᓳᢌ౨ઝኙ܅ګ༉
ᖂسऱૹࢤΔڇຍᣊᖂسऱآࠐխΔᢌ౨ઝီٵױղהଚᘩسऱψԫ ݾհ९ωΚ
ځჴ୯λΨࢂᔈ၀ӭቚуᗺКၨמ᛬܄ޑܿՋǴǾǾӢࣁӧᏢБ य़ǴдؒԖԋ൩ǴԿϿ൩ࢂߏεǴεৎाѐᒉғǼǾǾдࡽฅؒ
ᒤݤӧፐБय़ளԋ൩ǴѝӳࣁஒٰғࢲѺᆉୟǶȐᒘЎകǴಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 14 ڔȑ
ӵ݀ޑؒԖᒤݤගܹдޑፐǴǾǾৎߏٰၟךᇥ೭Бय़ޑୢᚒǴ ךၟдᇥգ൩ाдԖঁᒉғޑמૈǴाόฅޑ၉ǴգόૈᎦд፸ηǶ
ȐഋలǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 19 ڔȑ
ψԫݾհ९ωլႛࠠڶᘩسऱრᆠΔࠀီषᄎሎ܂խլױࢨऱԫᛩΖ
࠹ृ٥ٵൎᓳ։ՠ᧯ߓऱؘྥࢤΔۖࢍᐋ໎ՠՈਢषᄎࡳሎ܂ऱഗ៕Κ ޗҁٰ൩ࢂதᄊϩଛޑୟǴଷӵεৎԋ൩ࡐଯޑ၉Ǵٗࡐӭπբؒ
ԖᒤݤֹԋୟǴךॺᗋࢂሡाԖ٤ݝНӐୟǴࣗሶπΓୟǶȐᒘЎകǴ
ಃ 2 ԛೖፋǴಃ 14 ڔȑ
೭ঁޗӵ݀ঁଯޑ၉ǴٗᇥჴӧؒԖΓѐ܌ᒏޑٗঁమዅǴٗ
ঁ܌ᒏКၨമπБय़ޑπբǴǾǾךځჴΨᜅӕ܌ᒏߎӷ༣ٗᅿғࢲ
ࠠᄊǴؒԖΠय़ޑΓǴځჴय़ޑΓӆ࡛ኬǴךளᗋࢂዬǶȐՖӀ
ܴǴಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ 23 ڔȑ
ڼጟψԫݾհ९ωऱॾ࢚ࠀ࠹ࠩψ۩۩נणցωऱঋاᨠ࢚ࢬൎ֏Κ ךКၨ׆ఈдӃѐ൨פдԾρ׆ఈࢂϙሶǴฅࡕӆѐբǴؒԖᒱǴՉ ՉрރϡǴόـளۓा᠐ډϙሶറγǶȐԙ੦દǴಃ 4 ԛೖፋǴಃ
21ڔȑ
ךමၟ࠸ηፋၸȨՉՉрރϡȩǴځჴόـளा᠐ډറγ൩ࢂԖҔޑ ΓǶǾǾКӵᇥǴךന߈࣮ޑҁਜࢂǴླྀǴླྀϙሶǻдࢂ୯λǴ ฅࡕӧঁᏢਠᏼҺԴৣǶᗋԖКӵᇥႽЦϖǼǾǾдҁيΨࢂ
ঁᏢԋ൩եޑΓǴՠࢂдΨૈӧࢌБय़ࡐԖԋ൩ǶȐՖӀܴǴಃ 3 ԛೖፋǴಃ 17 ڔȑ
ྤᓵঋاᨠ࢚ऱᄷᒔ৫۶Δ۩۩נणցऱᨠ࢚থߩאڶய֏ඒஃऱਝژॾ
࢚Ζ
ౙăტЪኢ
Ղ૪࿇ࠠ᧯ڃছ૪ऱնଡઔߒംᠲΔڇ(ԫ)ᣂࣹ૿Κ࠹ඒஃીԺڕ۶ ሒګהԳቃ٣ࡳऱඒᖂؾᑑΖڂۖڇ(Բ)۩࠷ٻΚܧנψՠࠠய౨ωऱ
ࢤΔٍܛထૹ༼ࣙඒᖂய౨ऱՠࠠࢤᄗ࢚ፖݾΖڼጟ࠷ٻࠌ࠹ඒஃࠉᘸᇘ ڤඒޗፖඒᖂਐ֧Δࠀᣂࣹڕ۶ᛧ࠷ઌᣂऱඒᖂ᎖ܗՠࠠΔڕቹׂፖඒࠠΖ࣍ਢ ڇ(Կ)֮֏૿ٻΚ࢙ฃඒޗփ୲ऱ֮֏ڂైΔٍܛהଚࠀլࠠໂ֮֏ޅܒऱ֨ᨋ ፖီມΔڂۖ֟ࢨլམᔆጊᓰ࿓փ୲ፖၸ్֮֏ऱिᆼᣂএΖڼጟွᤉۖᐙ
ኙ()ඒߛ࣠ऱᇞᤩΚהଚᎁࡳᖂګயࠀॺᄭ࣍ඒߛ᧯ߓءߪΔۖਢᖂ سऱषᆖહནፖءߪऱ֨ڂైΖڼጟ֨ᖂᖄٻऱ৸ፂၞۖؐ׳(ն)ڕ۶
܅ګ༉ᖂسऱฃፖֱऄΔ壆ڕቔᚐΕᒭΕଡܑਐᖄፖ։ੌ࿇୶ઃਢڼጟᖄ ٻऱขढΖ
Ղ૪࿇Օીܭٽઌᣂऱᓵរࢨઔߒ࿇Δψՠࠠࢤ৸ፂωࢤٱᢞՂ૪֮
։࣫խ R. GibsonΰفؓΔ1995αऱᨠរΔٍܛඒஃᣂ֊ऱ૿ٻਢψڕ۶
ړωۖॺψչᏖωΔڇಳޣய౨ऱ৸ፂՀΔඒஃԺቹሒګψהԳωࡳऱ ؾᑑΔۖॺאψ۞ݺω࢚ࠐᑢ堚۶ڕڼΔڼጟؾᑑᖄٻ᧩قඒஃೖఎ֮࣍
։࣫խ Hoyleΰ1980α༼נऱψૻࠫࢤറᄐωΔۖॺψឩ്ࢤറᄐωΖٍܛ࠹ඒ ஃ୶נ৫ࠉᘸऱ۩ࢤΔࠠ᧯ۖߢΔהଚࠉ༛ਝڶඒޗΔאሒګהଚቃ٣
ࡳऱؾᑑΔڼጟᖄٻץܶࣔ᧩ऱऴᤚፖᆖ᧭ࢤΔۖॺ៶طᗨᄕ৸ەፖ൶ຜ உΔא࿇୶۞ݺऱඒߛ࢚Ζ
֮֏ޅܒီມऱໜ؈ࠠ᧯ᢞኔ֮։࣫խԫࠄᖂृࢬᓵ૪ऱψ֮֏ྤრᢝࢤω ΰࠏڕΚFreire, 1976; Williams, 1976αΔٍܛڇ࠹ඒஃऱณխΔᓰ࿓वᢝፖၸ్
֮֏ࠠڶ৫ऱ։ᠦࢤΔࠀᓰ࿓փ୲ࠠໂ৫ऱٽࢤΔڂۖॾᘸറ୮ᖂृᒳ
ࡳऱඒޗփ୲Δીࠌྤრᢝऱച۩ඒᖂࠃ೭ΖٵழՈٱᢞ K. Harrisΰାࡲ堚Δ 1994αऱᨠរΔהᎁګפٻՂੌ೯ऱषᄎ֏ᖵ࿓բࠌՕຝ։ඒஃܮױᨠऱ խขၸ్Ꮭଖᨠፖ৸ፂᑓڤΔڂۖኙਝژषᄎᒤፖੌ֮֏ขس৫ऱᎁٵ ტΔ࣍ਢࠀլᄎൕ֮֏ߡ৫ࠐᔆጊࢨਢޅܒᓰ֮փ୲Ζ٦ृΔՈၴ൷ٱᢞ֮։
࣫խԫࠄᖂृऱᨠរΰࠏڕΚࣥࢀΔ2001ΙᚮᖠដΔ1997αΔٍܛݮګڼጟ۩
ऱહ৵ԯਢஃᇷഛߛᓰ࿓ܧ৫ՠࠠய౨ऱ֨ᖂᖄٻΔڂۖآ౨ᓿղඒஃઌ ᣂऱ֮֏ᄗ࢚Δࢬא࠹ඒஃ୶֮֏ྤრᢝऱ۩Ζ
֮֏ޅܒऱ֨ᨋፖψ࢘ᇨച۩ृωհၴऱᣂᜤࢤՈ٦৫ٱᢞ֮։࣫խ
Althusserΰ1971αऱ࿇ΔٍܛՕຝ։ऄഏඒஃآᆖ֮֏૿ٻऱ৸Δঁ৺֊
ऱނඒޗփ୲ᥒᙁᖂ࿙Δྥۖהଚথآኘᤚឆ៲࣍ᓰ֮փ୲Հऱषᄎ൳ࠫᖲ
ࠫΔڂۖྤრᢝऱګפച۩ᇷءषᄎࢬٌבऱٚ೭Ζψ࢘ᇨച۩ृωਐٻՕຝ։
ඒஃࠀॺފዝψႚอवᢝٝωऱߡۥΔۖਢขسڶᖲवᢝٝΰorganic intellec- tualαऱפ౨ΰGramsci, 1971αΖޓᒔ֊ۖߢΔהଚขسڕٵψڶᖲवᢝٝωऱ פ౨ΔٍܛીԺႚᐾխՂၸ్ऱრᢝীኪፖᏝଖᨠΔၞۖ࠰ܗխՂၸ్ፂਝڶ ऱ֭چۯΔۖॺڕٵψႚอवᢝٝωഒ۞ݺ࢚Δࠀݼࢴਝژᦞ֮֏ऱ
֭Ζ
ψ֘ཕᆠωਐٻ࠹ඒஃऱ֨ཕ១ࢤΔڼጟ࿇ৈٽ֮։࣫խ Jackson ΰ1968αਐנऱψᨠ࢚១ࢤωΔ࠹ඒஃऱߢᓫࢤ༉ڕٵ Jackson ऱ࿇Δٍ
ܛ༉ຑᚌߐඒஃՈլᣋრ൶ᓤᠧࠃٙऱࠡהױ౨ᇞᤩΔڇඒᖂࠃ೭Ղࢬආ
࠷ऱฃࢨֱऄՕڍਢऴᨠΔࢨਢٛᘸ࣍ਝڶऱᆖ᧭Δۖॺ൶ߒࢨਢ֘ઊ৸ەऱ ขढΖψ֨ᖂᖄٻωऱ۩ፖ৸ፂᑓڤՈٱᢞ֮։࣫խ Appleΰ1985, 1988α ऱᨠរΔٍܛᆖطψװݾωࠩψ٦ݾωऱመ࿓Δඒஃ৸ፂך؞֨ᖂऱᄗ࢚Ζ ءઔߒऱ࿇᧩ق࠹ඒஃڇച۩ඒᖂࠃ೭ፖ᎖ᖄ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱ৸ፂՕڍওૻ࣍
֨ᖂऱᄗ࢚Δ壆ڕ֨ཕ౨ԺΕ೯ᖲΕଡܑ᎖ᖄΕᒭΖψ֨ᖂᖄٻωፖψ֮
֏٦፹ωऱױ౨ᣂᜤՈٱᢞ֮։࣫խऱઌᣂᓵរڕ Bernsteinΰ1996αፖ Bourdieu ΰ1973, 1993αΔٍܛᖂګய࠷ެ࣍ᖂृऱਝڶයٙ౨ܡৈٽᓰ࿓ऱवᢝዌ ፖ᥆ࢤΔط֮࣍֏ޅܒ֨ᨋፖီມऱໜ؈Δ࠹ඒஃྤऄᛵᇞᓰ࿓वᢝፖၸ్֮
֏ऱिᆼᣂএΔڂۖࠌ࿇س࣍ᖂீऱ֮֏٦፹ՠ࿓ޓױ౨ΖڼጟွՈऴ
൷ܡᢞ֮։࣫խ Girouxΰ1983, 1997α༼ଠऱψ᠏ངীवᢝٝωΔٍܛ࠹ඒ ஃࠀآࠠໂ֮֏ޅܒऱ֨ᨋፖီມΔڂۖآ౨ኘᤚឆ៲࣍ᓰ࿓वᢝऱၸ్რᢝী
ኪፖ֭რቹΔીࠌྤऄឭๅਝڶ֮֏ፖᏝଖᨠऱޔᗻΔࢬאڇඒᖂխފዝ ച۩ृऱߡۥΔڼጟွ᧩ق Giroux ऱᓵរսྥೖఎ࣍უᐋ૿Ζ
߭ăඕ! ኢ
ઔߒᢞᖕ᧩قඒஃऱ৸ፂ᧯ߓܧ৫ψՠࠠࢤωۥΔהଚᣂࣹ࣍ڕ۶ ሒګהԳࡳऱඒᖂؾᑑΔۖॺ൶ࢨਢᔆጊ۶ڕڼΔڼጟؾᑑᖄٻขسऱ۩
ץܶψՠࠠய౨ωऱࢤΖࠠ᧯ۖߢΔ࠹ඒஃᣂ֊ڕ۶༼ࣙඒᖂய౨אฤᚨ ਝࡳऱඒᖂؾᑑΔڼጟ۩࠷ٻࠠ᧯୶࣍הଚऱඒᖂฃፖֱऄΖψ৬ዌᆠω ᖄ֧נψ܂խᖂωऱᄗ࢚Δࠀᖕא࿇୶נ೯ኪඒᖂীኪΔ壆ڕߡۥފዝΕಘᓵፖ
࿇।Ζ।૿ՂΔڼጟඒᖂীኪཆඵႚอჄᚅڤऱඒᖂᑓڤΔ܀ᐋრᆠথਢψՠ
ࠠࢤωऱขढΔڂڼጟᄅ࠷ٻऱึᄕؾᑑڇ࣍ڕ۶ඒᖂ೯Δאڶயሒ ګਝࡳऱඒᖂؾᑑΖڇڼጟൣቼՀΔඒஃڕٵਢψ࢘ᇨऱച۩ृωΔۖॺψᔆጊृω ࢨਢψޅܒृωΔ࢘ᇨࢤࠠ᧯୶࣍ኙᇘڤඒޗऱ৫ࠉᘸΔא֗ലඒᖂਐ֧
࡚۩೯ऱ່ਐᖄጼᏆΖܛࠌඒஃսᄎኙᓰ֮փ୲ڶࢬᔆጊΔ܀ࠡ᥆ࢤথॺ֮
֏૿ٻऱޅܒΔۖਢޔᗻ࣍ψՠࠠࢤ৸ፂωΔ壆ڕᣂࣹᓰ֮փ୲ऱ壄ᒔ৫Εᔞ֊
ࢤΕፖᖂسਝڶᆖ᧭ऱᎲ൷ࢤΔא֗ڕ۶ᛧ࠷ઌᣂऱඒᖂ᎖ܗՠࠠڕቹׂፖඒࠠΔ ຍࠄޅေઃཬ࣍ڕ۶ࠌඒᖂੌ࿓ޓႉዃΔא֗౨ޓڶயऱሒګਝࡳඒᖂؾᑑΖ ψ࢘ᇨച۩ृωऱߡۥފዝլႛਢψՠࠠࢤωऱขढΔٵழՈਐٻඒஃ֨
ཕ១ࢤऱψ֘ཕᆠωΔהଚࢬᖑڶऱ֮֏ီມܧψ௬٠൲ᐙωऱࢤΖࠠ᧯
ۖߢΔኙᓰ֮փ୲ऱ֮֏૿ٻᣂࣹೖఎ࣍᧩࣐ۖߠऱᐋ૿Δ壆ڕࢤܑΕਙएრᢝ
ীኪΕගᆢፖߢΔࢨਢওૻ࣍ᑷ॰ऱᤜᠲΔڕᇷಛፖᛩঅΖψ௬٠൲ᐙωऱီມ ࠌ࠹ඒஃྤऄኔᔆ൶ߒᓰ࿓փ୲ਢܡژڇᗑऱवᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤΔ۟ڼጟം
ᠲਢլژڇऱᄗ࢚Ζᕣጥছ૪ψՠࠠࢤωऴ൷ۭᜤࠩڼऱψ֘ཕᆠωΔ܀ਢ ඒஃءߪऱᏝଖᨠፖඒᖂऱψዌࢤૻࠫωՈขسᄕՕऱൎ֏܂شΔඒஃᏝ ଖᨠፖषᄎਝژᒤऱയ֊ৈٽขسψྤრᢝωऱٽ֏܂شΔٍܛࠌඒஃലਝ ژऱषᄎࠫ৫ΕᒤፖᏝଖᨠီࢬᅝྥΖඒᖂխױᨠऱՠ܂ၦჾඒஃ Օຝ։ऱழၴፖ壄ԺΔڂۖהଚྤߩജழၴૹᄅᛀီՂ૪ऱࢬᅝྥΖ
֮֏ޅܒऱီມࠌ࠹ඒஃ࢙ฃᓰ࿓वᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤኙլٵၸ్ᖂسᖂ
ګயऱᐙΔڂۖࠌהଚאψូڂᓵωࠐᇞᤩᖂᄐګ༉܅ऱွΔψូڂᓵω
ਐऱਢᖂګயូ࣍ඒߛ᧯ߓհ؆ऱڂైΔຍֱ૿ץᢅषᆖહནፖᖂس֨ය
ٙࠟଡ૿ٻΖ࠹ඒஃ堚ᄑኘࠩषᆖહནऴ൷ᐙ୮९ኙՖऱඒߛګ༉ཚ ඨΔא֗୮९ڇ࿙ᖂመ࿓ऱፖ౨ԺЯழၴא֗ፖ৫Δڂۖהଚൎ௺ტ࠹
ࠩࠐ۞षᆖ୮அᖂس࣍ᚌႨऱᖂچۯΔܑਢ֮֏ࠨᖿऱ൷گၦΔۖ
໎ՠၸ్ᖂ࿙ঞڇઌ֘ऱچۯΖྥۖط࣍ছ૪ऱ֮֏ޅܒီມΔהଚྤऄ ലڼጟᐙۭᜤࠩᓰ࿓ऱवᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤΔٍܛᖂګய࠷ެ࣍ᖂृਝڶ යٙ౨ܡৈٽᓰ࿓փ୲ऱवᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤΖԫᇞᤩ૿ٻঞូࡏ࣍ᖂسءߪऱ֨
යٙΔ壆ڕཕԺΕਝڶ౨ԺΕᖂ೯ᖲፖᖂኪ৫ΔڇຍࠄයٙխΔཕԺီ
່ࠠᣂࢤऱڂైΔڂਝڶ౨ԺਢཕԺᐙࢤऱ९ཚ࣠Δߩജऱਝڶ ౨Ժ۞ྥขسᖂᎽᡶΔڂۖ૾܅ᅝࠃृऱᖂ೯ᖲፖᖂኪ৫Ζྤᓵڕ۶Δڼ ጟ֨ᖂᖄٻऱψូڂᓵω٦৫ડ᧩נඒஃ֮֏ޅܒऱီມΔא֗ະᆵ࣍ψՠ
ࠠࢤωऱࣽ∭խΖ
֨ᖂᖄٻऱ৸ፂၞۖؐ׳࠹ඒஃ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱऄΔઔߒᢞᖕࣔᒔ ਐٻඒஃࢬආ࠷ऱฃΕֱऄፖᑓڤઃওૻ࣍֨ᖂऱᄗ࢚Δ壆ڕቔᚐΕᒭፖ ଡܑਐᖄΖྥۖڼጟ֨ᖂ࠷ٻࠀྤऄڶய༼ࣙ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱᖂګயΔીࠌທ ګઌᅝ࿓৫ऱψ༟ᨠᆠω֨ΔڇඒஃณխΔ८ڗჃীऱᖂ।լႛਢ۞ྥ
ऱွΔ۟ਢྤऄށ᠏ऱࠃኔΖψ༟ᨠᆠω૰ࠌ࠹ඒஃኙ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱᣂࣹ
ྡྷរൕᖂᄐ᠏ٻ۩ΔᕣጥՂ૪ψ֨ᖂ࠷ٻωऱ᎖ᖄࠀآࠐࣔ᧩ऱإ૿ګயΔ
܀ਢ֨ᖂᄗ࢚থᒌᖕ࠹ඒஃऱ৸ፂᑓڤΔψᔞࢤᄗ࢚ωࠌהଚઌॾᢌ౨ઝਢ܅
ګ༉ᖂسऱᑨ౨ᖂઝΔڼጟሁஉၞۖ৬ዌנψԫݾհ९ωऱψ։ੌ࿇୶ω᧯ߓΖ
ࠠ᧯ۖߢΔ܅ګ༉ᖂسߨٻݾᢌࢤሁஉΔࠡ൷ᥛऱآࠐسෑՕຟๅᠦլԱխ܅ၸ ᐋऱۯΖط࣍ᖂ࠷ٻऱ࿇୶ሁஉല൷ᥛ։ՠ᧯ߓխ᥆࣍խՂၸᐋऱጥЯݾ
ۯΔڂۖψᔞࢤ࿇୶ωլ܀৬ዌנψ։ੌ࿇୶ωऱሁஉΔࠀൎ֏ਝژऱ։
ՠ᧯ߓհዌΔڼጟᣂᜤࢤឆܶऱრᆠਢڇ֮֏٦፹ऱᖵ࿓խΔඒஃފዝႝ
֏ृऱߡۥΖ
ូۖߢΔ֮֏٦፹ᓵ༿قנψषᄎၸ్٦፹ωᄭ࣍ඒߛ᧯ߓऱሎ܂ֱ
ڤፖփ୲Δᓰ࿓փ୲ፖඒஃ٥ዌנൎՕऱឆ៲ࢤषᄎ൳ࠫᖲࠫΔط࣍ڼጟᖲࠫڶ யऱ൳ࠫषᄎੌ೯ݮڤΔڂۖྫڕਢ৬षᄎࠫ৫ऱ֏ߪΔ܀থ౨ᘞೈ᧩ۖ
࣐ߠऱլֆؓ؆ᎎΖڼጟឆ៲ࢤᄭ࣍ඒஃ֮֏ޅܒऱီມΔהଚྤऄᛵᇞ ၸ్֮֏ኙᓰ࿓փ୲ऱ֭Δڂ࢙ۖฃᖂګயਢᖂृਝڶයٙ౨ܡৈٽᓰ࿓
वᢝዌፖ᥆ࢤऱขढΖڼጟ؈ࠌඒஃᣂࣹڕ۶ሒګהԳٌבऱٚ೭Δڂۖڇ ψՠࠠࢤωऱ୬ࠫՀΔඒஃآ౨Ոլམࢨ֟൶ߒᓰ࿓փ୲ऱवᢝዌЯ᥆ࢤ ኙլٵषᄎၸ్ᖂ࿙ڇᖂՂऱᐙΖՠࠠࢤၞۖႿທנψؾᑑᖄٻωऱ֨ཕ ១ࢤΔຍࠌඒஃᣂࣹ࣍ψய౨ಳޣωאሒګψהԳωࡳऱඒᖂؾᑑΔڂۖ
փ৬࣍ᓰ࿓փ୲ऱषᄎ൳ࠫᖲࠫאႉዃሎ܂Δឆ៲ࢤፖႉዃࢤࠌᖂீګച۩
षᄎၸ్ᗴᙇᕴऱᣂΖڼጟᣂᜤࢤਐٻඒஃފዝ֮֏٦፹ऱං֫Δڂ ڼषᄎ൳ࠫᖲࠫऱሎ܂Ꮑޣྤრᢝऱച۩ृΔࢬאᇷءषᄎႨؘႊലඒஃඒ֏ګ ՠࠠࢤऱய౨ಳޣृΔۖॺ֮֏ޅܒऱඒߛ୮Δڼጟޅܒრᢝऱଷኆթ౨ࠌඒ ஃྤრᢝऱച۩֮֏٦፹ٚ೭ΔຍՈᎅࣔ۶ਝژၸ్ዌᄎڇᖂீխ٦
፹Ζ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
׆८ةΰαΰ2000αΖD. K. Padgett ထΖ፴ϽंـᇄޥོώհΖፕקΚੋᆺΖ فؓΰαΰ1995αΖR. Gibson ထΖ๖ᄺкဎᇄఀىΖፕקΚնতΖ
ܦ॒ᏚΕޕ࡚ᕢΰαΰ1995αΖM. Q. Patton ထΖ፴ޟຟᠦᇄंـΖፕקΚெগΖ ޕ࡚ᕢΰ2002Δ11 ִαΖ׳րఀᏰ፣౩፣அᙃᇄкौఀىដᚠΖᓵ֮࿇।࣍รԮࡻխഏՕ
ຬඒߛषᄎᖂറᄐࡡᄎᖂڣᄎΔᐖڠΖ
ࣥࢀΰ3112αΖஃᒤඒߛऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂհषᄎᖂ։࣫Ζሉ࣍ഏمխإՕᖂΰᒳαΔ፞แ ᇄఀᏰ፣Ꮻ፣МΔآנठΖ
ৌᔕΰ˄ˌˌˋΔ˄˃ ִαΖᇃᢊωᏰ፞แ८Ϸݙৱၥ፞แޟޥོڙȄᓵ֮࿇।࣍รԲ
ࡻࠅֺለඒߛᖂڣᄎΔקࠇΖ
ৌᔕΰ˅˃˃˅˴αΖၥҏޥོϛޟޥོࢺଢ଼ᇄᏰਮᡝفȈ׳րఀىޥོᏰޟϷݙȄፕקΚ
ඒߛΖʳ
ৌᔕΰ˅˃˃˅˵αΖڣԫᓰ࿓ਙᐙඒஃറᄐ۞ᦞհઔߒΖఀىंـѐȂ59ΰ˅αΔ
˄ˈˊˀ˄ˌˋΖʳ
ؔᐝΕભဎΰ˄ˌˌˉαΖԫࠄᔆࢤֱऄऱ৸ەΚॾ৫ፖய৫Λڕ۶ࢼᑌΛڕ۶گႃᇷறΕ
࿆ᙕፖ։࣫Λሉ࣍ؔᐝΰᒳαΔ፴ܒंـΰ 141-158αΖፕקΚ؎ੌΖʳ
ᚊᤴΰαΰ2000αΖR. Kumar ထΖंـПݲΖፕקΚᖂ༄Ζ
ାࡲ堚ΰαΰ1994αΖK. Harris ထΖఀৱᇄΖፕקΚெগΖ
്৬ګΰ1999αΖᓰ࿓ቤፖषᄎإᆠΖሉ࣍խإՕᖂඒߛᖂೃΰᒳαΔཱིжकޟఀى
ఖȈሬᏰंଆོ፣Мΰ 363-388αȄႂΚᣝ֮Ζ ᄘᑽΰ˄ˌˌˇαΖఀى้֯ఀىޥོᏰޟـΖፕקΚஃΖ
ᚮᖠដΰ1997αΖ֮֏ઔߒፖඒߛઔߒΖሉ࣍ᑛشسΰᒳαΔཱིжकޟఀىีΰ
355-374αȄፕקΚஃΖ
ࢭΰ˄ˌˌˉαΖᐙഏॣխ৵ඒߛ։ੌऱኔᢞ։࣫ΚࢤܑΕઊᤄΕፖ୮அહནऱฆΖ ᇃᢊޥོᏰѐȂ31Δ 49-84Ζ
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