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溶氧與氮源對生物復育能力與菌群結構之影響研究 林虹君、林啟文

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溶氧與氮源對生物復育能力與菌群結構之影響研究 林虹君、林啟文

E-mail: [email protected]

摘 要

本研究之目的係針對受MTBE 與BTEX 污染之人工模擬實驗 系統進行生物復育測試,評估進行生物刺激及生物強化後對 基質之 分解效率,並利用統計學之回應曲面法(RSM)建立各基質最佳去除 效率之氮源與溶氧的操作條件,同時獲得回應曲 面之模型。此外, 並採用分子生物技術中之聚合.鏈鎖反應(PCR)與單股DNA 構形 多型性(SSCP)分析技術,以鑑別混合菌 群之生物相結構變化情形, 並建立生物復育槽之去除效率與其菌群結構間之關係。 研究結果顯示:(1)生物復育槽處 理MTBE 與BTEX 之能力依 序為ethylbenzene >p-xylene >toluene >benzene >MTBE;(2) 經生物刺激及生物強化後之微 生物於去除MTBE 與BTEX 之能力 上,可使效率增加10~30 %左右,顯示氮源與溶氧量之重要性及所 加入之純菌株確實 對生物分解有極大之助益;(3)利用回應曲面法所 獲致之結果如下:在不同氮源與溶氧量對Benzene 受「生物刺激」 之去除 效率中,若將氮源量與溶氧量分別控制在65 mg/L 與15.6 mg/L 時,可使Benzene 之去除效率提高至63.8 %;在不同氮源與 溶 氧量對MTBE+BTEX 受「生物刺激」之去除效率中,若將氮源量 與溶氧量分別控制在61 mg/L 與15 mg/L 時,可使 MTBE 與BTEX 之去除效率提高至62 %;在不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE 受「生物刺 激+生物強化」之平均去除效率中,

若將氮源量與溶氧量分別控制 在63 mg/L 與14 mg/L 時,可使MTBE 之去除效率提高至46 %; 在不同氮源量與溶氧量 對MTBE+BTEX 受「生物刺激+生物強化」 之平均去除效率中,若將氮源量與溶氧量分別控制在60 mg/L 與15 mgL,可 使MTBE+BTEX 之去除效率提高至73.8 %;溶氧對各基 質去除效率的影響較氮源的影響顯著,因此整體而言溶氧的變化 將 較直接影響各基質的去除效率;(4)於進行不同氮源與溶氧之試程 中,隨著MTBE 與BTEX 去除效率增加率之高低,可 將微生物之 菌群分為不同之族群;(5)由SSCP 指紋圖譜中所呈現之主要bands (6、11),應可代表生物復育槽內之主要去 除MTBE 及BTEX 之優 勢菌群。

關鍵詞 : 生物復育、生物刺激、生物強化、甲基第三丁基醚、回應曲面法、單股DNA 構形多型性、聚合.鏈鎖反應 目錄

封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書...iii 中文摘要...iv 英文摘

要...vi 誌謝...viii 目錄...ix 圖目 錄...xiii 表目錄...xvii 第一章 緒論...1 1.1 前 言...1 1.2 研究目的...3 第二章 文獻回顧...5 2.1 MTBE 與BTEX 之簡介及其物化特性...5 2.2 生物刺激對生物整治之影響...10 2.3 生物強化對生物 整治之影響...14 2.4 地下水生物復育之相關研究...16 2.5 MTBE 與BTEX 之生物分解特

性...18 2.6 總生菌數與分子生物之關係...21 2.7 分子生物技術於環境微生物菌群結構分析之相關 研究...25 2.8 回應曲面法之應用...39 第三章 材料與方法...42 3.1 研究材料與儀器設 備...44 3.2 研究方法與步驟...51 3.3 分子生物技術建立...63 第四章 結 果與討論...70 4.1 批次實驗...70 4.2 生物刺激與生物強化之分解效率提升成 效...76 4.3 氮源與溶氧對生物復育槽內菌群結構之變化影響...117 4.4 菌種定序比對分析...124 第 五章 結論與建議...131 5.1 結論...131 5.2 建議...132 參 考文獻...134 附錄A 生物復育槽之基質濃度檢量線...154 附錄B 菌量檢量

線...158 圖目錄 圖2.8-1中心混層設計之星點及中心點補充實驗圖 41 圖3-1 整體研究架構流程圖 43 圖3.2-1模擬現地地下水環境之生物反應系統 53 圖3.2-2 生物復育槽之氧氣進流濃度監測曲線 58 圖3.2-3中心混層設計圖 61 圖3.3-1分子生物技術分析流程圖 63 圖3.3-2 SSCP流程圖 67 圖4.1-1 不同氮源濃度下MTBE與BTEX之降解效率圖 71 圖4.1-2 不同溶氧濃度下MTBE與BTEX之降解效率圖 73 圖4.1-3不同溶氧與氮源濃度下混合菌對MTBE與BTEX之去除效率關係 75 圖4.2-1(a)~(c)為不同溶氧與氮源量試程下之去除效率圖 78 圖4.2-2 不同氮源與溶氧之試程對生物刺激、生物強化與空白實 驗組之比較圖 81 圖4.2-3不同溶氧與氮源試程下之總生菌數長條圖 82 圖4.2-4 不同氮源與溶氧量對Benzene受生物刺激(無生 物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 90 圖4.2-5不同氮源與溶氧量對Benzene受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 90 圖4.2-6不同氮源與溶氧量對Toluene受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 91 圖4.2-7 不同氮源與溶氧量 對Toluene受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 91 圖4.2-8 不同氮源與溶氧量對Ethylbenzene受生物刺激(無 生物強化) 去除效率之回應曲面圖 92 圖4.2-9不同氮源與溶氧量對Ethylbenzene受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之等去除效 率線圖 92 圖4.2-10不同氮源與溶氧量對p-xylene受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 93 圖4.2-11不同氮源與溶氧

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量對p-xylene受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 93 圖4.2-12不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE+BTEX受生物刺 激(無生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 94 圖4.2-13不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE+BTEX受生物刺激(無生物強化)去除效率之等 去除效率線圖 94 圖4.2-14不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 101 圖4.2-15不同氮源 與溶氧量對MTBE受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 101 圖4.2-16不同氮源與溶氧量對Benzene受生物刺 激(有生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 102 圖4.2-17 不同氮源與溶氧量對Benzene受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之等去除 效率線圖 102 圖4.2-18 不同氮源與溶氧量對Toluene受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 103 圖4.2-19 不同氮源 與溶氧量對Toluene受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 103 圖4.2-20 不同氮源與溶氧量對Ethylbenzene受生 物刺激(有生物強 化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 104 圖4.2-21不同氮源與溶氧量對Ethylbenzene受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率 之等去除效率線圖 104 圖4.2-22 不同氮源與溶氧量對p-xylene受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 105 圖4.2-23 不同氮源與溶氧量對p-xylene受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 105 圖4.2-24 不同氮源與溶氧量

對MTBE+BTEX受生物刺激(有生物強化)去除效率之回應曲面圖 106 圖4.2-25 不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE+BTEX受生物刺 激(有生物強化)去除效率之等去除效率線圖 106 圖4.2-26 不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE受生物刺激與生物強化下去除效率之回 應曲面圖 113 圖4.2-27 不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE受生物刺激與生物強化下去除效率之等去除效率線圖 113 圖4.2-28 不同 氮源與溶氧量對Benzene受生物刺激與生物強化下去除效率之回應曲面圖 114 圖4.2-29 不同氮源與溶氧量對Benzene受生物 刺激與生物強化下去除效率之等去除效率線圖 114 圖4.2-30 不同氮源與溶氧量對Toluene受生物刺激與生物強化下去除效率 之回應曲面圖 115 圖4.2-31 不同氮源與溶氧量對Toluene受生物刺激與生物強化下去除效率之等去除效率線圖 115 圖4.2-32 不同氮源與溶氧量對MTBE+BTEX受生物刺激與生物強 化下去除效率之回應曲面圖 116 圖4.2-33 不同氮源與溶氧量 對MTBE+BTEX受生物刺激與生物強化下去除效率之等去除效率線圖 116 圖4.3-1 不同氮源與溶氧試程下經生物刺激後菌 群結構之相對相似度與群叢關係及SSCP指紋圖譜。(a)以PCR-SSCP分佈之指紋圖譜;(b)菌群間相對相似度及群叢關係圖 121 圖4.3-2 不同氮源與溶氧試程下經生物刺激與生物強化後菌群結構之相對相似度及群叢關係與SSCP指紋圖譜。(a) 以PCR-SSCP分佈之指紋圖譜;(b)菌群間相對相似度及群叢關係圖 122 表目錄 表2.1-1目前公告之地下水污染管制標準 8 表2.1-2 MTBE與BTEX之物化特性 9 表2.5-1 MTBE與BTEX生物分解之可行性相關研究 22 表2.7-1傳統方法對環境中微生 物之培養可能率 30 表2.7-2分子生物應用技術之相關文獻 33 表3.1-1碳源藥品清單 45 表3.1-2模擬地下水之營養鹽配比 45 表3.1-3寡核?˙臚牏l種類 46 表3.1-4 PCR與SSCP相關藥品清單 46 表3.1-5分子生物技術之相關藥品種類 47 表3.1-6分子生物 技術之儀器設備清單 49 表3.1-7本研究分子生物技術其它使用相關材料清單 50 表3.2-1實驗設計組數表 60 表3.2-2三階層二 變數中心混層實驗設計反應參數實驗值範圍 61 表3.3-1 PCR升溫程式 65 表3.3-2 PCR藥品與比例 65 表3.3-3 SSCP膠片配比 67 表3.3-4 SSCP變性劑(Loading dye)成分與配比 68 表4.2-1為各試程中進行生物刺激及生物刺激與生物強化後效率增加率 81 表4.2-2各基質(MTBE與BTEX)受「生物刺激(無生物強化)」之去除效率 87 表4.2-3各基質回應曲面之變異分析表:生物刺 激(無生物強化)(1/2) 87 表4.2-3各基質回應曲面之變異分析表:生物刺激(無生物強化)(2/2) 88 表4.2-4各基質最佳回應曲面模 型之迴歸分析表:生物刺激(無生物強化) 89 表4.2-5各基質(MTBE與BTEX)受「生物刺激(有生物強化)」之去除效率 98 表 4.2-6 各基質回應曲面之變異分析表:生物刺激(受生物強化) 99 表4.2-7各基質最佳回應曲面模型之迴歸分析表:生物刺激(

受生物強化) 100 表4-2-8 各基質(MTBE與BTEX)受「生物刺激+生物刺激(有生物強化)」之去除效率 109 表4.2-9 各基質回應 曲面之變異分析表:「生物刺激+生物刺激(有生物強化)」之平均(1/2) 110 表4.2-9 各基質回應曲面之變異分析表:「生物 刺激+生物刺激(有生物強化)」之平均(2/2) 111 表4.2-10 各基質最佳回應曲面模型之迴歸分析表:「生物刺激+生物刺激(受 生物強化)」平均 112 表4.3-1 生物刺激之指紋圖譜條件對照表 121 表4.3-2 生物強化之指紋圖譜條件對照表 123 表4.4-1 MTBE菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa YAMT521)與Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853序列比對結果 126 表4.4-2 Benzene 菌(Ralstonia sp. YABE411)與Ralstonia sp. P-10序列比對結果 127 表4.4-3 Toluene菌(Pseudomonas sp. YATO411)

與Pseudomonas sp. PH1序列比對結果 128 表4.4-4 Ethylbenzen菌(Pseudomonas putida YABE411)與Pseudomonas putida序列比 對結果(1/2) 129 表4.4-4 Ethylbenzene菌(Pseudomonas putida YABE411)與Pseudomonas putida序列比對結果(2/2) 130

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