Multi-representation Instructional Strategy In Teaching the Concepts of Convection

( )

(

) ( )

( ) 95

( ANCOVA) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )

The Effects of Applying Reciprocal

Multi-representation Instructional Strategy In Teaching the Concepts of Convection

Ting-jung Chiu

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of effects among applying reciprocal multi-representation instructional strategy ,

multimedia learning object display method and traditional instructional method in teaching the concepts of convection for elementary students.

The study used a quasi-experimental design. The samples were 95 students selected from three 5

grade classes of an elementary school in Ping-Tung county. The samples from three classes were randomly assigned into three groups as experimental group I (reciprocal multi-representation

instructional strategy), experimental group II (multimedia learning object display ) and control group (common instructional method). Research data were analyzed with ANCOVA . The study results were found as following:1. post-test : (1) experimental group I attained higher instructional effects than the other groups . There was no significant difference between experimental group II and control group ; (2) In

concept comprehension and life experience items, experimental group I attained higher instructional effects than the other groups. There was no significant difference between experimental group II and control group in different learning content ; (3) In low learning ability groups,

experimental group I attained higher instructional effects than the other groups. There was no significant difference between experimental group II and control group in different leaning ability;2. delayed test:

(1) experimental group I attained higher learning retention than the other

groups. There was no significant difference between experimental group II

and control group ; (2) In concept comprehension items , experimental

group I attained higher learning retention than the other groups. There was

no significant difference between experimental group II and control

group in different learning content ; (3) In low learning ability groups,

experimental group I attained higher learning retention than the other

groups. There was no significant difference between experimental group II

and control group in different leaning ability.

Key words reciprocal multi-representation instructional strategy ;

the conception of convection ; Information technology

integrated instruction

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2-11 Dick Carey 47

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materials) (Utilize Media and Materials)

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(2) (Exploration)

(3) (Explanation)

(4) (Elaboration)

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3. :

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(2006)

(2001) (Ault,1985 Heimlich

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Ordering) (Linking and Labeling) (Cross

Linking) (Examp ling) 1.

2.

(Superordinate-Subordinate Relationship)

3.

4.

5.

(2002)

(2000) (2002)

(2002)

(2003)

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( ) Ho10

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( ) Ho12

( )Ho13

( ) Ho14

( )Ho16

( ) Ho17

( )Ho18

( )Ho19

( )Ho20

( ) Ho21

( ) Ho22

( ) Ho23

( ) Ho24

( ) Ho25

( ) Ho26

( ) Ho27

( )Ho28

( ) Ho29

( )Ho30

( )Ho31

( ) Ho32

( ) Ho33

( )Ho34

( ) Ho35

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1. 2 .

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(ANOVA)

SPSS

3-2

(Nonequivalent-Contro l Group Design)

( 2006) 3-1

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O4 X2 O5 X3 O6

O7 C O8 X4 O9

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1~8 32

31 32

32 127

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( 2006 p131)

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3-3

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( )

32

3-5

9 0.56 0.42

8 0.46 0.55

8 0.6 0.47

Ebel & Frisbie(1991)

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3-6

3-6

1 0.72 0.5

2 0.66 0.38

3 0.5 0.88

4 0.72 0.38

5 0.69 0.63

6 0.72 0.25

7 0.75 0.5

( )

10 0.75 0.5

11 0.63 0.63

12 0.56 0.38

13 0.34 0.5

14 0.59 0.75

15 0.47 0.25

16 0.38 0.38

17 0.72 0.38

18 0.22 0.38

19 0.22 0.63

20 0.66 0.25

21 0.59 0.63

22 0.59 0.88

23 0.63 0.63

24 0 0

25 0.47 0.25

0.54 0.48

3-6 0.2~0.8 0.2

0.57 0.49

(2006)

( ) ( ) ( )

(1-14 ) (15-26 )

( 27-40 )

3-7

3-7 Cronbach s

3-7 Cronbach s

0.87 Cro nbach s 0. 88

Cro nbach s 0.96 Cro nbach s

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Cro nbach s

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(15-26 ) 0.88

(27-40 ) 0.96

0.96

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18.24 15.67

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Homogeneity of Within-Class

Regression Coefficient 4-2

4-2

F

14.97 2 7.483 0.049 0.952

13652.47 89 153.4

*p<0.05

4-2 F 0.049

p 0.952(p>0.05)

( )

4-3

4-3

4-3

67.38 69.9

82.38 79.52 70.84

71.19

9.62

8.33 1.29

( )

4-4

4-4

F

1661.6 2 830.8 5.532 0.005*

13667.43 91 150.19

*p<0.05

32 67.38 69.9

32 82.38 79.52

31 70.84 71.19

0.005(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4- 5

4-5 LSD

---- 0.003* 0.677

0.003* ---- 0.009*

0.677 0.009* ----

*p<0.05

4-5 p 0.003(<0. 05)

p 0.009(<0.05)

p 0.677(>0.05)

(ANCOVA)

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Co efficient 4-6

4-6

F

33.17 2 16.58 0.473 0.625

3120.85 89 35.07

*p<0.05

4-6 F 0.473

p 0.625(p>0.05)

( )

4-7

4-7

19.75

25.5 21.03

5.75

4.47 1.28

8.12 6.16

7.08

19.75 20.79

25.5

24.32 21.03

21.18

3.53

3.14 0.39

( )

4-8

32 19.75 8.12 20.79

32 25.5 6.16 24.32

31 21.03 7.08 21.18

4-8

F

227. 59 2 113.795 3.28 0.042*

3154.02 91 34.66

*p<0.05

4-8 F 3.28 p

0.042(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4- 9

4-9 LSD

---- 0.022* 0.797

0.022* ---- 0.039*

0.797 0.039* ----

*p<0.05

4-9 p 0.022(<0. 05)

p 0.039(<0.05)

p 0.797(>0.05)

(ANCOVA)

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Co efficient 4-10

4-10

F

21.99 2 11 0.335 0.716

2920.79 89 32.82

*p<0.05

4-10 F 0.335

p 0.716(p>0.05)

( )

4-11

4-11

32 25.88 7.4 26.74

32 30.62 4.94 29.64

25.88

30.62 27.61

4. 74

3.01 1.73

7.4 4.94

7.26

30.62

36 5.32 Ceiling

Effect

25.88 26.74

30.62

29.64 27.61

27.73

2.9

1.19 0.99

( )

4-12

4-12

F

131. 87 2 65.94 2.04 0.136

2942.78 91 32.34

*p<0.05

4-12 F 2.04 p

0.136(>0.05)

(ANCOVA)

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Co efficient 4-13

4-13

F

38.43 2 19.22 0.677 0.511

2524.56 89 28.37

*p<0.05

4-13 F 0.677

p 0.511(p>0.05)

( )

4-14

4-14

21.75

26.25 22.19

4.5

4.06 0.44

6.34 4.54

6.35

21.75 22.36

32 21.75 6.34 22.36

32 26.25 4.54 25.26

31 22.19 6.35 22.28

2.9

2.98 0.08

( )

4-15

4-15

F

214. 27 2 107.13 3.8 0.026*

2563 91 28.17

*p<0.05

4-15 F 3.8 p

0.026(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4-16

4-16 LSD

---- 0.021* 0.953

0.021* ---- 0.017*

0.953 0.017* ----

*p<0.05

4-16 p

0.021(<0.05)

p 0.017(<0.05)

p 0.953(>0.05)

1/2

1/2 ( )

16 ( ) 16 (

) 16 48

16 16 15 47

(ANCOVA)

Homogeneity of Within-Class Regression Coefficient

( )

4-17

4-17

F

39.78 2 19.89 0.145 0.866

5777.03 42 137.55

*p<0.05

4-17 F 0.145

p 0.866(p>0.05)

( )

4-18

4-18

77.75 88.5

79.25

16 77.75 12.56 77.67

16 88.5 7.57 87.07

16 79.25 13.87 80.75

10.75 9.25

1.5 12.56

7.57 13.87

77.75 77.67

88.5 87.07

79.25 80.75

9.4 6.32

3.08

( )

(ANCOVA) 4-19

4-19

F

680. 93 2 340.46 2.575 0.088

5816.81 44 132.2

*p<0.05

4-19 F 2.575 p

0.088(>0.05)

Ho mogeneity of Within-Class Regression Coefficient

( )

4-20

4-20

F

5.1 2 2.548 0.016 0.984

6680.93 41 162.95

*p<0.05

4-20 F 0.016

p 0.984(p>0.05)

( )

4-21

4-21

57

76.25

61.87

19.25 14.38

4.87 17.31

14.35 12.36

57 61.25

76.25 73.51

61.87 60.26

12.26 13.25

0.99

( )

16 57 17.31 61.25

16 76.25 14.35 73.51

16 61.87 12.36 60.26

4-22

F

1645.87 2 822.93 5.293 0.009*

6686.03 43 155.49

*p<0.05

4-22 F 5. 293 p

0.009(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4-23

4-23 LSD

---- 0.012* 0.833

0.012* ---- 0.005*

0.833 0.005* ----

*p<0.05

4-23 p

0.012(<0.05)

p 0.005(<0.05)

p 0.833(>0.05)

95

94 ( ) 32

( ) 32 (

) 30

(ANCOVA) SPSS12.0

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Co efficient

4-24

4-24

F

90.782 2 45.391 0.378 0.686

4-24 F 0.378 p 0.686(p>0.05)

( )

4-25

4-25

71.13

83.25

71.6

12.12 11.65

0.47 15.53

11.47 15.09

32 71.13 15.53 73.58

32 83.25 11.47 80.78

30 71.6 15.09 71.61

71.13 73.58

83.25 80.78

71.6 71.61

7.2 9.17

1.97

( )

4-26

4-26

F

1420.17 2 710.09 5.994 0.004*

10662.41 90 118.47

*p<0.05

4-26 F 5. 994 p

0.004(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4-27

4-27 LSD

---- 0.012* 0.481

0.012* ---- 0.001*

0.481 0.001* ----

*p<0.05

0.012(<0.05)

p 0.001(<0.05)

p 0.481(>0.05)

(ANCOVA)

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Coefficient 4-28

4-28

F

44.23 2 22.16 0.751 0.475

2592.28 88 29.46

*p<0.05

4-28 F 0.751

p 0.475(p>0.05)

( )

4-29

4-29

19.87 24.63 20

32 19.87 6.93 20.7

32 24.63 5.48 23.8

30 20 6.03 20.01

4.63 0.13 6.93

5.48 6.03

19.87 20.7

24.63 23.8

20.01 21.18

3.1

3.79 0.69

( )

4-30

4-30

F

249. 03 2 124.52 4.251 0.017*

2636.51 90 29.3

*p<0.05

4-30 F 4.251 p

0.017(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4-31

4-31 LSD

---- 0.028* 0.618

0.028* ---- 0.007*

0.618 0.007* ----

*p<0.05

4-31 p

0.028(<0.05)

p 0.007(<0.05)

p 0.618(>0.05)

(ANCOVA)

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Coefficient 4-32

4-32

F

61.53 2 75.47 1.251 0.291

2142.38 88 24.35

*p<0.05

4-32 F 1.251

p 0.291(p>0.05)

( )

4-33

4-33

26.87 31.13 27.47

4.26

32 26.87 7.06 27.74

32 31.13 3.33 30.25

30 27.47 6.62 27.47

3.66 0.6 7.06

3.33 6.62

26.87 27.74

31.13 30.25

27.47 27.47

2.51

2.78 0.27

( )

4-34

4-34

F

143. 42 2 71.71 2.9 0.06

2225.16 90 24.72

*p<0.05

4-34 F 2.9 p

0.06(>0.05)

(ANCOVA)

( )

Homogeneity o f Within-Class Regression Coefficient 4-36

4-35

F

150.94 2 75.47 3.1 0.050

2142.38 88 24.35

*p<0.05

4-35 F 3.1

p 0.050 0.050

p>0.05

( )

4-36

4-36

24.37 27.5 24.13

3.13

3.37 0.24

5.17 5.63

6.52

24.37 25.14

27.5 26.73

24.13 24.14

1.59

2.59 1

( )

32 24.37 5.17 25.14

32 27.5 5.63 26.73

30 24.13 6.52 24.14

4-37

F

104. 11 2 52.05 2.04 0.136

2293.32 90 25.48

*p<0.05

4-37 F 2.04 p

0.136(>0.05)

1/2 1/2 (

) 16 ( )

16 ( ) 15

47 16 16

15 47

(ANCOVA)

Homogeneity of Within-Class Regression Coefficient

( )

4-38

4-38

F

244.73 2 122.36 1.554 0.224

3228.73 41 78.75

*p<0.05

4-39 F 1.554

p 0.224(p>0.05)

( )

4-39

4-39

16 81.25 9.77 81.45

16 89.25 3.79 87.86

81.25

89.25

79.20

8 10.05

2.05 9.77

3.79 1 2.21

81.25 81.45

89.25 87.86

79.2 80.47

6.41 7.39

0.98

( )

(ANCOVA) 4-40

4-40

F

425. 21 2 212.6 2.632 0.084

3473.46 43 80.78

*p<0.05

4-40 F 2.632 p

0.084(>0.05)

Ho mogeneity of Within-Class Regression Coefficient

( )

4-41

4-41

F

636.35 2 18.17 2.293 0.114

5689.89 41 138.78

*p<0.05

4-41 F 2.293

p 0.114(p>0.05)

( )

4-42

4-42

61

77.25 64

16.25 13.25

3 13.58

13.44 14.1

61 64.39

77.25 75.06

64 62.71

10.67 12.35

1.68

( )

4-43

16 61 13.58 64.39

16 77.25 13.44 75.06

15 64 14.1 62.71

4-43

F

1361.03 2 680.52 4.626 0.015*

6326.24 43 147.12

*p<0.05

4-43 F 4. 626 p

0.015(<0.05) LSD

(Fisher s Least Significant Difference) 4-45

4-44 LSD

---- 0.024* 0.714

0.024* ---- 0.007*

0.714 0.007* ----

*p<0.05

4-44 p

0.024(<0.05)

p 0.007(<0.05)

p 0.714(>0.05)

19

32 32 30

(ANOVA)

( )

4-45

4-45

(%)

1. 28.1 46.9 25 0 0 4.03 0.740

53.1 18.8 28.1 0 0 4.25 0.88

50 36.7 13.3 0 0 4.37 0.718

2. 34.4 40.6 21.9 3.1 0 4.06 0.840

37.5 31.3 31.3 0 0 4.06 0.840

53.3 33.3 13.3 0 0 4.4 0.724

3. 18.8 53.1 25 3.1 0 3.88 0.751

25 53.1 15.6 6.3 0 3.97 0.822

36.7 30 33.3 0 0 4.03 0.85

4. 28.1 46.9 18.8 6.3 0 3.97 0.861

40.6 28.1 28.1 3.1 0 4.06 0.914

43.3 40 16.7 0 0 4.27 0.74

5. 18.8 46.9 31.3 3.1 0 3.81 0.78

31.3 25 48.3 0 0 3.88 0.871

26.7 46.7 26.7 0 0 4.00 0.743

6. 40.6 40.6 15.6 3.1 0 4.19 0.821

62.5 12.5 18.8 3.1 3.1 4.28 1.085

53.3 26.7 20 0 0 4.33 0.802

7. 25 28.1 43.8 3.1 0 3.75 0.88

37.5 18.8 37.5 3.1 3.1 3.84 1.081

33.3 33.3 33.3 0 0 4 0.83

8. 10 23.3 50 10 6.7 3.20 0.997

29 32.3 25.8 6.5 6.5 3.71 1.16 26.7 30 36.7 6.7 0 3.77 0.935

(%)

9. 18.8 15.6 50 9.4 6.3 3.31 1. 091

25 25 28.1 15.6 6.3 3.47 1. 218 26.7 23.3 46.7 3.3 0 3.73 0. 907

10.

46.9 21.9 25 3.1 3.1 4.06 1. 076 54.8 19.4 16.1 3.2 6.5 4.13 1. 204

50 23.3 23.3 3.3 0 4.2 0. 925

11.

31.3 37.5 18.8 9.4 3.1 3.84 1. 081 68.8 6. 3 18.8 6.3 0 4.38 1. 008

56.7 23.3 20 0 0 4.37 0. 809

12. 12.5 34.4 46.9 6.3 0 3.53 0. 803

21.9 37.5 37.5 3.1 0 3.78 0. 832

26.7 26.7 46.7 0 0 3.8 0. 847

13. 19.4 16.1 45.2 12.9 6.5 3.29 1. 131

38.7 22.6 32.3 0 6.5 3.87 1. 147

26.7 20 43.3 10 0 3.8 0. 999

14.

25 15.6 34.4 18.8 6.3 3.34 1. 234 43.8 12.5 37.5 3.1 3.1 3.91 1. 118 26.7 23.3 43.3 6.7 0 3.7 0. 952 25.55 33.39 32.26 6. 55 2. 29 3.73

40.68 24.51 28.84 3. 81 2. 51 3.97 38.34 29.76 29.76 2. 14 0. 00 4.06

3.73 3.97 4.06

3.2~4.19 3.47~4.25 3.73~4.4

0.74~1.234

0.822~1.218 0.718~0.999

( ) (ANOVA)

4-46

4-46

F

1. 1.56 2 0.78 1.23 0. 298

48.33 76 0.64

2. 4.43 2 2.21 3.48 0.036*

48.43 76 0.64

3. 0.29 2 0.14 0.20 0. 820

54.60 76 0.72

4. 2.01 2 1.01 1.39 0. 255

54.88 76 0.72

5. 0.79 2 0.39 0.62 0. 542

48.40 76 0.64

6. 0.98 2 0.49 0.56 0. 572

65.96 76 0.87

7. 0.83 2 0.42 0.45 0. 638

70.03 76 0.92

8. 4.54 2 2.27 1.99 0. 144

86.95 76 1.14

9. 3.72 2 1.86 1.53 0. 222

F

10. 1.12 2 0.56 0.49 0.616

87.74 76 1.15

11. 4.93 2 2.46 2.80 0.067

66.97 76 0.88

12. 1.17 2 0.59 0.77 0.465

57.54 76 0.76

13. 1.98 2 0.99 0.80 0.451

93.39 76 1.23

14. 3.98 2 1.99 1.60 0.209

94.63 76 1.25

14.58 1 14.58 0.21 0.647

3914.3

0 57 68.67

*p<0.05

(F=0.21 p=0.647) p

0.05

( )

(F=3.94, p=0.024)

LSD 4-47

4-47 LSD

---- 0.488 0.061

0.488 ---- 0.014*

0.061 0.014* ----

*p<0.05

4-48 p 0.014(<0.05)

p 0.061(>0.05) p 0.488(>0.05)

( )

19

4-48

4-48

(%)

15. 16.1 58.1 25.8 0 0 3.90 0.651

34.4 34.4 28.1 3. 1 0 4.00 0.88

36.7 43.3 20 0 0 4.17 0.747

16. 56.3 34.4 9.4 0 0 4.47 0.671

71.9 12.5 9.4 3. 1 3.1 4.47 1.016

53.3 40 6.7 0 0 4.47 0.629

17. 50 37.5 12.5 0 0 4.38 0.707

65.6 18.8 15.6 0 0 4.5 0.762

56.7 33.3 10 0 0 4.47 0.681

18. 31.3 43.8 25 0 0 4.06 0.759

25 37.5 34.4 3. 1 0 3.84 0.847 34.5 41.4 20.7 3. 4 0 4.07 0.842

19. 0 9.4 40.6 15.6 34.4 3.75 1.047

3.3 0 20 23.3 53.3 4.23 1.006 0 3.4 20.7 41.4 34.5 4.21 .861

20. 21.9 40.6 21.9 3. 1 12.5 3.56 1.243

22.6 29 35.5 12.9 0 3.61 .989 34.5 27.6 34.5 3. 4 0 3.93 0.923

21. 21.9 34.4 40.6 3. 1 0 3.72 0.924

41.9 25.8 25.8 3. 2 3.2 4.00 1.065

53.3 30 16.7 0 0 4.37 0.765

22. 34.4 12.5 43.8 9. 4 0 3.72 1.054

32.3 29 29 6. 5 3.2 3.81 1.078

40 36.7 20 3. 3 0 4.13 0.86

(%)

23. 15.6 21.9 59.4 3.1 0 3.50 0.803

25 28.1 40.6 3.1 3.1 3.69 0.998

26.7 23.3 50 0 0 3.77 0.858

24. 25.8 22.6 48.4 3.2 0 3.71 0.902

18.8 15.6 59.4 3.1 3.1 3.44 0.848

33.3 30 36.7 0 0 3.97 0.858

25. 43.8 28.1 21.9 6.3 0 4.09 0.963

62.5 15.6 12.5 6.3 3.1 4.28 1.114

55.2 27.6 17.2 0 0 4.38 0.775

26. 25 31.3 37.5 3.1 3.1 3.72 0.991

46.9 21.9 28.1 0 3.1 4.09 1.027 56.7 16.7 23.3 3.3 0 4.27 0.944 28.51 31.22 32.23 3.91 4.17 3.88 37.52 22.35 28.20 5.64 6.27 4.00 40.08 29.44 23.04 4.57 2.88 4.18

4-48

3.88 4 4.18

3.5~4.47 3.44~4.5 3.77~4.47

0.615~1.243

0.762~1.114 0.629~0.944

)

( )

4-50

4-49

F

15. 1.06 2 0.53 0.90 0.412

44.89 76 0.59

16. 0.09 2 0.05 0.07 0.932

51.50 76 0.68

17. 0.24 2 0.12 0.21 0.810

43.13 76 0.57

18. 0.96 2 0.48 0.66 0.519

55.04 76 0.72

19. 3.34 2 1.67 1.69 0.192

75.34 76 0.99

20. 3.45 2 1.72 1.54 0.222

85.26 76 1.12

21. 7.42 2 3.71 3.94 0.024

71.57 76 0.94

22. 5.24 2 2.62 2.56 0.084

77.62 76 1.02

23. 0.89 2 0.44 0.52 0.595

64.56 76 0.85

F

24. 3.73 2 1.86 2.11 0.129

67.21 76 0.88

25. 1.50 2 0.75 0.78 0.461

72.81 76 0.96

26. 4.74 2 2.37 2.45 0.093

73.64 76 0.97

56.57 1 56.57 1.26 0.266

2552.

11 57 44.77

*p<0.05

4-49 (F=1.26 p=0.266)

p 0.05

( )

LSD 4-50

4-50 LSD

---- 0.66 0.01*

0.66 ---- 0.038*

0.01 0.038* ----

4-50 p 0.01(<0.05)

p 0.038(<0.05) p

0.66(>0.05)

(

) 4.47

,

4.5 0.03 F

0.07 p 0.932

( )

4-51

4-51

(%)

27. N N N N N N N

68.8 12.5 15.6 0 3.1 4.44 0.982

63.3 23.3 13.3 0 0 4.5 0.731

28. N N N N N N N

48.4 35.5 12.9 0 3.2 4.26 0.93 56.7 33.3 6.7 3.3 0 4.43 0.774

29. N N N N N N N

40.6 31.3 25 0 3.1 4.06 0.982

36.7 50 13.3 0 0 4.23 0.679

30. N N N N N N N

53.1 18.8 18.8 3.1 6.2 4.09 1.201 26.7 46.7 23.3 3.3 0 3.97 0.809

31. N N N N N N N

53.1 18.8 18.8 3.1 6.30 4.09 1.201

40 23.3 36.7 0 0 4.03 0.89

32. N N N N N N N

59.4 18.8 18.8 0 3.1 4.31 0.998 46.7 23.3 23.3 3.3 3.3 4.07 1.081

33. N N N N N N N

46.9 18.8 28.1 3.1 3.1 4.03 1.092 33.3 30 33.3 3.3 0 3.93 0.907

34. N N N N N N N

54.8 25.8 16.1 0 3.2 4.29 0.973 46.7 20 26.7 6.7 0 4.07 1.015

(%)

35. N N N N N N N

46.9 31.3 15.6 3.1 3. 1 4.16 1.019

40 30 26.7 3.3 0 4.07 0.907

36. N N N N N N N

43.8 9.4 31.3 0 15.6 3.66 1. 45

40 30 16.7 13.3 0 3.97 1.066

37. N N N N N N N

25 18.8 40.6 6.3 9. 4 3.44 1.216 34.5 13.8 41.4 6.9 3. 4 3.69 1.137

38. N N N N N N N

46.9 25 21.9 3.1 3. 1 4.09 1.058

60 20 20 0 0 4.4 0.814

39. N N N N N N N

40.6 12.5 43.8 0 3. 1 3.88 1.070

40 46.7 13.3 0 0 4.27 0.691

40. N N N N N N N

56.3 18.8 15.6 6.3 3. 1 4.19 1.12 60 10 23.3 3.3 3. 3 4.20 1.126

N N N N N N

48.90 21.15 23.06 2.01 4.91 4.07 44.61 28.60 22.71 3.34 0.71 4.13

4-51

4.07 4.13

3.44~4.44 3.69~4.5 (

) (

) 0.93~1.45 0.679~1.126

( )

4-52

4-52

F

27. 0. 00 1 0.00 0.01 0.943

42.71 57 0.75

28. 0. 19 1 0.19 0.26 0.610

41.33 57 0.73

29. 0. 45 1 0.45 0.62 0.433

41.18 57 0.72

30. 0. 80 1 0.80 0.89 0.349

51.37 57 0.90

31. 0. 25 1 0.25 0.25 0.616

56.66 57 0.99

32. 0. 77 1 0.77 0.75 0.389

58.41 57 1.02

33. 0. 15 1 0.15 0.15 0.704

58.83 57 1.03

34. 0. 39 1 0.39 0.41 0.524

*p<0.05

(F=0.02 p=0.89)

p 0.05

F

35. 0. 25 1 0.25 0.28 0.596

50.66 57 0.89

36. 0. 80 1 0.80 0.51 0.477

89.37 57 1.57

37. 0. 97 1 0.97 0.68 0.414

81.57 57 1.43

38. 0. 89 1 0.89 0.97 0.328

52.29 57 0.92

39. 1. 73 1 1.73 2.07 0.156

47.66 57 0.84

40. 0. 01 1 0.01 0.01 0.926

0. 00 1 0.00 0.01 0.943

1. 99 1 1.99 0.02 0.890

5869.6

3 57 102.98

( ) Ho1

p 0.009(<0.05) ( 4-5)

Ho1

( ) Ho2

p

0.003(<0.05) ( 4-5)

Ho2

( )Ho3

Ho3

( ) Ho4

p 0.039(<0.05) (

4-9)

Ho4

( )Ho5

p 0.022(<0.05) ( 4-9)

Ho5

( )Ho6

p

0.797(>0.05) ( 4-9)

Ho6

( )Ho7

( )Ho8

( ) Ho9

F 2.04 p 0.136(>0.05) ( 4-12)

Ho7 Ho8 Ho9

( ) Ho10

p 0.017(<0.05) (

4-16)

( )Ho11

p 0.021(<0.05) ( 4-16)

Ho11

( ) Ho12

p

0.953 (>0.05) ( 4-16)

Ho12

( )Ho13

( ) Ho14

( ) Ho15

F 2.575 p 0.088(>0.05)

Ho13 Ho14 Ho15

( )Ho16

p 0.005 (<0.05) ( 4-23)

Ho16

( ) Ho17

p

0.012 (<0.05) ( 4-23)

Ho17

( )Ho18

p

Ho18

( )Ho19

p 0.001 (<0.05) ( 4-27)

Ho19

( )Ho20

p 0.012

(<0.05) ( 4-27)

Ho20

( ) Ho21

p 0.481 (>0.05)

( 4-27)

( ) Ho22

p 0.007 (<0.05) (

4-31)

Ho22

( ) Ho23

p 0.028 (<0.05) ( 4-31)

Ho23

( ) Ho24

Ho24

( )

( ) Ho26

( ) Ho27

F 2.9 p 0.06(>0.05) ( 4-34)

Ho25 Ho26 Ho27

( )Ho28

( ) Ho29

( )Ho30

F 2.04 p 0.136(>0.05) ( 4-37)

Ho28 Ho29 Ho30

( )Ho31

( ) Ho32

( ) Ho33

F 2. 632 p 0.084(>0.05) ( 4-40)

Ho31 Ho32 Ho33

( )Ho34

Ho34

( ) Ho35

p

0.024 (<0.05) ( 4-44)

Ho35

( )Ho36

p

0.714 (>0.05) ( 4-44)

Ho36

( )Ho37

( )Ho38

( )Ho39

F 0.21

p 0.647(>0.05) ( 4-46)

Ho37 Ho38 Ho39

( )Ho40

( )Ho41

( )Ho42

F 1.26

p 0.266 (>0.05) ( 4-49)

Ho40 Ho41 Ho42

( )Ho43

F 0.02 p 0.89(>0.05) (

Ho43 4-53

4-53 Ho

Ho Ho1

Ho2

Ho3

Ho4

Ho5

Ho6

Ho7

Ho8

Ho9

Ho10

Ho11