中華大學碩士論文

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中華大學碩士論文

Peunayong 地區做為商業中心的復甦與再生之研究

Revitalization/Regeneration of Peunayong Area as

Central Business District (CBD)

系所別：建築與都市計畫學系碩士班

學號姓名：M09905033 Desi Safriana (李岱稀) 指導教授：胡太山博士

中華民國 102 年 6 月

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摘要

Peunayong地區的重建，一直被視為是都市中心地區復甦再生的主要議題；因為這個地區被認為是班達亞齊市(Banda Aceh)的商業中心，其能夠維持亞齊人(Aceh)的經濟成長，在此背景下，Peunayong市區明顯需要如此的復甦/再生。在2011年該地區的重建計畫推動中，市政府已提出一個重建核心地區和濱河地區的規劃案。然而，

該計畫由於一些阻礙而未能徹底施行，因此，為了達到Peunayong地區復甦的目標，

首先必須先釐清基地特性和阻力因素；接著為適當的研提解決問題而確立本研究議題。於是為提出重建工作上嶄新的構思，本研究的目的在於確立策略和概念設計，

並基於調查結果，研提一些策略，其中包括無形和有形的改善，除此之外，同時也提出了未來發展的建議。本研究結果，期望能夠做為政府在實行班達亞齊市商業中心的Peunayong地區之復甦工作上參酌。

關鍵字：復甦、 Peunayong、商業中心、發展

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ABSTRACT

The redevelopment of the Peunayong area has been a primary concern in revitalizing urban areas in Banda Aceh. The Peunayong Downtown area is in need of rejuvenation because this area considered as the Central Business District (CBD) of Banda Aceh city which in turn supports the economic growth of Acehnese people. In 2011 redevelopment plans for the area were begun; the City Government proposed to redevelop both the core area and its riverfront. However, the program was not implemented successfully due to several obstacles. Therefore, in order to accomplish the goal of revitalizing the Peunayong area, the authors must first identify site problems and inhibiting factors, and then determine research questions to address the issues properly.

The purpose of this thesis is to define the strategy and conceptual design to recommend new design that should be included in the redevelopment effort. Based o n research findings it has found several strategies that include non-physical and physical improvement. Furthermore, recommendations for future development are also provided. It is expected that this thesis could contribute to the government’s revitalization efforts in the Peunayong area.

Key words: Revitalization, Peunayong, Central Business District, Development

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge all the teachers and professors in Aceh and Taiwan. To my parents, A. Gani Hanafiah MR and Sakdiah MS, I cannot possibly thank you enough for all that you’ve done to help me find my way. Also to family members who inspired me to continue my education, I thank them for their steadfast support through it all. My deepest appreciation goes to my husband, Dody Noris. His belief in me has undoubtedly helped me achieve this goal. He has been my unending support and has shared in all my emotions.

Special thanks to the Government of Aceh who has supported my pursuit of a master degree and also ESIT for their kind assistance. I wish to thank my supervisor, Mr. Hu, Tai Shan and Mr. Li, Shao Fu for their valuable guidance and helpful criticism in the course of this study.

I would like to thank the respondents of the survey and government staff who were willing to spend their time being interviewed by me. I am grateful to the participants for the time taken to provide their collective insight. Without their participation, this research would not have been possible. Also to all of my friends in Aceh and Taiwan, thank you very much for your support, it was invaluable.

I dedicated this thesis as contribution to Aceh government and Aceh people in order to improve our quality of life by revitalizing Peunayong area as Central Business District.

Finally, no more word except ‘Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin’, thanks to my God Allah SWT who has given me strength to struggle in completing this thesis.

Hsincu-Taiwan, January 2013 DESI SAFRIANA (李岱稀)

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Research questions, method and research output………. 13

Table 2 Research Variables ... ………….56

Table 3 Peunayong population ... 62

Table 4 Respondent age. ….………..………. ... 70

Table 5 Respondent status... …………..71

Table 6 Area assesment ... 72

Table 7 Reorganising the area………. ... 73

Table 8 Vitality ... …………..74

Table 9 Accessibility & circulation ... 75

Table 10 Tourism potentiality. ….………..………. ... 76

Table 11 Image of the area ... …………..77

Table 12 Interview result of government ... 79

Table 13 Similarities & difference opinion between government and public………. 84

Table 14 SWOT Analysis ... 87

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Map of Aceh province………... ... 4

Figure 2 Map of Aceh province ... 5

Figure 3 Map of research area ... 5

Figure 4 Digital map of research area ………... ... 6

Figure 5 Land use map of Peunayong ... 6

Figure 6 Aerial view of research area ... 7

Figure 7 Land use plan according to the current city master plan (RTRW)……….. 8

Figure 8 Map of research area (Peunayong) ... 9

Figure 9 Zoning map of research area ... 10

Figure 10 Peunayong plaques …..………... ... 10

Figure 11 Mind map of research design ... 12

Figure 12 Research flow chart ... 14

Figure 13 Pedestrian area in New York ………... ... 21

Figure 14 Pedestrian area in Nashua, US ... 21

Figure 15 Pedestrian zone in Wiesbaden, German ... 22

Figure 16 Pedestrian mall in Charlottesville city, Virginia US ... 22

Figure 17 Chinese shop houses in Penang, Malaysia ……….23

Figure 18 Chinese Blue Mansion, Penang Malaysia ... 24

Figure 19 Chinese shop houses in Quay Bay Singapore ... 25

Figure 20 Dihua historical street in Tansui Taiwan ... 27

Figure 21 Waterfront development (Love River) in Kaohsiung Taiwan ... 28

Figure 22 Blue Print of Centennial Riverwalk, Ferndale City Washington………... 29

Figure 23 Riverwalk pedestrian, Ferndale City Washington ... 30

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Figure 24 Maple Street Plaza Design and Maple Street Planting plan ... 30

Figure 25 Maple Street furniture …….………... ... 32

Figure 26 Wyandanch - existing condition... 34

Figure 27 Storefront ... 34

Figure 28 Vacancy rates 2010………... ... 35

Figure 29 Wyandach rising redevelopment plan ... 37

Figure 30 Feasibility study process ... 38

Figure 31 Land use map of St. Bernard City……….. ... 41

Figure 32 Map of St. Bernard city ... 43

Figure 33 Novato Downtown – Before awakening and after awakening ... 47

Figure 34 Streetscape before & after improvement ………... 47

Figure 35 Sidewalks – Before and after improvement ... 48

Figure 36 Horton Plaza pedestrian, San Diego, US ... 49

Figure 37 Map of Banda Aceh city ….………... ... 52

Figure 38 Digital map of Banda Aceh city ... 53

Figure 39 Map of Research area (Peunayong)... 60

Figure 40 Existing condition of Peunayong area ………... ... 63

Figure 41 Market condition…… ………... 64

Figure 42 Parking condition…… ………... ... 65

Figure 43 Pedestrian condition…… ………... ... 66

Figure 44 Traffic condition…… ………... ... 67

Figure 45 Environmental condition…… ………... ... 67

Figure 46 Historical building condition…… ………... ... 68

Figure 47 3D view of Peunayong area ... 69

Figure 48 Chart of respondents’ age ... 70

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Figure 49 Chart of respondent status ……….………... ... 71

Figure 50 Chart of area assessment ... 72

Figure 51 Chart of reorganizing the area ... 73

Figure 52 Chart of vitality ... 74

Figure 53 Chart of accessibility ... 75

Figure 54 Chart of tourism potentiality …….………... ... 76

Figure 55 Chart of image of the area... 77

Figure 56 Chart of revitalization ... 77

Figure 57 Interview with government staff ………... 78

Figure 58 Coordination chart between government, community & stakeholders ... 86

Figure 59 Existing pedestrian and proposed pedestrian expansion route ... 90

Figure 60 Typical pattern of pedestrian….………..………….. ... 90

Figure 61 Pedestrian designs standard ... 91

Figure 62 Pedestrian design ... 91

Figure 63 Existing pedestrian route and proposed pedestrian expansion route ... ... 92

Figure 64 Proposed design pedestrian ... 92

Figure 65 Proposed skywalk construction route ... 93

Figure 66 Elevator design for disabled... 94

Figure 67 Model of skywalk in Mumbai India ….………... . 94

Figure 68 Proposed design of skywalk construction... 95

Figure 69 Existing public square in Peunayong area (rex) ... 96

Figure 70 Model of tower building and escape building ………... 97

Figure 71 Proposed design of escape building and culinary center ... 98

Figure 72 Proposed route of traffic calming road and sidewalk café Mexico ... 100

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Figure 73 Proposed close-off Street for night market and Hongkong

night market. ... 100

Figure 74 Kartini road and sidewalk café, Mexico ... 101

Figure 75 Proposed multy-storey car park & close-off street route ... 102

Figure 76 Proposed multy-storey parking building ... 103

Figure 77 3D view of proposed close-off street ... 103

Figure 78 Vacant parking spaces in northern side of research area.. ... 104

Figure 79 Street vendors in Kartini road ... 105

Figure 80 Situation of Kartini road year 2009 and 2012 ... 106

Figure 81 Fruit and vegetable market (existing) ………. 107

Figure 82 Model of fruit & vegetable indoor market ... 107

Figure 83 Historical building in Peunayong area………. 107

Figure 84 Historical building in Penang & proposed renovation of historical building in Peunayong ... 107

Figure 85 Waterfront potentiality in research area ... 110

Figure 86 Proposed internal biking track route.….…….…………..………….. .... 111

Figure 87 Map of proposed biking track ... 112

Figure 88 Bike lane design standard ... 113

Figure 89 Proposed external biking track route ……….... ... 114

Figure 90 Road condition in Ule Lheu port ... 114

Figure 91 Bicycle lane design standard ... 115

Figure 92 Proposed design of biking & jogging track ... 116

Figure 93 Existing culinary spot ….……….... ... 117

Figure 94 Design of culinary center in the river bank... 117

Figure 95 Proposed design of culinary center in the river bank ... 118

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Figure 96 Proposed water transport route ... 119

Figure 97 Proposed type of tree and plant ………... ... 120

Figure 98 Tree plantations along the street ... 121

Figure 99 Tree Plantation along the river ... 122

Figure 100 Proposed tree plantation along the street & riverbank ………... .... 123

Figure 101 Proposed trash collecting spot & type of garbage bin ………... ... 124

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Review: The need for Restructuring Central Business District in Banda Aceh City

Banda Aceh city is the capital city of Aceh province, Indonesia. As the central government, Banda Aceh became the center of all economic, political, social and cultural activity. But the 2004 Tsunami disaster has destroyed the infrastructure of the Aceh province especially Banda Aceh. So far, 224.209 people depend on this area.

They are strongly connected to this area, such trading activities, refreshing place, tourism destination, Tionghoa historical center, even center of governmental activities. Given the importance of Banda Aceh to its citizen and surrounding it is absolutely understandable that the first urban planning and development for Aceh after tsunami were focused on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the city especially.

After more than half decade, the recovery and rebuilding have taken place. People have rebuilt their lives. Infrastructures have been reconstructed and rebuilt. However, although some of the basic infrastructure was rehabilitated by the Indonesian government and international organizations the city is still badly in need of infrastructure in the old central business district (CBD) to help revitalize their economy and improve livelihoods. There are still many shortcomings in this area such as infrastructure and facilities hence this area needs to be improved and developed.

The CBD in Banda Aceh is also known as Peunayong which is located in Kuta Alam district in the city center of Banda Aceh, Aceh Province (Figure 1 and 2).

The numbers of Peunayong residents are about 4,000 people, and 70 percent are ethnically Chinese.

Besides being the Central Business District, this area also has historical value that must be conserved. These assets are believed to attract the tourists to see firsthand historical relics of China. Because of the China history this area is also known as Chinatown. Visitors will be drawn to see the uniqueness of Chinese culture in Aceh.

With the number of tourists visiting the area is also expected to increase the value of

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local revenues/local capital. This issue will gives a good impact on economic growth of Banda Aceh.

The many advantages that can be gained from this area will require the restructuring of this area to be better organized, functioning properly, and appropriately referred as Central Business District.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the new concept and determine new design to be applied on this area as a revitalization effort for Banda Aceh.

1.2 Goals and Objectives

This thesis aims to investigate the problems of old CBD in Aceh and to formulate a neighborhood revitalization framework for urban regeneration i.e. what can be done to improve the decaying urban neighborhoods in order to cope with the current situation which is unorganized. To investigate the issue in a practical way, a case study will be launched in Peunayong village, Kuta Alam District Banda Aceh.

To achieve the above goals, the study has the following objectives:

 To investigate the problems of the existing site (Peunayong area).

 To develop a conceptual design of Peunayong revitalization.

 To synchronize the thesis result with the government program.

1.3 Background of Study

A central business district (CBD, also called a central activities district) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city.wikipedia.org

In the United States this part of a city is commonly referred to as "downtown" or

"city center"wikipedia.org

. City centre" is commonly used in Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom.

The term city place is similar to CBD in that both serve the same purpose for the city, and both are marked by a higher-than-usual urban density as well as often having the tallest buildings in a city. City centre differs from downtown in that the latter can be geographically located anywhere in a city, while a city centre is generally located near the geographic heart of the city.

London arguably has three city centers, the City of London, the medieval City of Westminster and the transformed Docklands area. Mexico City also has more than one city centre: Centro Histórico, the colonial; Paseo de la Reforma - Polanco

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(Mexico) the mid-late 20th century CBD, and Santa Fe, the new CBD. In Taipei, Taiwan, the area around its main railway station is regarded as the historic city centre while the Xinyi Planned Area located to the east of the said railway station is the current CBD of Taipei and not only is it considered the financial district of Taipei, but it is arguably the premier shopping area in Taipei and Taipei's most modern cosmopolitan district. Taipei 101, Taipei's tallest building and currently the world's second tallest habitable skyscraper, is located in Xinyi Planned Area.

The shape and type of a CBD or downtown almost always closely reflect the city's history. Cities with maximum building height restrictions often have a separate historic section quite apart from the financial and administrative district. In cities that grew up suddenly and more recently, such as those in the western half of North America, a single central area will often contain all the tallest buildings. It has been said that downtowns (as understood in North America) are therefore a separate phenomenon (Reviving American downtowns - The Economist, Thursday 1 March 2007).

Central business districts usually have very small resident populations. For example, the population of the City of London declined from over 200,000 in the year 1700 to less than 10,000 today. In some instances, however (and particularly in large Australian and Canadian cities), CBD populations are increasing as younger professional and business workers move into city centre apartments. Central Business District is the central district of any town or major city.

For Banda Aceh city, Peunayong has known as Central Business District or downtown. Peunayong, which is a quarter of the trade center / old CBD of Banda Aceh is the commercial and social importance to the old buildings/heritage, hotels, restaurants, markets and business and residential high density. The Urban particular character and proximity to Krueng Aceh River has shows strong potential as a recreational and tourist area.

To realize this potential, the existing stores and public facilities need to be upgraded and new facilities should be built.

Even it is not big as London or another big city, Peunayong has become a city center which is accommodate many important activities such as trading and commerce, leisure area, offices and housing settlement. To realize this potential and importance, it is considered to do revitalization in this area/to manage this area as

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CBD in order to improve living standard of Banda Aceh citizen and also to attract tourist by upgrading the existing stores and public facilities. Besides, new facilities also should be built to support the main activities in this area.

1.4 Research Content 1.4.1 Site Location

Peunayong is located in Kuta Alam district of Banda Aceh and this area is part of the old city area of Banda Aceh which was designed as Chinezen Kamp known as Chinatown (Figure 3 and 4).

While identified as CBD area of Banda Aceh, Peunayong area becomes center of trading and commerce, leisure area and also historical area (well known with its unique characteristics of Chinese community) as can be seen in Figure 5.

Since 17 th century, Peunayong was became big Chinese trading area in Banda Aceh.

Besides, this area also known as leisure area where people spend their time with family in enjoying culinary either biking. Nowadays many people especially local people prefer to visit this area hence makes this place is very important.

In term of tourism this place also has big potentiality to attract tourists. Peunayong has a historical value which should be conserved. Evidence of the value of history is appearing from the shape of the building that resembles the structure of China.

Figure 1 : Map of Aceh province Source: Google map

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Figure 2 : Map of Aceh province Source: Google map

Figure 3 : Map of Research area Source: Google earth

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Figure 4 : Digital map of research area Source: Google earth

Figure 5: Land use map of Peunayong

Source: Paper of Peunayong Chinatown Banda Aceh Post-Earthquake and Tsunami as Cultural Heritage District, by: Dian Kusuma Wardhani, Antariksa, Nanda Indira Sari, Departement of Regional and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang,Indonesia

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Figure 6: Aerial view of research area

Source: Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) Banda Aceh city

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Figure 7: Land use plan according to the current city master plan (RTRW) Source: Banda Aceh City Master Plan

1.4.2 Research Background Site selection factor:

 Peunayong is CBD (Central Business District) of Banda Aceh city.

 Peunayong is located in city center (downtown) of Banda Aceh city (Figure 6).

 Peunayong is mix-used land which is needed to be improved (Figure 7).

 The character of the area, Peunayong area including the historical district/old town area in the city of Banda Aceh.

 The role of history/culture, from the early forms and the development of the city of Banda Aceh, as well as in terms of existence, Peunayong Region was instrumental in Urban Fabric of Banda Aceh.

 Regions condition, results of observations made, the conditions included in the category of "the very lively but chaotic (Chaotic)", mainly due to non- functioning of facilities and infrastructure environment.

 Peunayong has many important facilities such us: market, waterfront, culinary center, historical building and hotel as can be seen in Figure 8 and 9.

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 Peunayong as a role model for another area of Banda Aceh city.

 Ministry of Public Works (PU) just declared Peunayong area as one of the 10 heritage city in Indonesia.

Characteristic of Research Location (Peunayong):

 One of the cultural heritage sites (China Town) in Banda Aceh (Figure 10).

 Consist of many important buildings and area.

 One of tourism spot.

 It has own unique buildings (ancient buildings over 50 years).

 Have distinctive architectural style of Chinese, traditional, or colonial.

OLD CITY PEUNAYONG KEUDAH

TERMINAL

Simpang 5 Kampung Baru

Figure 8: Map of research area (Peunayong) Source: Google map

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Figure 9: Zoning Map of Research Area

Source: Preliminary report, Consolidation project of Urban Rebuild, Banda Aceh

Figure 10: Peunayong plaques

Source: Regional Development Planning Agency of Banda Aceh city

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11 1.4.3 Hypothesis (Research Question):

Research Questions

Based on the grounds mentioned above, this study has two major parts: firstly, review and analysis of the existing condition of the area, and secondly implementing the new concept and design to restructuring this area. There is one main research question following by 2 sub questions of the study:

Q1: What is important factors/strategy to be applied and implemented in order to make Peunayong area to be improved?

SQ1: How to re-arrange Peunayong area to be more attractive?

SQ2: How to connect another important spots with this area in order to support the improvement of Peunayong.

An answer to the main question is sought by analyzing the findings and find out proper and workable strategy which can address the key problems.

The sub questions lies on the main questions and it’s particularly focuses on concept and design. SQ1: Several drawings will be provided to expose new design and new concept i.e. landscaping the main entry of this area, walkable pedestrian, build community playground, beautify the shops by renovate the exterior and provide biking track along the river.

SQ2: Besides Peunayong CBD, Banda Aceh city also has other important area/spots which have many people visited i.e. Ulee Lee port, new bus station, coffee shops area and Baiturrahman Great Mosque. It is necessary to provide connection between those areas to Peunayong. The convenient access will be provided to facilitate the circulation among those areas. By providing new connections it is expected to ease the public access and improve living condition within those areas.

Therefore, series of the design process are arranged as mentioned in the following chart:

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12 1.4.4 Methods and Research Strategy

The method which will use in this research is Triangulation Data. It is expected to assure completeness of findings or to confirm findings hence the results will be workable. Besides to be applied is comprise a literature analysis and case study, conduct survey to find finding enquiries, analyze the data survey to make a critical evaluation and define solution of important factors/strategy to be applied and implemented in order to make Peunayong area to be improved.

Survey to be carried out aiming to obtain preliminary data on the initial conditions of this area which includes facilities and infrastructure are also the local community interaction with this region. Then seek the opinion of several levels of society such as government and society. It is also necessary to find data about the number of tourists visiting the area related to tourism issue.

This phase followed by processing the data that already obtained from the survey results. Moreover, the evaluation can be taken to discover the causes of the problems hence important factors/strategy could be found to make this area improve. The detail process as mentioned in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Research questions, method and research output

Research Question Method Research Output

What is important factors/strategy to be applied and implemented in order to make Peunayong area to be improved?

 Conduct survey of existing condition.

 Collecting data (from key persons and users).

 Review the existing problems.

 Review the literature and case study.

The important

factor/strategy will be defined in order to make Peunayong area improve as CBD.

Figure 11: Mind map of research design

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 Consider expert opinion.

 Evaluation to found critical point.

 Define appropriate strategy to address the issues.

How to re-arrange Peunayong area to be more attractive?

 Review literature and case study.

 Define new concept and new design which could make this area more attractive from all perspective.

Several drawing will be produce such as: landscape

drawing, friendly

pedestrian, community playground, new shops exterior, biking track route along the river.

How to connect another important spots with this area in order to support the improvement of Peunayong.

 Locate another area/spot which has important role for citizen.

Drawing of connection access.

1.4.5 Research Limitation

1. The scope of emphasis on matters relating to the disciplines of architecture, urban planning and everything associated with Central Business District (CBD).

2. This study focus on Downtown Revitalization which will proceed in Peunayong area Banda Aceh city Indonesia.

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14 1.4.6 Research Flow Chart

1.4.7 The Scope of the study

The study examines the present and future development of Peunayong area as Central Business District/downtown. The aim is to discover new design with particular focus on restructuring the area which considers function, worthiness, amenities, local characteristic and also culture.

The study is based on 4 main approaches:

 The analysis of existing condition as starting point.

 Figure out the problems and potentiality of the area.

 Determine what factors/strategy to be applied and implemented in order to make Peunayong area to be improved.

 Utilize the theories and case study as guidance.

Figure 12: Research flow chart

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

The following literature is intended to lay the groundwork for my research questions, which seeks to understand how revitalization programs could be implemented in developing country and even the small country.

The literature review provides a background to downtowns in several cities, analyzes the literature pertaining to downtown revitalization in both large and small cities, and briefly outlines characteristics that make mid-size cities unique. Furthermore, the literature review identifies a gap in scholarly description and hence understanding of downtown revitalization programs in mid-sized cities.

2.1 Revitalization

2.1.1 Definition of Revitalization

Revitalization means the process, ways, and actions revive something which previously unvital. Actually revitalization means making things or actions to be vital.

While the word has a meaning very important vital or essential (for life and so on).

Understanding through other languages could mean the revitalization process, ways, and or actions to revive or reactivate any of various program activities. Or more clearly revitalization is reviving vitality.

So, in general terms it is the revitalization efforts to make something that is important and essential.

Revitalization including the conservation-preservation is part of the urban design efforts to maintain the physical cultural heritage of the past that have historical value and architectural aesthetic. Or rather is the preservation of the built environment in order to stay on the existing original condition and prevent the damage. Depending on the condition of the built environment to be preserved, then the effort is usually accompanied by the restoration, rehabilitation and / or reconstruction. So, revitalization is an attempt to revitalize an area or part of town that was once vital / life, but then suffered a setback / degradation. In addition, the revitalization of the activity or modify an environment and cultural heritage material for a new use. Physical revitalization is believed to improve the physical condition (including public spaces) of the city, but not for long term. For that,

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still need improvement and increased economic activity (economic revitalization), which refers to the socio-cultural and environmental aspects (environmental objectives). It is absolutely necessary because it is through the utilization of a productive, expected to be formed a control mechanism and lasting care to the existence of facilities and infrastructure of the city.

Revitalization scale divide into existing macro and micro levels. The process of revitalization of an area includes improved physical, economic and social aspects.

Revitalization approach must be able to recognize and exploit the potential of the environment. Revitalize itself is not something that is only oriented at the completion of the physical beauty alone, but must also be complemented by increased economic communities and cultural recognition. To implement the revitalization it is require to involve the community. The involvement is not just taking part to support aspects of formality that requires the participation of the public, other than that the people involved are not only the people in the neighborhood, but the wider community. There are some other aspects that are important, and were instrumental in the revitalization, namely the use of the role of information technology, especially in managing the involvement of many parties to support the revitalization. In addition it can also be viewed from the revitalization of the unique aspects of the location and historical places or revitalization in order to change the image of an area.

With the support of the control mechanism / control revitalization plan must be able to raise strategic issues of the region, both in the form of events / activities socioeconomic and physical character of the city. Urban design is steering devices and control to create a built environment to accommodate the needs and demands of the new functionality.

As Bunting and Millward (1998) note, revitalization has been used to refer to new growth that took place in the central business district (CBD). It can involve altering land uses as well as the ways that people use and envision the downtown.

In today’s terms, revitalization includes everything from local economic development, enhanced urban design, to social policy programs and services for our diverse, multicultural communities.

Structuring and revitalizing the area is a series of efforts to revive the region tend to unvital, increasing the value and significant strategic vitality of the region which still has the potential and the environmental control. Structuring and Revitalizing the Region

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through the development of specific regions deserve to be revitalized in terms of setting (building and living area), environmental quality, facilities, infrastructure and utility areas, socio-cultural, socio-economic and socio-political.

According to Danisworo (1988), revitalization is an attempt to revitalize an area or part of town that was once vital / life, but then suffered a setback / degradation.

According to the Department of Infrastructure (2005), Revitalization is a series of efforts to revive areas tend to die, increasing the values of strategic vitality and significant areas that still have potential and or control areas tend chaotic.

Revitalization is an attempt to revive the unvital area, which in the past has ever lived, or control, and develop region to rediscover its potential or ever owned or should be owned by a municipality in terms of socio-cultural, socioeconomic, physical aspects of the environment, which is expected to provide improving the quality of urban environment, which in turn affects the quality of life of its inhabitants (Ministry of Infrastructure 2003:1).

Revitalization has meant reviving social and historic buildings and economic environment which has lost its vitality original functions, by introducing new functions into it as a power appeal, that the building or the neighborhood is alive again (Harastoeti, 1999:20).

Revitalization is to change a place to be used for function that is more appropriate, which does not require drastic changes or just requires little impact (Miarsono, 1997:147).

According to Hanan (2001), revitalization aims to:

1. Reviving the downtown area faded or dropped quality of the environment.

2. Improving the economic value of strategic region.

3. Stimulate the growth of the surrounding area.

4. Encourage local economic improvement of the business and community.

5. Strengthening regional identity.

6. Support the establishment of the image of the city.

Revitalization according to the Burra Charter (1988), is to revive social and environmental economic or historic buildings which has lost its original function vitality, by incorporating new functionality into it as appeal, so that the building or the neighborhood is alive again. Revitalization process is not oriented only physical beauty,

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but also be able to increase the stability of the environment, economic growth and the preservation of culture (Ichwan, 2004).

As a highly complex activity, revitalization occurs through several stages and requires a certain period of time and includes the following (Danisworo, 2000):

a. Physical intervention

In the direction of urban design, physical intervention on the building of new preserved conservation can be done through approaches based on the following theories:

1) Architecture in Context (Brolin, 1980); aimed at studying how to design good visual connection in building new relationships into the old environment.

2) Context and Contrast (Hedman, 1984); Designing contextually means giving sufficient visual connection between the existing building and the proposed project, so create a unified overall effect.

3) Adaptive Use (Fitch, 1992), an approach using the building historic for function or activity in accordance with development needs consideration, such as economic value.

b. Economic rehabilitation

Revitalization which begins with the rejuvenation of urban artifacts should support the rehabilitation of economic activity. Short term of physical improvements is expected to accommodate formal and informal economic activity (local economic development), so able to provide added value to the city (in Wongso Hall, 2006). In the context of revitalization it is need to develop mixed functions which can promote economic activity and social (new vitality).

c. Social Revitalization or Institutional

The success of the revitalization of an area will be measured if it is able to create an interesting environment, rather than make a beautiful place. That is, activities should have a positive impact and to improve the dynamics and social life community / residents.

2.1.2 History of Revitalization Efforts

Downtown revitalization efforts began in the United States as early as the 1950s, and have been grouped into three phases. The first phase, in the 1950s and 1960s, was concentrated on the downtown adapting to the changing transportation environment, as the automobile continued to gain popularity. Public transportation was either replaced or

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complemented the automobile-centered patterns. Also, “radial expressways and widened arterial roads were meant to channel flows of cars towards downtowns, increasingly well provided with parking space.

However, automobile accessibility alone would not ensure a booming CBD” (Filion 2004, 329).

2.1.3 Goals and Objectives of Revitalization

Restructuring and revitalization of the purpose is to improve the vitality the proposed interventions which is capable of creating growth and stability of the local economy, integrated with the city system, livable, socially just, culturally and environmentally sound (Department of Infrastructure, 2003:4).

2.1.4 Program objectives Setup and revitalization of the area is as follows:

a. Increasing activities through programs planned hence able to develop job creation, increase in the number of business and regional variations in business as well as productivity.

b. Improving the region's economic stability through program planned to potentially develop the creation of a conducive business continuity and certainty, stimulating factors that encourage increased regional productivity.

c. Increase property values by reducing the external factors that impede on an area that the property value according to market value and conducive to long-term investment.

d. Integration of slum pockets which isolated by system of urban infrastructure networks.

e. Increasing the quantity and quality of environmental infrastructure such as roads and bridges, water supply, drainage, sanitation and solid waste as well as the means areas such as market for industrial space, the space and the informal economy formal, cultural and social facilities, and transportation.

f. Increasing the comfort completeness facilities to prevent the ecological environment.

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g. The creation of conservation of cultural heritage by preventing the old quarter the

"Self Destruction" and "The destruction caused by New Creation".

2.1.5 Varian of Revitalization

There are some factors that must be considered in the revitalization process as follows (Department of Infrastructure, 2003:4):

a. Integration of the city system include: the accessibility areas, infrastructure, facilities and the utilities and transportation areas.

b. Construction of facilities and infrastructure include: a water service, area cleaning, availability of roads for vehicles and pedestrians in the region, drainage sanitation, solid waste, public markets, small industry, street vendors, shops / kiosk, public toilets, social facilities and others.

c. The utility area includes the availability of electricity, gas, telephone in the region.

d. Environmental quality include: pedestrian comfort, site design, availability of street furniture, marker / signage, aesthetics and ecology environment.

e. Social and cultural rights include: the existence of an activity space for social and cultural activities.

2.1.6 Modern Revitalization Strategies Pedestrianisation

There should be a focus on making the downtown pedestrian friendly. Some of these ways include improving deteriorating sidewalks, better public safety and improving the streetscape such us adding flowers, trees, benches, and attractive lighting and pavement to add to the aesthetic appeal (Faulk 2006). Also many city downtowns developed pedestrian malls. These are characterized by a pedestrian-friendly environment are automobile-free. They are typically located along a downtown corridor, usually a few blocks long, where pedestrian traffic is given priority. The main objective of pedestrian malls throughout the United States was to help revitalize the declining downtown retail base (Robertson 1997).

The main approach to this effort was to close off these blocks from automobile traffic in particular time, so the people can access the pedestrian comfortly while purchase

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stuff in this area. Besides, add to the aesthetic appear by adding such items as benches, lighting fountains and others.

The following are some examples of pedestrian in several countries such as:

Figure 13: Pedestrian Area in New York Source: www.montgomeryplanning.org

Figure 14: Pedestrian Area in Nashua US Source: http://visualizenashua.com

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Figure 15: Pedestrian zone in Wiesbaden, German Source: www.wikipedia.org

Figure 16: Pedestrian Mall in Charlottesville city, Virginia US Source: www.rumahpitate.blogspot.com

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23 Historic Preservation & Waterfront Development

The buildings which located in a city’s downtown “ will represent the most visible manifestation of a downtown’s image” (Robertson & Ryan 2004, 18).

Basically all small-city downtowns have many old commercial buildings that are not found anywhere else in the city. Renovation of these buildings, and other “white elephants,” can contribute greatly to a positive sense of place (Robertson 1997), and are often a main focus of revitalization efforts. Some common types of white elephants can include old movie theaters, department stores and warehouses. As they are large and very visible to the public, they can have a great negative effect on property values and cause a cycle of deterioration in the surrounding areas.

The rehabilitation of these buildings is a main issue in revitalizing downtowns (Faulk 2006).

There are several examples of renovation of historical building in Asia countries i.e.:

Figure 17: Chinese shop houses in Penang, Malaysia Source: http://pinterest.com

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Figure 18: Cheong Fatt Tze Blue Mansion, Penang Malaysia Source:http://www.cheongfatttzemansion.com

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Many cities also rely on waterfront development to help revitalize the downtown.

Although its function has most likely long been over, many small-cities were established near a waterway. Many downtowns have used this opportunity to take advantage of their unique natural and historic attraction that is not located in commercial or suburban areas.

People are naturally attracted to the water which can also add to their sense of place.

Unfortunately, many views to the river are hidden from the downtown in many cities or the river area is not managed-well, which can cause an under appreciation and underutilization by the local residents and city officials (Robertson & Ryan 2004). A nice view of the riverfront could add to the aesthetics value and attract people to the downtown.

Figure 19: Chinese shop houses in Quay Bay Singapore Source: http://ss3singapore.wordpress.com

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Case Study 1: Historical Preservation in Danshui Street, Tansui District Taipei Taiwan (Source: http://eng.taiwan.net.tw)

Tamsui District (淡水區, formerly Danshui District (also spelled Danshuei District) and Tamshui Township) is a sea-side district in New Taipei City in northern Taiwan (ROC). It is named after the Tamsui River; the name means "fresh water". The town is popular as a site for viewing the sun setting into the Taiwan Strait. Though modest in size (population 130,105), the district is home to three universities (Aletheia University, Tamkang University, and St. John's University) and has a large role in Taiwanese culture.

Dihua Street is the most popular grocery market for shopping Chinese New Year's goods. It is located in Datong District of Taipei City, Taiwan, with a total length of 800 meters. On ordinary days, Dihua is a relatively quiet street. However, the street will be lively and crowded few weeks before Chinese Lunar New Year.

Built in the 1850s, Dihua Street was the major trading center for Chinese herbs and medicines, dried goods, fabrics, as well as teas since it is near the Dadaocheng port. The street has became a market place for Chinese New Year's groceries since 1996; there are various stalls selling bamboo or wooden crafts, candies from Asia, Chinese medicines and herbs, Chinese and Japanese snacks, crops, dried foods, fabrics, incenses, New Year decorations, spices, and teas. Candies, dried squids, and nuts are popular items in the market. The vendors usually display their goods in huge bags; some bags are even taller than five feet high. Visitors may also see piles of foods and candies on tables which look like little mountains. The vendors use megaphones or simply yell out aloud to attract people’s attention. It is quite interesting to hear the lively shouts of vendors and to enjoy the New Year atmosphere. Some vendors will even hand out free samples for visitors to push more sales.

Besides the samplings and the lively scene, the historical architectures in traditional Fujian style, Baroque style, western style, as well as red lanterns and other New Year decorations have also made Dihua Street a popular tourist attraction. It is indeed an excellent place to enjoy the joyful atmosphere and to experience Taiwan culture.

A walk through the Dihua Street Area gives visitors a feel of Taipei City's past. The old- town market has scores of shops selling a variety of traditional goods such as Chinese

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medicines and herbs, temple icons and incense, spices and dried food, colorful bolts of cloth, and bamboo and wooden crafts.

Figure 20: Dihua Historical Street, Tansui Taiwan

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Case Study 2: Waterfront Development (Love River Kaohsiung, Taiwan) (Source: http://eng.taiwan.net.tw)

The Love River or Ai River (simplified Chinese: 爱河; traditional Chinese: 愛河;

pinyin: Ài Hé; e h-ōe-jī: Ài-hô) is a river (canal) in southern Taiwan. It originates in Renwu District, Kaohsiung City, and flows 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) through Kaohsiung to Kaohsiung Harbor. Love River is the spine of Kaohsiung, playing a similar role to the River Thames of London. It is of great cultural significance to the people of Kaohsiung and plays an important role in its economy and tourism. A riverside park, the Love River Park, runs along the riverbank in downtown Kaohsiung City. A night market operates in the park, and there are three outdoor cafés, often with live bands. Boats which hold about fifteen people take tourists up and down the river. The scenery is enhanced by attractive city structures near the river, such as the Holy Rosary Cathedral, Kaohsiung Bridge, and the Kaohsiung District Court. Cultural events such as concerts and the Lantern Festival are often held by the river.

The Love River was once heavily polluted, when raw sewage and industrial waste water flowed untreated into the river. Recent efforts by the city government to divert the waste water to the treatment plant in Cijin District has resulted in significantly improved water quality.

Figure 21: Waterfront Development (Love River) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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29 Accessibility

Accessible transportation and parking are both essential for downtown revitalization. Transportation enhancements are important, and address such issues as traffic congestion, travel time, parking and safety. Public transportation also plays a large role. In many small cities, public transportation is less available as in larger cities. This causes a longer wait time, which also can be a deterrent for people to use public transportation to travel downtown. Also, as traffic congestion can be a problem, it is not as large a problem for smaller city downtowns, where parking is more of an issue (Faulk 2006).

Parking is very important to the success of downtowns. Although adequate parking within walking distances of businesses is necessary, it should not hinder comfortable downtown walking. A high number of pedestrians help to promote sales for many downtown stores and restaurants, and also supply traffic to many service providers.

However, since the majority of visitors to the downtown arrive in their own automobile, it is important to balance a pedestrian-friendly setting with the increasing demand for public parking that is convenient (Robertson 2005).

Large lots should be placed behind main buildings, which will still provide a large amount of parking, yet not distract from the downtown itself (Robertson 2005). Parking located on street also benefits pedestrians as it helps create a barrier between them and on-coming traffic, causing the vehicles to also have to slow down (Robertson 2005).

Case Study 3: Centennial Riverwalk Project (http://www.ci.ferndale.wa.us)

The Centennial Riverwalk Project, create a pedestrian walkway and promenade along the west bank of the Nooksack River, on the Front Street right of way between Main and Cherry Streets. Construction of this project is a major component in seeing the Riverview Plaza and Trail Plan, adopted by the Ferndale City Council Washington in September of 2005.

Figure 22: Blue Print of Centennial Riverwalk, Ferndale City Washington

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Improvements in this area include a wide pedestrian promenade with enough space to host small concerts, festivals, farmers' market or craft fair. The area currently occupied by Front Avenue will be enhanced and improved so the pedestrian corridor will be at the same level as the top of the levee (Figure 23). Lawn and small trees will be planted on the levee top. The concept is to create a welcoming pedestrian area buffered by a green space with views directly down to the river and towards Mount Baker in the distance.

Main Street Plaza

The most visible and public part of the project is the interface with Main Street.

Vehicles and pedestrians crossing the Main Street Bridge will have a direct view of the plaza area featuring a fountain, decorative paving, and seating areas (Figure 24).

Figure 23: Riverwalk pedestrian, Ferndale City Washington Source: www.ci.ferndale.wa.us

Figure 24:Maple Street Plaza Design (left), Maple Street Planting Plan (right) Source: www.ci.ferndale.wa.us

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31 Maple Street Park

Maple Street Park and parking lot will be located on City property where a retired sewer pump station is currently located. In contrast to the Main Street Plaza, Maple Street Park is primarily a green space with lawns, shrubs, trees and ornamental plantings. The park is themed towards recognition of local Native American history and the logjam that was significant in Ferndale's early history. The park has a focus on native plant species, uses "rain garden" infiltration for storm water management, and is highlighted by a large totem. The park provides a casual gathering place with benches, open lawn, and scattered picnic tables.

The Maple Street Pedestrian Plaza offers a destination for people of all ages to sit and relax, visit local businesses or engage with members of the community in a vibrant public space. The street has been constructed as a “festival street”, with a single, one-way lane from south to north, with no curbs or on-street parking. Through the use of removable bollards, the street can be closed to car traffic for special events making the block a people place. The design theme for the plaza is called “Brushstrokes,” and is intended to draw people into Downtown Escondido. The Brushstrokes theme includes historic tiles, decorative mosaics, a pedestrian plaza and distinctive lighting to create a unique identity for the corridor (Figure 25). The Maple Street Plaza will also provide a pedestrian-friendly connection between Grand Avenue and City Hall, the California Center for the Arts Escondido, and Grape Day Park.

Pioneer Park Transition

The Riverwalk terminates at Cherry Street near the Pioneer Park entrance.

However, the proposed improvements include upgrading Cherry Street with a meandering sidewalk and landscaping. This interface completes the link between Ferndale's premier park and the City's Main Street.

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Figure 25: Maple Street Furniture Source: http://www.schmidtdesign.com

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33 Cultural & Unique Retail Development

Another revitalization strategy used by downtowns is the use of cultural activities and amenities. These can help strengthen the city’s image which attracts people to visit the downtown, and also help to support economic development. This can including building such facilities as museums, art galleries, concert halls and also the development of arts districts in the downtown. These types of cultural activities can draw people to the downtown and also play a role in where people decide to work or live. They are also a draw to new businesses as the arts tend to draw a certain group of people to the downtown that may not otherwise visit.

Cultural activities of all kinds can be an important way of emphasizing a city’s unique amenities and attract visitors (Grodach 2007).

Peunayong area has its potentiality since this area known as historical site.

Another important thing is the culture and tourism department has held the cultural festival (Peunayong festival) last year In order to enliven Visit Banda Aceh Year 2011.

This Peunayong Festival is to highlights Chinese culture in Banda Aceh.

This activity is planned to be held every year to raise and promote Chinese culture and Aceh. It is very important to support revitalization efforts in this area.

Roberta Gratz states, “Individualized merchant stores are at the heart of many downtowns…combinations of local merchants give a downtown personality” (2000, 28- 29).

This idea introduces the strategy of implementing festival marketplaces as a form of downtown revitalization. Festival marketplaces contain a mix of unique shops, restaurants and entertainment

Case Study 4: Revitalization– Wyandanch Rising (Source: http://reurbanist.com) Wyandanch is a suburban hamlet located less than an hour east of New York City’s enn Station in the Town of Babylon, has been struggling to combat a number of social {Violent Crimes (per 1,000 residents), Property Crime, and Crimes per Square Mile statistics for Wyandanch are all significantly higher than both the New York State and national average (Neighborhood Scout - as of March 2012)}and economic problems that earned it the title of Long Island’s most economically distressed community. The

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neighborhood’s internal problems have become evident in the deteriorating quality of the neighborhood’s built environment.

One of the most evident characteristics of Wyandanch’s deteriorating conditions is the number of vacant buildings within its downtown area and its surrounding residential neighborhood. In addition, the character of downtown Wyandanch’s existing retail development contributed to the area’s decline as it failed to create a sense of place for the surrounding community.

The abundance and poor urban design of the off-street parking in downtown Wyandanch destroyed whatever urban fabric the neighborhood could have had. Existing parking lots separate land uses and distance pedestrians on the sidewalk from retail buildings, diminishing any sense of a human-scale community.

Figure 26: Wyandanch - Existing Condition Source: www.reurbanist.com

Figure 27: Storefront Source: www.reurbanist.com

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Vacant retail properties along Straight ath, Wyandanch’s main commercial road. In 2007, the Long Island Index reported that Wyandanch had a commercial vacancy rate of 16%, a difference of almost 10% in comparison to other downtown areas in Suffolk County which average 7% vacancy rate (Figure 28).

According to figure 28 Vacancy appeared low within the Wyandanch Rising project area and Wyandanch’s residential census blocks in 2000, but 2010 census data shows a large increase in vacancy rates in and around the project site (U.S. Census – H003 [2000] & H3 Occupancy Status [2010]).

As a way to combat Wyandanch’s growing problems, local government officials undertook an extensive revitalization effort in 2003 called Wyandanch Rising, a 5-day community planning event that attracted over 500 local residents and stakeholders. After the end of the summit the Town of Babylon used the feedback they received to develop Wyandanch’s first comprehensive plan. From this initiative, the Wyandanch Rising redevelopment project was born. The project aims to transform the town’s depressed downtown area into a vibrant, pedestrian friendly, mixed use neighborhood with the Long Island Rail Road commuter rail station serving as the catalyst for development.

Figure 28: Vacancy Rates 2010 Source: www.reurbanist.com

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36 Redevelopment Plan

The Stage 2 LEED-ND Certified Brownfield plan embraces principles of transit- oriented development (TOD) and smart growth in order to create a pedestrian friendly and environmentally sustainable mixed-use downtown for a traditionally suburban neighborhood that had never had one. The first phase of the project will feature the site’s landmark intermodal transit center and incorporate mixed-use elements such as 150 rental and 90 condo units, 50,000 square feet of retail of retail, and small portions of office space by the fall of 2012.

By the project’s completion, Wyandanch Rising will feature 121,320 square feet of retail, 884 dwelling units of apartments (922,203 square feet) where 575 will be rental units (with 175 available up to 60% AMI and 115 available up to 80% AMI), and 309 will be owner-occupied units (62 available up to 80% AMI, 123 up to 100% AMI and 123 up to 120%). Residential density will be approximately 9 dwelling units per gross acre. In addition, the revitalization will include a rehabilitation of the nearby Geiger Park, the creation a Station Plaza (2.6 acres), separate village greens, and a 6-level 2,000 car-park.

The project is anchored by the Wyandanch Long Island Railroad (LIRR) Station that will soon become an inter-modal transit center with connections between the LIRR, Suffolk County Transit, taxis, pedestrians, and bicyclists. In order to support these connections and create a pedestrian friendly environment, traffic calming techniques, bike lanes, bike parking, better-lit sidewalks, and on-street parking will play an integral part of the plan.

In addition, the plan calls for the creation of two unique open spaces that will serve as secondary anchors for development. Station Plaza and Wyandanch Green will be surrounded by mixed use buildings that integrate retail uses at ground floor with residential and office space above. Straight Path is to be converted from a sea of parking lots into Wyandanch’s new retail main street that will feature mixed use buildings with retail uses at ground floors. In this case, retail will be utilized to activate a once lifeless, vehicular-centric corridor into a vibrant, pedestrian friendly street as can be seen in Figure 29.

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37 Challenges to Overcome

The plan’s goal is simple, to create a pedestrianized, transit-oriented downtown where locals can live, work, and play. Considering the project’s positioning in terms of its context and competitors, there are a number of challenges that the project faces:

1. How can it position itself in a way that would differentiate itself from its local competitors to make it a place that people will call their own?

2. What different services/goods/experiences/or retailers can a mixed use town center offer that its competitors cannot? I.E: Westfield Group’s two centers only offer an indoor mall experience where a town center can feature amenities like outdoor seating for nearby workers, picnic furniture during warm months, and al fresco dining facilities.

3. What anchors or new to market retail/entertainment concepts should be included to foster movement between the new town center?

4. Where should retail tenants be placed to create the best synergy?

Figure 29: Wyandach Rising Redevelopment Plan

Source: Images from Torti Gallas and Partners (1,2,4) and the Regional Plan Association (3).

Pedestrian friendly urban design techniques such as placing parking behind buildings (a) and utilizing planting, bike lanes, and medians (b) will slow traffic in an effort to make the area a safer place for pedestrians.

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38 Development Success Factors

Despite the number of risks associated with the challenges facing this development, the Wyandanch Rising development has a unique opportunity to bring the distressed community a sense of a pride by being developed into something the locals can call their own. In order to overcome these challenges, creative solutions and a unique market positioning are required.

Creating a positioning strategy would require a feasibility study process similar to the one outlined below (Figure 30). This analysis helps provide a deeper understanding of the project’s context, competition, and local demographics.

Figure 30: Feasibility Study Process

The market analysis conducted by AKRF for the project touches the surface of this process.

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