Enriching Knowledge for the SS Tourism and Hospitality Studies
Series: Introduction to Tourism
Learning Key Content
Section 1 第一節
• Integrated Model of Tourism 旅遊業整合模式
• Factors that Encourage / Prohibit the Development of Tourism 推動或阻 礙旅遊發展的因素
• Concept and Classification of Tourist 旅客的概念與分類
• Travel Motivation 旅遊的動機
Section 2 第二節
• Form of Tourism 旅遊的形式
• Tourism Product and Destination Planning 旅遊產品及目的地規畫
• Carrying Capacity 承載力
• Tourist’s Code of Behaviour 旅客的行為守則
旅遊業整合模式
Integrated Model of Tourism
Integrated Disciplinary Model of Tourism Studies (旅遊業課程的學科綜合模式)
Tourism Studies
Economics, Accountings
The Business of Tourism
Social Studies
Tourist Behaviour
History
History of Tourism
Information Technology
Global Distribution
System
Geography, History
Destination Development
Religious Studies
Cultural Tourism
Source: Integrated Disciplinary Model (adopted from Jafari, Jafar, Ritchie, J.R. Brent, Towards a Framework for Tourism Education: Problems and Prospects, Annals of Tourism Research, 1981, VIII (1).
Integrated Model of Tourism
(旅遊業整合模式)
• There are 3 major components 1. Travellers
2. Tourism Promoters
3. Tourism Service Suppliers
• Key tourism stakeholders interact with each other
• Respond the changes of the external environment
Source：Cook, Roy A., Yale, Laura J., Marqua, Joseph J., Tourism - The Business of Travel, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2001, p.6-8
Factors that Encourage / Prohibit the Development of Tourism 推動或阻礙旅遊業發展的因素
• Change of factors from external environments could influence on tourism development
• These factors are unique and could be different in different countries
Political
Economic
Socio-cultural Technological
Environmental
Concepts of ‘Travel’ and
‘Tourism’
「旅行」及「旅遊」的概念
Concepts of Travel 旅行的概念
• Travel (旅行)
• all journeys from one place to another
• made by people who enter a country for leisure, to work, reside, study or who just pass through a country without stopping
• Travellers (旅行者)
• The person who is taking a trip within or outside his/her own country of
residence irrespective of the purpose of travel, means of transport used, even though he/she may be travelling on foot
Concepts of Tourism 旅遊的概念
• Tourism (旅遊)
• Comprise travelling to and staying in places
1. outside the usual environment (usual residence and frequent and regular trips) 2. Less than one year
3. For non-remunerated activities
• Tourist (旅客)
• The person who is taking a trip within or outside his/her own country of residence irrespective of the purpose of travel and means of transport used
• Stays for at least 24 hours
Key difference
All tourism should have some travel, but not all travel is tourism
Concepts of Tourism 旅遊的概念
• Excursionists (短程旅客)
• The person who visit a place and stays for less than 24 hours, for the purpose of leisure or business, but not for transit
• Can be a
• Domestic Excursionists
• International Excursionists
Tourism Classification (UNWTO) 旅遊的分類
• Domestic Tourism (國內/本土旅客 )
• involves trips made by local residents
• within their own countries
• International Tourism (國際旅客)
• involves trips between 2 countries
1. Inbound Tourism
• visits to that country by residents of another country
2. Outbound Tourism
• visits by residents of that country to another country
International Tourist (國際旅客)
Hong Kong
The point of origin/point of destination
Hong Kong People
Outbound Tourist (出境旅客)
American
Inbound Tourist
(入境旅客)
Classification of Tourists (旅客的分類)
1. Cohen’s Classification (高恆定義)
2. Plog’s Theory (蒲樂定義)
1. Cohen’s Classification
Security
• Familiarity
• Environment bubble
Curiosity
• Seek out new experience
Drifters Explorers
Organized
Mass Tourists Individual Mass Tourists
Classified by tourists’ psychological characteristics differences
Institutionalized Tourism
Highly serviced by tourist establishments Non-institutionalized Tourism
• Loosely attached to tourist establishments (Tourist establishments: travel agencies, travel companies, hotel chains)
Source: Cohen Erik, Toward a Sociology of International Tourism, Social Research, vol. 39, No. 1, 1972
1. Cohen’s Classification
Source: Cohen Erik, Toward a Sociology of International Tourism, Social Research, vol. 39, No. 1, 1972
1. Organized Mass Tourists
• The most non-adventurous tourists
• Spending most of their time in their comfortable environment bubble (same accommodations and facilities)
• No customization needed
• E.g. Group Inclusive Tour (GIT)
1. Cohen’s Classification
Source: Cohen Erik, Toward a Sociology of International Tourism, Social Research, vol. 39, No. 1, 1972
2. Individual Mass Tourists
• Major arrangements are arranged by travel agency
• Not entirely fixed
• Has certain amount of control over time or activities
• Not bound to a group
• E.g. Tourists buying air and hotel packages
1. Cohen’s Classification
3. Explorers
• Self arranged tours
• Visiting an unusual destinations
• Still retain certain level of comforts
(i.e. Transportations and amenities)
• Try to mix with local people
• Dare to leave the environment bubble
• E.g. Tourists participating in a self guided bike tour
1. Cohen’s Classification
Source: Cohen Erik, Toward a Sociology of International Tourism, Social Research, vol. 39, No. 1, 1972
4. Drifters
• No connection with any tourism establishment
• No fixed itinerary or timetable
• Immerse in the local cultures
• Go further away from the environment bubble
• E.g. CouchSurfing tourists
• Plog’s Classification of Tourist Personalities
Source: Plog Research, Inc., Leisure Travel – Making It a Growth Market Again, John Wiley & Sons, 1974
2. Plog’s Classification
2. Plog’s Classification
Allocentric Mid-centric Psychocentric
• who seek new experience
• enjoy interacting with people from different cultural
background
• want to explore the unusual or little-known places
• prefer adventure in a wide range of activities
• They are outgoing and self- confident in behaviour
• majority of travelers
• somewhere in
between innovators and traditionalists
• seek well-known established
destinations
• Receptive to new experiences
• who have a firm belief on the fact that
whatever happens to them is largely beyond their control
• go for safe as well as consistent choices
• They are non-
adventurous and less exploring
2. Plog’s Classification
Near-Allocentric Near-Psychocentric
• Are usually among the first major wave of adopters
• Without falling completely into the extreme types of this model
• try a destination that has
been visited for several times
• Without falling completely into the extreme types of this model
2. Plog’s Classification
Classifications of Hong Kong residents’ personalities based on their choices of destinations
Travel Motivations
旅遊的動機
Why do we need to Travel?
Travel Motivations
Travel
Needs Travel
Motivations Travel Actions
Individual Factors
• Economic capacity
• Spare time
• Sex, age and physical conditions
• Psychological factors External Environmental
conditions
• Development of tourism industry
• Group, family and social atmosphere
Understanding of travellers' motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns.
Different Theories to Explain Travel Motivations
1. Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3. Push and Pull Theory
1. Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
1. Health
• People travel for improving their health. They would go for leisure and medical treatment to relax and entertain themselves.
• Natural landscapes, historical sites, coastline, spa and resort are the destinations of these travelers
2. Curiosity
• People travel because of curiosity, inquisitiveness and adventure.
• Politics, culture, public figures, physical features and disaster would attract these travellers.
1. Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
3. Sports
• People travel for sports to release their pressure and fantasize about being an athlete.
• Being a spectator could experience the atmosphere of the competition and have social contributions such as connecting with other audience and meet new friends.
4. Pleasure
• Vocation relates to pleasure because it could give routine life a break. People would try new things
• and participate in activities that would make them feel happy, such as visiting art museums,
• watching operas and gambling etc.
1. Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
5. Religious and spiritual appreciation
• People travel for spiritual needs.
• They visit religious headquarters usually because of religious reasons.
• In this way they could have stronger believe in their religion.
• Many travellers gain satisfaction by appreciation of natural landscapes, art performances, and visiting museums and historical sites
6. Professional and business
• People travel for business such as scientific expeditions, business meetings, conventions and education.
7. Friends and relatives
• People travel because they want to visit their friends and relatives; it shows their care of family and friends.
1. Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
8. Roots syndrome
• People travel to trace the root of their family or the culture of their
homeland. Pedigree research and hometown exploration are the common activities of these travellers.
9. Esteem
• Many people travel for gaining respect from others and a satisfying social status because one with plenty of travel experience and knowledge of different countries is usually admired by others.
2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals seek to satisfy lower level needs before higher level needs emerge.
• Maslow's five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour.
2. The Push and Pull Theory
People travel because they are:
1. Pushed into making travel decisions by internal, psychological forces
• Personality traits or individual needs and wants which encourage individuals to move away from their home setting through tourism
1. Pulled by the external forces of the destination attributes
• The appealing attributes of travel destinations which attract or ‘pull’ individuals towards it
Form of Travel
旅遊的形式
1. Leisure Tourism
• Can be divided into two forms 1. Relaxation
• destination can be attractive scenery or sun, sea and sand
• E.g. Pattaya in Thailand Bondi Beach in Australia 2. Sightseeing
• travel around sightseeing and staying in different places
• a desire for self-education and for self-esteem
2. Business Tourism
• Purposes of travelling is for business ONLY
• Trading,
• MICE activities
• Relatively price-inelastic
• Destination are mainly urban-oriented and not tourist destination, not affected by seasonal factors
• Like usual tourist to purchase similar tourism products (Air ticket and accommodations)
• Trips are relatively short but frequent
• May require different services, e.g. secretarial or banking service
• Generally receive, a higher standard of service. E.g. taking business class when travelling
3. Cultural Tourism
• Travel to learn and experience the culture (knowledge and ideas) of the destination
• Experiential in nature
• Types of cultural attractions can be various
• concrete attractions, like museums
• Cultural performance, like performing arts, parade
and cuisines
4. Eco-tourism
• Travel to natural areas
• Aware the damage and minimize their impact on the environment
• Characterized as a force for conservation and preservation of nature
• Authority offer tour guides to educate tourists and modify their behavior
• Examples:
• Birdwatching for conservation organized by WWF-HK in Mai Po Nature Reserve
• Visit injured turtle in Cairns Turtle Rehabilitation Centre in Australia
5. Study Tourism
• Travel to the other countries for further education
• The duration can be various, from half-day course to summer holiday study tours
• Having multiple-identity
• E.g. “part-time” leisure tourist in break time
6. Religious Tourism
• Being motivated by their religious beliefs
• Long tradition in destinations of religious pilgrimages (Holy Cities)
• Examples:
• Muslims to Mecca
• Jerusalem/Rome for Christians
• Potala Palace in Tibet
7. Health Tourism
• Travel for medical reasons
1. Use of medical treatment
• Surgical operations
• Dentistry
2. Use of healthcare services
• Spas
• Yoga class
• Meditation and mindfulness class
8. Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)
• Travel for visiting friends and relatives
• Do not need some usual tourism products, like accommodations and Food and beverage services in the destinations
• Staying in where friends or relatives live, which usually are “non-tourist”
areas
9. Sports Tourism
• Travel for sports
1. Direct participation
• Joining Boston Marathon
• Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMA)
• Huan-Dao – Cycling around the island Taiwan
2. Indirect participation
• Watching sports game
• Olympic Games in Tokyo
• Grand Prix Forumla 1 in Singapore
• Rugby Sevens in Hong Kong
Tourism Products and Destination Planning
旅遊產品及目的地規畫
Butler’s Destination Life Cycle (旅遊目的地的生命週期 )
1. Exploration- The area remains unspoilt and tourist facilities are minimal. The area attracts few visitors.
2. Involvement- Additional facilities are provided by locals and small businesses. A tourist season will start to be recognized.
3. Development- The area is now acknowledged as a tourist destination. The host country may start to actively advertise and develop the area.
4. Consolidation- The area retains its visitor numbers, although increase in tourists may not be as rapid as before. Tensions may develop between the locals and the tourists.
5. Stagnation- The resort may show a decline in facilities, and therefore a decline in tourist
numbers. This is often down to facilities becoming outdated and run-down, and receiving little maintenance.
6. Rejuvenation- The area may receive funding or invest in itself in order to rejuvenate and gain back its image. Visitor numbers may start to increase again.
7. Decline- The area will continue to decline. The tourism industry will decrease, resulting in job losses. The overall image of the destination will be negatively impacted.
The Application of the Destination Life Cycle in Tourism Planning (產品生命週期之應用)
• Effective destination planning can be used to balance the economic opportunities with the cultural and natural sensitiveness of the area Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
Economic Viable
Socially and Culturally Acceptable
Technology Appropriate Environmentally
Sustainable
Carrying Capacity
承載力
Tourism Planning (旅遊規劃)
• The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without:
• causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment, and
• an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors‘ satisfaction
(UNWTO)
Types of Carrying Capacity (承載力的種類)
• The limit on the actual number of people that can be accommodated in an area / facility
Physical Carrying Capacity
• It is exceeded when irreparable physical damage on the environment occurred
Environmental Carrying Capacity
• It is exceeded when the visitors’ experience or enjoyment is significantly impaired
Psychological Carrying Capacity
• It is exceeded when the local communities’ economy is adversely affected
Economical Carrying Capacity
• It is exceeded when tourism activities cause substantial damage to the society or its culture
Social-cultural Carrying
Capacity
Tourist’s Codes of Behaviour
旅客的行為守則
Tourist’s Code of Behaviour (旅客應有的行為表現)
As a tourists, should take an active role in behaving
themselves in order to achieve mutual tolerance and learn about the legitimate differences between peoples,
cultures and their diversity.
(Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, UNWTO)
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (全球旅遊業道德標準 )
Open your mind to other cultures and traditions
Open
Respect human rights
Respect
Help preserve natural environments
Help
Respect cultural resources
Respect
Your trip can contribute to economic and social development
Contribute
Make sure that your specific requirements can be fulfilled
Make
Learn as much as possible about your destination
Learn
Familiarize yourself with the laws in the destination
Familiarize
