Discovering Computers 2011

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Living in a Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2011

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Objectives Overview

Differentiate between machine and assembly languages

Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming languages, and describe the features of C and COBOL Identify and discuss the characteristics of these object-oriented programming languages and program

Identify the uses of other programming languages and program Describe various ways to develop Web pages

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13

See Page 663 2

for Detailed Objectives

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Objectives Overview

Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs List the six steps in the program development life cycle

Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design

Explain the basic control structures and design tools used in designing solutions to programming problems

See Page 663 3

for Detailed Objectives

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Computer Programs

and Programming Languages

• A computer program is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks

– Created by a programmer using a programming language

Pages 664 – 665 4 Figure 13-1

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Low-Level Languages

• Machine language is the first generation of programming languages

• Only language the computer directly recognizes

Page 665 5 Figure 13-2

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Low-Level Languages

• Assembly language is the second generation of

programming languages

• Programmer writes instructions using

symbolic instruction codes

• A source program contains the code to be converted to machine language

Pages 665 – 666 6 Figure 13-3

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Procedural Languages

• In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to

accomplish and how to do it

– Third-generation language (3GL)

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A compiler translates an entire program before executing it

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Procedural Languages

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Figures 13-4 – 13-5

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Procedural Languages

• The C programming language is used to write many of today’s programs

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click C below Chapter 13

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Procedural Languages

• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is designed for business applications, but easy to

read because of the English-like statements

Pages 668 – 669 10 Figure 13-7

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing

objects

• Other advantages include:

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Objects can be reused

Programmers create applications faster Work well in a

Most program development tools are

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

• Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems

• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode into machine-dependent code

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Java Platforms

below Chapter 13

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type of program to run on the Internet or an

internal business network, as well as computers and mobile devices

• Features include:

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CLR (Common Language Runtime)

Classes

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

• C++ is an extension of the C programming language

• C# is based on C++ and was developed by

Microsoft

• F# combines the

benefits of an object- oriented language with those of a functional language

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

Visual Studio

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

Pages 671 – 672 16 Figure 13-10

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Visual Studio Tools for Office

below Chapter 13

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

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Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools

• PowerBuilder is a powerful program

development RAD tool

• Best suited for Web- based, .NET, and large- scale enterprise object- oriented applications

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Other Programming Languages and Development Tools

• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a

nonprocedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a database

– One popular 4GL is SQL

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Other Programming Languages and Development Tools

• Classic programming languages include:

Ada ALGOL APL BASIC Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP

Logo

Modula-2 Pascal PILOT PL/1 Prolog RPG

Smalltalk

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Other Programming Languages and Development Tools

• An application generator is a program that creates

source code or machine code from a specification of the required functionality

– Often bundled as part of a DBMS

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Other Programming Languages and Development Tools

• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an application how to complete a task

• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:

– Record the macro with a macro recorder – Write the macro

Pages 676 - 677 23

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Macros below Chapter 13

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Other Programming Languages and Development Tools

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Web Page Development

• HTML is a special formatting language that programmers use to format documents for display on the Web

• XHTML is a markup language that allows Web sites to be

displayed more easily on mobile devices

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Web Page Development

• XML allows Web developers to create customized tags and use predefined tags to display content appropriately on various devices

– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages for microbrowsers

• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM

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click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click XML below Chapter 13

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Web Page Development

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Web Page Development

• Web browsers can execute short programs to add interactive elements to Web pages

• To send and receive information between your computer and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common gateway interface)

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Scripts Applets Servlets

ActiveX controls

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Web Page Development

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Web Page Development

• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls using a variety of languages

Pages 682 - 683 30

JavaScript Perl

PHP Rexx Tcl

VBScript

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click PHP below Chapter 13

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Web Page Development

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Web Page Development

Dynamic HTML

Page 683 32

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Cascading Style

Sheets

below Chapter 13

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Web Page Development

• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for users to:

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Share personal information

Allow users to modify Web site content

Have application software built into the site

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Web Page Development

• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs

– An API enables programmers to interact with an

environment such as a Web site or operating system

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click APIs below Chapter 13

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Web Page Development

• Web page authoring software can create

sophisticated Web pages that include images, video, audio, animation, and other effects

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Dreamweaver Expression Web Flash

SharePoint Designer

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Multimedia Program Development

• Multimedia authoring software allows programmers to combine text, graphics,

animation, audio, and video in an interactive presentation

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ToolBook

Director

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Multimedia Program Development

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Program Development

• Program development consists of a series of steps programmers use to build computer programs

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Step 1 – Analyze Requirements

• To initiate program development, programmer:

– Reviews the requirements

– Meets with the systems analyst and users – Identifies input, processing, and output

• IPO chart

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• Design a solution algorithm

• In structured design, the programmer typically begins with a general design and moves toward a more detailed design

• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show program modules graphically

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Step 2 – Design Solution

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• With object-oriented (OO) design, the

programmer packages the data and the

program into a single object

– Encapsulation

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Object-Oriented Design

below Chapter 13

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• The sequence control structure shows one or more actions following each other in order

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• The selection control structure tells the

program which action to take, based on a certain condition

– If-then-else – Case

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Step 2 – Design Solution

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• The repetition control structure enables a program to perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a certain condition is met

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Figures 13-30 – 13-31

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify and update flowcharts

– SmartDraw – Visio

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Flowcharting Software below Chapter 13

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• Pseudocode uses a condensed form of English to convey program logic

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Step 2 – Design Solution

• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been adopted as a standard notation for object modeling and development

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Step 3 – Validate Design

• Check for logic errors using test data

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Step 4 – Implement Design

• Implementation of the design includes using a program development tool that assists the

programmer by:

– Generating or providing some or all code

– Writing the code that translates the design into a computer program

– Creating the user interface

• Extreme programming is a strategy where

programmers immediately begin coding and testing solutions as soon as requirements are defined

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Step 5 – Test Solution

The goal of program testing is to ensure the program runs correctly and is error free

Pages 695 - 696 53

click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Beta Testers

below Chapter 13

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Step 6 – Document Solution

• In documenting the solution, the programmer performs two activities:

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Review the program code

Review all the documentation

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