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12 量子物理

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(1)

12 量子物理

(2)

Sections

1. Photon and Matter Waves 2. Compton Effect

3. Light as a Probability Wave 4. Electrons and Matter Waves 5. Schrodinger’s Equation

6. Waves on Strings and Matter Waves 7. Trapping an Electron

8. Three Electron Traps 9. The Hydrogen Atom

(3)

12-1 Photon and Matter Waves (光子和物質波)

• Light Waves and Photons

s J 10

63 .

6

) energy photon

(

34

h

hf E

f c

(4)

The Photoelectric Effect

光電效應

(5)

First Experiment (adjusting V)–

the stopping potential Vstop

•Second Experiment (adjusting f)–

the cutoff frequency f0

stop

max

eV

K

The experiment

光電子的最大動能與 光強度無關

低於截止頻率時即使光再 強也不會有光電效應

(6)

The plot of V

stop

against f

stop ( )h

V f

e e

(7)

The Photoelectric Equation

s J 10

6 . 6

) (

34 stop

max

 

h

f e e

V h

K

hf Work

function

(8)

12-2 Compton Effect

momentum) (photon

h c

phf

(9)

康 普 吞 效 應 實 驗 圖表

(10)

康普吞效應圖示

(11)

mv p

h p

h mc h

mc f

h hf

mc K

K f

h hf

e

X  

 

/

) 1 (

) 1 (

) 1 (

2

2

Energy and momentum conservation

(12)

) cos

1 (

sin sin

0

cos cos

 

 

mc h h mv

h mv h

Frequency shift

Compton wavelength

(13)

12-3 Light as a Probability Wave

The standard version

(14)

The single-photon, double-slit experiment is a phenomenon which is impossible,

absolutely impossible to explain in any

classical way, and which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics - Richard Feynman

The Single-Photon Version

First by Taylor in 1909

(15)

The Single-Photon, Wide- Angle Version (1992)

50μm

(16)

Light is generated in the source as photons

Light is absorbed in the detector as photons

Light travels between source and detector as a probability wave

The postulate

(17)

12-4 Electrons and Matter Waves

p

h

•The de Broglie wave length

•Experimental verification in 1927

•Iodine molecule beam in 1994

(18)

1989 double-slit experiment

7,100,3000, 20,000 and 70,000 electrons

(19)

Experimental Verifications

X-ray Electron

beam

(20)

苯 環 的 中 子 繞射

(21)

12-5 Schrodinger’s Equation

Matter waves and the wave function

•The probability (per unit time) is 

t

e

i

z y

x t

z y

x , , , ) ( , , )

(

2

ie. *

Complex conjugate 共軛複數

(22)

The Schrodinger Equation from A Simple Wave Function

m k

m p

E

k h

p

kx B

kx A

e z

y x

t z y

x

i t

2 / 2

/ /

) cos(

) sin(

) ,

, (

) ,

, ,

(

2 2

2

(1D)

(23)

 

 

dx E d m

dx d E m

dx k d

k dx

d

kx B

kx A

2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2

2

2

2 1

1 /

) cos(

) sin(

1D Time-independent SE

(24)

2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2

2

2

2

2

2

( )

2

2 2

d E

m dx

m x y z E

m i t

V i

m t

3D Time-dependent SE

(25)

12-6 Waves on Strings and Matter

Waves

(26)

Confinement of a Wave leads to

Quantization – discrete states and discrete energies

駐波與量子化 Quantization



n= , , ,

L n v

f v n

L 01 2

2

= 2

駐波:

(27)

number

quantum :

, 3 , 2 , 1

, ) sin(

, 3 , 2 , 1 2

n

n L x

A n y

n n L

n

12-7 Trapping an Electron

For a string:

(28)

,

3 , 2 , 1

, 8

/

2 / ,

2 /

/

2 2

2

n mL

h n E

n L

mE h

p h

n

Finding the Quantized Energies of an infinitely deep potential energy well

(29)

The ground state and excited states

The Zero-Point Energy

n can’t be 0

The Energy Levels 能階

(30)

, 3 , 2 , 1

, ) (

sin

, 3 , 2 , 1

, ) sin(

, 3 , 2 , 1

, ) sin(

2 2

2

 

n L x

A n

n L x

A n

n L x

A n y

n n n

 

 

The Wave Function and Probability Density

For a string

(31)

The Probability Density

(32)

•Normalization (歸一化)

2

( ) 1 2 /

n

x dx A L



  

Correspondence principle (對應原理)

At large enough quantum numbers, the predictions of

quantum mechanics merge smoothly with those of classical physics

(33)

0 )]

( 8 [

2 2 2

2

x E

h E

m dx

d

pot

A Finite Well 有限位能井

(34)

The probability densities and energy levels

(35)

Barrier Tunneling 穿隧效應

2 2

2

8 ( )

bL m Ub E

T e k

h

Transmission coefficient

(36)

STM 掃描式穿隧顯微鏡

Piezoelectricity of quartz

(37)

12-8 Three Electron Traps

• Nanocrystallites 硒化鎘奈米晶粒 那種顏色的顆粒比較小

t t

t E

ch f

c

2 2 2

8mL h En n

(38)

A Quantum Dot An Artificial Atom

The number of electrons can be controlled

(39)

Quantum Corral

量子圍欄

(40)

12-1.9 The Hydrogen Atom

•The Energies

 ,

3 , 2 , 1

ev , 6

. 13 1

8

4 1 4

1

2 2

2 2

0 4

2

0 2

1 0

n n n

h E me

r e r

q U q

n





(41)

41

The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

39-

Fig. 39-16

Balmer’s empirical (based only on observation) formula on

absorption/emission of visible light for H

2 2

1 1 1

, for 3, 4,5, and 6

R 2 n

n

Bohr’s assumptions to explain Balmer formula 1) Electron orbits nucleus

2) The magnitude of the electron’s angular momentum L is quantized

, for 1, 2,3, L n n

(42)

42

Coulomb force attracting electron toward nucleus

Orbital Radius is Quantized in the Bohr Model

39-

1 2

2

F k q q

r

2 2

2 0

1 4

e v

F ma m

r r



 

Quantize angular momentum l : sin n

rmv rmv n v

rm

 

Substitute v into force equation:

2 0 2

2 , for 1, 2,3,

r h n n

me

r an2, for n 1, 2,3,

Where the smallest possible orbital radius (n=1) is called the Bohr radius a:

2 0 10

2 5.291772 10 m 52.92 pm a h

me

(43)

43

The total mechanical energy of the electron in H is:

Orbital Energy is Quantized

39- 2

1 2

2 2

0

1 4 E K U mv e

 r

    

Solving the F=ma equation for mv2 and substituting into the energy equation above:

2

0

1 8 E e

 r

 

Substituting the quantized form for r:

4

2 2 2

0

1 for 1, 2,3,

n 8

E me n

h n

 

18

2 2

2.180 10 J 13.60 eV

= , for 1, 2,3,

En n

n n

 

(44)

44

Energy Changes

39-

Substituting f=c/ and using the energies En allowed for H:

This is precisely the formula Balmer used to model experimental emission and absorption measurements in hydrogen! However, the premise that the electron orbits the nucleus is incorrect!

Must treat electron as matter wave.

2 2

low high

1 1 1

R n n

high low

hf   E E E

4

2 3 2 2

0 high low

1 1 1

8 me

h c n n

 

Where the Rydberg constant

4

7 -1

2 3 0

1.097373 10 m 8

R me

h c

(45)

氫 原 子 能 階 與 光 譜線

(46)

Schrödinger’s Equation and the Hydrogen Atom

Fig. 39-17   2

4 0

U r e

 r

(47)

radius) (Bohr

pm 29

. 5 ) 1

(

2 0 2

/ 2

/ 3

me a h

a e

r

r a

 

The Ground State Wave Function

(48)

Quantum Numbers for the Hydrogen Atom

For ground state, since n=1→ l=0 and ml =0

(49)

The Ground State Dot Plot

(50)

50

Fig. 39-21

Wave Function of the Hydrogen Atom’s Ground State

Fig. 39-20 39-

 

2 r

Probability of finding electron within a small volume at a given position

Probability of finding electron within a within a small distance from a given radius

 

P r

(51)

氫原子的量子數

(52)

N=2, l=0, m

l

=0

(53)

N=2, l=1

(54)

54

As the principal quantum number increases,

electronic states appear more like classical orbits.

Hydrogen Atom States with n>>1

39-

Fig. 39-25 P r  for n 45,   n 1 44

(55)

參考文獻

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