ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรԲཚʳ 2003 ڣ 6 ִʳ 117-139
׳րޟఀىࢇ๊Ϸݙ!
оଽ้ఀىᐌځࢇ๊࣏ٽ!!
ٓ স ෳ ! ဢ ! ࡌ
۞ 1980 ڣזΔޅܒඒߛᖂհᠩݮዬࠠאࠐΔࠡش࣍ਐ֧ඒஃऱඒᖂΔբڶઌ ᅝऱᖵፖګ࣠Δྥኙ࣍ඒߛਙፖ۩ਙᏆऱඔ࿇ΔথྫৱౙΖࠃኔՂΔඒ ߛਙፖ۩ਙՕࣂᣄፖഏ୮ਙ᧯Εࠢີࠫ৫ๅᠦᣂএΔ֠ࠡਢඒߛਙΔޓྫڕ ޅܒऱਙ։࣫ᓵृհᜢጠΔڍתਢਙएΕᆖᛎΕ֮֏ዌԺၦऱ֏ߪΔ९ཚז
।ᚌႨᆢ᧯ऱრᆠፖᓵ૪Δᚘ૰ࢨ୬ࠫ࣍இႨچۯऱᆢ᧯ΔאঅᎽࢨ٦፹ࠡܓ ఛፖᦞԺΖڶᦸ࣍ڼΔء֮ଈ٣ᄗ૪ޅܒඒߛᖂऱ࿇୶ᖵ࿓ፖᓵփොΔਐנᦞ ԺΕवᢝΕრᢝীኪΕ֮֏Εᖵ֮ءԯࠡऱ൶ߒᤜᠲΙࠡڻ٦։ܑൕዌፖ
᧯հݼᘝΕრᢝীኪፖ֮֏հዶຘΕᖵ֮ء౧հૻ૿ٻΔག֧ਙ։
࣫ऱઌᣂᓵΔᔮඖඒߛਙऱޅܒᓵ૪։࣫Ι່أঞࠉ༛ছ૪ᓵᢞ౧Δޅܒݺ ഏऱඒߛᖞࠓਙΔନ༿ࠡឆۖآ᧩ऱլٽᦞԺᣂএΔᏺఛࠡᖞ٤ەၦΖ
ᜢᗖӷǺץղፕॊǵࡹϩǵٳࡹ
ҁЎբޣࣁ୯ҥᆵৣጄεᏢ௲ػᏢسറγংᒧΓ
ႝηແҹࣁǺlin.chunwen@msa.hinet.net
ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 1 Д 30 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 5 Д 9 В
Bulletin of Educational Research June, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 2 pp. 117-139
A Critical Analysis of Educational Policy:
The Consolidation Policy of Taiwan’s Higher Education as an Example
Chun-Wen Lin A b s t r a c t
Since the 1980s, critical pedagogy has gradually established its academic status and guided teachers’ teaching. It has still had little influence, however, in the field of educational policy and administration. In fact, educational policies barely diverge from state politics, economics, or culturethey serve the advantaged and oppress the disadvantaged. To apply critical pedagogy to policy analysis, the first part of this article surveys the development and the major concepts of critical pedagogy. The second part presents a critical discourse analysis of educational policy with the rivalries between structure and individual, ideology and cultural hegemony, and the limits of history, contexts, and text. In the hope of broadening the scope of policy makers, administrators, and teachers, the last part criticizes the consolidation policy of higher education in Taiwan and exposes the illegitimate power relationship hidden behind it.
Keywords: critical discourse, policy analysis, consolidation policy
Doctoral Candidate, Department of Education, National Taiwan Normal University E-mail: lin.chunwen@msa.hinet.net
Manuscript received: Jan. 30, 2003; Accepted: May 9, 2003
εޑࢂٮΓץղޑǴόࢂٮΓጢࡨޑ
~ Nietzsche
ಥă݈! ֏
ޅܒඒߛᖂΰcritical pedagogyαլႛਢԫጟᓵ૪ΔࠡኙඒஃऱඒᖂΕඒߛ۩
ਙԳऱ܂ۖߢΔޓژڇထྤૻૹऱᐙΖଣඒஃԱᇞڼԫᖂᤖᆠΔࠀ౨ ലࠡኔᔌֲ࣍ൄඒᖂᅝխΔঞྤଅᑪհቔ೯Δ۞౨ګ᠏֏ীवᢝٝ
ΰtransformative intellectualsαΔ៶ܗ۞ݺᏺ౨Ε۞ݺޅܒΔאᄅඒᖂΙڼ؆Δإ ڂඒߛ۩ਙԳԯඒߛਙፖޏऱެࡳृΰmakersαΕച۩ृΰimplementersαΕ ᙅښृΰfollowersαፖᐙृΰinfluencersαΰFowler, 2000: 20-23αΔਢאഄڶ᧯
ᎁޅܒඒߛᖂऱጲᆠࠀ۞ݺᛀಘΔթ౨ᝩ܍ႛႛࠉ༛ઝᐋ᧯ࠫՀሒࡎחΔીࠌඒ ߛਙࢨඒߛޏګݮႿԫᄅᘋᦞΕທګԫሐवᢝፖრᢝীኪᢰऱᚥ ١Ζ
ڂհΔᅝছඒߛޏ່૰֊ऱൻਜΔஎॺٺጟݾᐋ૿ऱૠࢨޏ᧢Δ
ۖڇ࣍ොᕆඒߛઌᣂԳհޅܒრᢝΔନܓሎشޅܒᓵ૪ࢬᣂ֨ऱڱᔊΔᐉီඒ ஃඒᖂ۩೯ΕඒߛਙᤜᠲΔאಳޣ᧯რᢝհᇞ࣋Εඒߛటᆠհኦ᧩ΖഗڼΔ ء֮٣۞ޅܒඒߛᖂऱ࿇୶ፖփොᓵದΔ٦۞ޅܒᓵ૪։࣫ऱᨠរ൶ߒඒߛਙ
Δ່أঞאݺഏऱඒߛᖞࠓਙࠏΔᎅࣔਙएΕᆖᛎΕ֮֏ڂైኙ࣍ਙ
ං೯ऱᐙΔࠀطڼᛧીඒߛਙઔߒऱඔقΖ
෮ăԲҿିֈጯ۞൴णᄃ̰உ
ޅܒඒߛᖂऱ࿇୶ෘᄭΔದ۞ 1970 ڣזאছऱ FreireΔא֗۟ 1980 ڣזֱ
ᖫمࠡᗑऱᖂທীΔ1990 ڣזא৵ΔԾڂ࠹৵זᆠፖ֮֏ਙएᓵհᐙ
Δܧԫࡳ࿓৫ऱ᠏ٻΖྥྤᓵڕ۶ዝᢂΔࠡᓵၗՕࣂઃ۞ᖵऱΕᢞ ऱΕ֮ءࢨൣቼᇞᤩऱᨠរנ࿇Δᛩ៥ထዌऱᚘ૰Ε᧯ऱᇞ࣋Ε֮֏ऱسข
Կृհٌյ܂شۖ࿇୶ΰ്৬ګΔ2002Κ10αΔ౿ᄗ૪ࠡ࿇୶ᖵ࿓ፖᓵփොڕڻΚ
ʙăӳҀՉደڟവࣤጣു!
֣۫ګԳඒߛᖂृ Freire ױᘯޅܒඒߛᖂհ٣ᦀΔࠡᓿղඒߛᗨᄕࢤऱᇞ
࣋რᆠΔࠀޅܒႚอऱܻᗨڤඒߛΰbanking educationαΔီᖂسፖඒஃ٥ٵ
ፖრᆠ৬ዌऱ᧯ΰພኔྕΔ2000Κ5αΔრຘመޅܒڤऱᢝڗඒߛΰcritical
literacyαΔ࠰ܗรԿګԳሒࠩრᢝᤚᙌΰconscientizeαΔאᎁव۞ߪऱటኔ
ቼΕኙݼᦞΔၞۖආ࠷ᗨᄕ۩೯Δޏ᧢ΰMorrow & Torres, 2002: 117-119;
Weiler, 1988: 17-18αΖ
լႛڕڼΔᑛऱऄᥞ܌ጝᖂΰFrankfurt SchoolαΔץਔ Adorno, Horkheimer,
Marcuse ԳऱޅܒᓵՈઌᤉਐנΔڇઝᐋ᧯ࠫ࿇ሒऱषᄎհՀΔᖂீඒߛ
ᇷءᆠ༼ࠎࣚ೭Δګሎشՠࠠࢤፖݾ᧯ࠫΔא୬ࠫԳ֨ࠀ൳ࠫषᄎ఼ݧ ऱՠࠠΰᢟ٠ቓΔ1998Κ24-25αΔࠡ৵ޅܒඒߛᖂᓵऱ࿇୶ΔՀদഗ៕Ζ
1970 ڣזא৵ΔᄅඒߛषᄎᖂऱઔߒૹរΔፋྡྷ࣍ᛀီԳଚאൄऱव ᢝΔא֗ඒխൄီࢬᅝྥऱᦞԺᣂএΔࠀ֧ش Marx ऱᄗ࢚Δޅܒᖂீ
ሎشᆖᛎΕ֮֏Εഏ୮ᦞԺא٦፹षᄎၸ్Δጠψ٦፹ᓵωΰWeiler, 1988: 12αΖ
؆Δڶܑ࣍ެࡳᓵڤΕᖲඳڤऱ٦፹ᓵΔψݼࢴᓵωृ്᧯ࠠڶ೯໌ທ რᆠΕسข֮֏ऱ౨ԺΰGiroux, 1983: 100-101αΔ៶ထ֘ݼኙمᏝଖۖݮႿ۞ߪ ऱۥΖ
1980ڣזΔޅܒඒߛᖂڇ Grioux, Apple, Piner, McLaren, Willis Գऱౙౘհ ՀΔթດዬ࿇୶נᗑمऱᖂທীΔࠡᎁݼࢴᓵृፋྡྷ࣍ኙွऱޅܒፖ
։࣫Δመ࣍լߩΕ೯ΔࠀၞԫޡਐנΔݼࢴؘႊࠠໂ༿ऱפ౨Δٵழܶᤖޅ ܒऱߢ֗ױ౨ࢤऱߢΔֱ౨ޅܒ୬ࠫऱᦞΔሒګ۞ݺ֘ઊΕ۞ݺᇞ࣋Εष ᄎᇞ࣋ऱؾऱΰGiroux, 1983: 102-107αΖ
1990 ڣזऱޅܒඒߛᖂृΔڕ Hooks, Hall, Said, Weiler, Foucault, Lyotard,
HabermasԳΔઃࢴڕ٣ছԫΔലඒߛ១֏वᢝऱኔᔌፖݾऱႚᙁΖۖ
ڇ፞࠹৵זᆠΕ֮֏ਙएऱ״հՀΔီඒߛኦᦞఛ౨ΰempowermentα ऱႝ֏ᕪΔ܂ਙएΕ֮֏سขऱԫጟݮڤΰMcLaren, 1994: 34-37αΔݦᕧ៶ထؚ
ధᖂઝᡲΕףԵᄅᘋ֗ሀᖂઝᤜᠲऱઔߒΔሒګषᄎᖞ᧯ऱ᠏֏Ζ
ʠăӳҀՉደڟ୩ባ˱!
ൕऄᥞ܌ጝᖂࠩ৵זᆠऱޅܒᓵΔᕣጥᣂ֊ऱૹរڶࠄპऱנԵΔ
ྥ Girouxΰ1992: 3α࣍قޅܒඒߛᖂऱمழΔԯലඒߛᖂᇞΚψԫิ֮
ءऱΕߢऱΕီᤚऱኔᔌዌΔױࠌԳଚԱᇞ۞աΕהԳፖࠡᛩቼΔٵழՈᎁ वࠩΔڇហسᤁञፖլؓᦞԺᣂএऱषᄎխΔழൄ۴ᙟထլٵᏆऱ֮֏سขΔ נڍฤᇆ।ᐛΖڂۖΔඒߛᖂؘႊڇຍଡጹᣂᙰΔ࿇୶נԫጟߩאኙݼ
ੌฤᇆسขᑓڤऱᄗ࢚ΔٍܛኙݼΕૹႿլٵݮڤհᐙቝΕ֮ءΕ೯܂ऱ৬ዌፖ ܧΔࠀທګრᆠऱسขΔאܫव֮֏ՠ܂ृΕඒஃ֗ᖂسΔהଚଡԳፖႃ᧯ऱ آࠐωΖאڼᖕΔޅܒඒߛᖂऱᓵփොΔױ։Հ٨រຫ૪Κ
)Ι*׳ր๖ᄺ᠌Ψޟᔆफ़!
ޅܒᓵृאΔᝩၲዌڂైۖഀ᧯ࢤऱ༼֒Δࠡኔਢլ֊ኔᎾऱΔڂ
۩೯᧯༓᜔પૻ࣍ዌԺၦհՀΔ܀Ծլݙ٤೯ࢭ࠹ࠡᚘ૰ΖਢאΔ ޅܒᓵቫᇢԫࠓەၦषᄎ۩೯ऱ᧯૿ፖዌ૿Δቔᚐषᄎ۩೯ृޅܒዌᦞ Ժऱᚘ૰Δࠀൎᓳ۞ዌᚘ૰ᅝխ༈ޣᇞ࣋ऱױ౨ࢤΰ്৬ګΔ2002Κ10αΖڼ
ᓵ૪Δٍܛ Habermas ࢬᘯΔᖿ࿇ψسωऱᄮຏࢤΔא֘ᚰψߓอω ऱཷا୬ࠫΰࣥࠋᒤΔ1999Κ8-10αഗᓳհࢬڇΖ
)Π*Ψߴጢޣᜋޟ१ᄺ!
ޅܒᓵृኙ࣍ࡴֱवᢝΰofficial knowledgeαऱݼࢴΔױא Appleΰ1993α
ז।ΔࠡਐנषᄎՂऱᚌႨၸ్ڶᦞലኙࠡڶܓऱवᢝࡳᆠࡴֱवᢝΔۖ৵ຘ መᓰ࿓ΕەᇢΕمऄ֫Δࠡ࠷ψإᅝωΰlegitimacyαऱچۯΔൎࠫࠡה षᄎګॾ࡚ࠀףאᙅښΖڼٍ Foucault ࢬߢवᢝፖᦞԺΰknowledge and powerα ऱઌسᣂএΰᤕ՞Δ1997Κ211αΔܛषᄎࠃኔΰsocial realityαፖإอवᢝॺ ٣֚سګΔۖਢط༳ᦞृ৬ዌۖࠐΔᓴ൳ࠫᦞԺऱ॰ាΔᓴ༉൳ࠫवᢝऱ॰ាΖ
ۖݼࢴڼٚطψإอωᦞ୬໊ऱွΔޅܒՕ୮്ᖿ࿇ଡ᧯ऱ۞რᢝ ፖ֘ઊ౨ԺΔၞۖૹዌᢰᒴऱႈवᢝΔࠌࠡፖੌवᢝઌյݼᘝΔ۟ᣌ
լٽऱवᢝᦞΖ
)έ*કଶຎཎᜋᄘޟଜራ!
რᢝীኪΰideologyαਢᨠ࢚ΕᏝଖࡉॾٛऱسขፖ٦Δא֗ࠡጟጟຘመଡ Գࢨቸ᧯ۖא୶ࡉፂऱֱऄΔױ౨ࠠڶᗨᄕפ౨ፖᄕ܂شΖᄕऱრᢝ
ীኪፖဠრᢝΰfalse consciousnessα൷२Δຘመٽऄ֏ΰlegitimationαΕೕᇘ ΰdissimulationαΕ։֏ΰfragmentationαΕढ֏ΰreificationαࢨฆ֏ΰalienationα
ᑓڤΔࠐፂլؓऱᦞԺᣂএΰ༙ऺᦞΔ1999Κ131αΖإڕ Althusserΰ1976α ࢬߢΔႚอඒߛਢഏ୮რᢝীኪऱᖲᕴΔᖂீ֗ඒஃ᜔٦፹षᄎၸ్ΕႚᎠ
ੌ֮֏ۖࣚ೭ΔਢאޅܒᓵृԺధೈဠრᢝীኪऱಮᎽΔ༿ࠀਗᖏᖂீڇ ਙएࡉ֮֏سխࢬފዝऱߡۥΔ࠰ܗଡ᧯ຘመრᢝᤚᙌΔ༈ޣஇႨ᧯ऱᇞ࣋Ζ
)Ѳ*תܢМϽ៧᠌ޟᡮॵᝁ֍!
Gramsci ࢬጠऱᦞΰhegemonyαլਢߧ፸፸ऱᑊԺΔۖਢԫጟཕᢝፖሐᐚ
ՂऱᏆᖄΔࠡցైਢٵრΰconsentαፖᎅࣚΰpersuasionαΔൕءՂຘመࠠ
ڶ٥ᤜࢤऱषᄎ೯ΕݮڤΕዌΔץਔඒᄎΕഏ୮ΕᖂீΕ᧯Εਙए᧯ߓΔ ԯ۟࣍୮அࠐݙګΰ༙ऺᦞΔ1999Κ127-128Ιᢟ٠ቓΔ2000Κ115αΖྥࢉᘸ Գଚ֚سࠠڶኦ᧩᧯რᢝऱႜٻΔᣊቸ᧯᜔ᄎਗᖏኙمऱཏሙ֮֏ᑓڤΕݼ ࢴᨀଇᣓܟऱ֮֏ᦞΔࠀಾኙრᆠऱ٦ၞ۩ᇞᒘΔ៶ܗס᧩ฆࠐሒી۞ݺ ᎁٵΔא࿇լٵऱრᆠፖᏝଖΔ࿇୶ԫᒤسऱᄷΖ
)Ϥ*௳ಳМҏᇄᐣѬ࢜ޟೣଋ!
৵ዌᆠृ Foucault ۞֮ᖂޅေΕߢᖂΕฤᇆᖂΕᖵᖂऱषᄎ৸ᑪנ
࿇Δא֮ءΰtextαΕ౧ΰcontextαΕᓵ૪ΰdiscourseαऱᄗ࢚Δ࠷ז٣ছኙ࣍რ ᢝীኪऱಘᓵΔאൎᓳ֮֏ऱ۞ࢤΖٍലઔߒऱૹរΔᆜᓯฤᇆߢߓอࢬ
֘ਠऱ֮֏ፖᖵԺၦΔኙ࣍ԳᣊᐥඨΕ೯ᖲΕवᢝࢬขسऱᐙհՂΰ്৬ګΔ 2002Κ8αΖኙࠡۖߢΔٚ۶वᢝࢨᓵ૪ऱ৬ዌΔઃڶࠡࡳऱषᄎ౧ΔՈຟ௫
֗ࠐᄭլႛַ࣍ၸ్ΔࡸץਔਙࢌΕጟගΕࢤܑΕറᄐᖂิ៣Εੌ֮֏ቸ
᧯ऱᦞԺᣂএΰFoucault, 1991ΙMarshall, 1995: 372ΙWalzer, 1991: 53-55αΖۖ
რ༿ྤࢬլڇऱಝΰdisciplineαᦞԺΔ༉ؘႊඅๅ֮ءፖᖵਮऱಝΔ ࢨ༳༽ࠡآᐊנࠐऱຝ։Δթլ۟࣍ٵ֏থྫլ۞वΖ
ણăିֈ߆ඉ۞Բҿኢ̶ژ
መװڶᣂඒߛਙऱઔߒΔڍתൕ۩ਙᖂऱߡ৫Δ൶ಘਙࠫૡΕച۩ፖە
ுऱᑓڤΔৰ֟ᔆጊܓఛቸ᧯ऱؐ׳Δࠀ༉ࠡإᅝࢤፖᚘ૰ࢤΔൕࠃޅܒࢤऱ։
࣫ΖྥྤױᘨߢΔඒߛਙࠡኔڍਢਙएΕᆖᛎዌԺၦऱ֏ߪΔ९ཚᚘ૰ࢨ ୬ࠫ࣍இႨچۯऱᆢ᧯ΔאঅᎽࢨ٦፹ᚌႨᆢ᧯ऱܓఛΔྤࢡਙषᄎᖂऱ
֮ᅝխΔଏਕױߠዌԺၦፖ۩೯᧯ၴऱጹ്ᣂএΰ്৬ګΔ2002Κ15αΖ
ಾኙ࣍ڼΔޅܒऱਙ։࣫ΰcritical policy analysisαഹದ࣍ 1980 ڣזΔڇ
൶ಘዌऱᚘ૰Δࠀᎅࣔഏ୮ऱඒߛਙΔຏൄ֘ਠਙएΕᆖᛎΕ֮֏ՂᚌႨᆢ
᧯ऱᓵ૪ፖრᆠΰ്৬ګΔ2002Κ11αΔၞۖᇢቹ༈ޣᇞ࣋இႨᆢ᧯۞რᢝհױ ౨ࢤΖڂհΔאՀ։ܑ۞ዌፖ᧯հݼᘝΕრᢝীኪፖ֮֏հዶຘΔא֮֗ء ፖᖵհૻԿֱ૿ΔኙᅃਙݮګऱઌᣂᓵΔܧ᧩ඒߛਙऱޅܒᓵ૪։
࣫ڱᔊΔڕ। 1 ࢬقΖ
ے1! ӳҀڟՉއൊ˷ٙ
ӳҀ୩ባڟ
̺ᖠ Չއൊ୩ባ ୩ባПቸ Չጌցއൊ˞
ΰս
ዌፖ᧯հ ݼᘝ
ڍցᓵ
ֆ٥ᙇᖗڍցᓵ
ዌЯ۩೯ᓵ ኔਜᓵ
ᕆګ᧯ऱޅܒ৸ەΔඔ࿇ଡ᧯ऱ۞
რᢝΔܗࠡڇፖዌݼᘝऱߡԺ
խנΔאᕣຒᛶإ᧢ᓳऱඒߛਙ
Ζ
ᆖᛎዌ૿ኙᖂ
᧯૿հॿܟፖౡ
რᢝীኪፖ֮
֏հዶຘ
ഏ୮խ֨ᓵ ဍᓵ
ᦞԺპᨠढᖂ
ങֻาွऱᥛܮॵΕᤞᙌ࠹ጐ
᧡༝ऱኄխԳΔࠀᣌሑ۩ଡԳრݳ ऱᅝᦞृΔאᇞ࣋ቋ࠹ᆃऱԳࢤΖ
ਙࢌࢨൎࠫᖄ֧ࢨឆ პዬၞΔሑ۩ഏ୮ᦞ հዶຘ
֮ءፖᖵհ
ૻ
ᓵ૪։࣫
ਙەײᖂ ਙߓᢜᖂ
ψझנ֮ء؆ωΔࠀψ༳༽ࠡآᐊ נࠐऱຝ։ωΔՈᇞᖵழࠥΔא ᠖িऴፖֽؓ૿ٻऱᦞԺᣂএΔᝫ
ਙటઌΖ
ಮ ࣍ ٤ ଅ ᑪ հ խΔ࢙ฃኙ࣍۞ߪᖵ
Ε֮ءΕ֮֏ऱᇞᦰ ፖڂᚨ
ၗٰྍǺբޣԾՉጓᇙ
ʙăൖ်Ⴤ̺ϵᜌʨ̅ڣᘋʰڟӪᎋ!
ਐຫዌፖ᧯ၴհᦞԺЯवᢝᣂএऱඒߛਙᓵΔլڇ֟ᑇΔ౿אՀ૪
ृࠏΔࠀᎅࣔࠡᓵᢞૹរΚ )Ι*ӻϯ፣!
ਙݮګऱڍցᓵΰpluralismαृΔൎᓳኙ࣍ਙጻΰpolicy networkαࡉ ਙषᆢΰpolicy communitiesαऱ։࣫Δץਔਙࢌᖲዌփ؆ऱܓఛቸ᧯ፖᚘԺቸ
᧯Εਙ᤻Εറᄐቸ᧯ࢬ࿇ཀऱᐙԺΔਐנຍࠄࠠໂլٵᐛऱጻࡉषᆢΔ ઌյዌګԫଡਙएߓอΔኙਙࢌਙऱݮګፖࠫૡ࿇ཀ։ࣴऱ܂شΰHill, 1997αΖ ᎅࣔ۩೯᧯ژڇሎشٺጟฃፖຜஉΔፖᖞ᧯ዌ֗ՕᛩቼऱवᢝЯᦞԺΔઌ յຑ೯ऱױ౨ࢤΖ
)Π*ϴӓᒵᐅӻϯ፣!
ਙݮګऱֆ٥ᙇᖗڍցᓵΰpublic choice pluralismαृΔૹီઝᐋऱݮႿ ΰbureau shapingαΔᎁਙࢌᖲዌփຝլٵຝ॰ऱઝᐋᣂএΔٍܛٺଡิ៣հၴऱ ܓఛᓢડΔߩאᐙඒߛਙऱݮګΰHill, 1997αΖֺڕඒߛຝፖᆖ৬ᄎኙ࣍
ඒߛᑇၦਙ൳ᦞհञኆΔঁऴ൷֘ਠڇݺഏඒߛਙऱ࿇୶հՂΔਢഏ ୮ዌא࿇ཀࠡᦞԺЯवᢝհൎՕԺၦΔؐ׳ඒߛਙߨٻΔࠀऴ൷܂ش࣍ष ᄎֆا᧯հࣔᢞΖ
)έ*ᄂࢊ౩፣!
ਙऱኔਜᓵΰimplementation theoryαਐנطՂۖՀΰtop-downαΔא֗ط ՀۖՂΰbottom-upαࠟጟਙച۩ऱᨠរΚছृطمऄृᄑᎅࣔਙؾऱΔ٦ طച۩ृࠫૡาঞΔאᒔঅਙऱݙ٤ᆵኔΙ৵ृঞطဩሐᐋ్ऱࡴቛΰstreet level
bureaucratsαΔֺڕඒஃΔᖕኔᎾൣउΔאط৵ছΰbackward mappingαऱᖵ
࿓ࠐᇭᤩࢨࠫૡਙΰCibulka, 1994: 112αΖڇൎᓳਙച۩ृࠠໂૹᄅᇭᤩࢨ
ࡳඒߛਙऱᦞԺΔ༉ਬԫᨠរۖߢΔٍਙࠫૡृΰFowler, 2000: 17-18αΖ լႛױᇷס᧩۩೯ृऱ᧯چۯΔٍψՂڶਙΔՀڶኙωٺ۩ࠡਢհཏ ሙൣउΔ༼ࠎ၀֊ऱᎅࣔΖ
)Ѳ*๖ᄺʝଢ଼፣!
ਙݮګऱዌЯ۩೯ᓵΰstructure/action theoryαृΔᣂ֨ءૻࠫ
ΰconstitutional constraintsαኙਙऱᐙΔࠡආࠫ৫։࣫ΰinstitutional analysisα ऱຜஉΔᆜઔߒྡྷរ࣍ਙࢌิ៣ءߪऱᐛΰڕิ៣ऱᖵΕዌΕრᢝীኪΕ ፖࠡהิ៣ऱઌኙᣂএαհՂΔڂۖᎁᒤΕᏝଖΕᣂএΕᦞԺዌΕᑑᄷ ሎ܂࿓ݧΔઃױ౨ᐙਙݮګΖ܀ೈڼհ؆Δٍᣂ֨۩೯ृאૹᄅᇞᤩ
ዌऱࠃኔΔਢאਙए۩೯լႛڇਝࡳऱሏᚭঞփၞ۩Δٍਢૹᄅᒒሏᚭঞ ऱ೯ΰMarch & Olson, 1989αΖ৾ױᎅࣔዌፖ᧯ڇवᢝЯᦞԺՂऱᠨٻյ ೯Δא֗ࢮވݼᘝհኔᎾွΖ
)Ϥ*౩፣ԟ፸!
Ղ૪ᓵᢞګԱषᄎዌፖ۩೯᧯ၴΔڼઌյ९ऱຑ೯ᣂএΖଖਢհ ᎾΔޅܒऱඒߛਙ։࣫Δঁထૹ࣍൶ಘඒߛ۩೯ृਢܡڂൎᚘ࣍ዌᖲᕴऱ ୬ࠫհՀۖྲྀ໙Λඒߛءᔆਢܡڂլլࡹൕ࣍؆ڇᛩቼऱᡓՕᚘԺۖށڴ
᧢ݮΛඒߛ᧯᠆༄ڍցऱسΔਢܡᏜ֏ࠫڤऱߓอࢬཷاΛඒߛ టᆠਢܡڇਙएႨԺऱॿ፱հՀሙ᧯᧲႞Λषᄎإᆠਢܡڇؑ֏ऱ۞طᤁञᆖ ᛎ᧯ࠫխሿ؈ᆵΛᇨڕዌەၦመ࣍᧯ەၦڍऱ९ڣഏඒਙΖଣట ڕڼΔঞᕆګ᧯ऱޅܒ৸ەΔඔ࿇ଡ᧯ऱ۞რᢝΔܗࠡڇፖዌݼᘝऱߡԺ
խנΔאጐຒᛶإ᧢ᓳऱඒߛਙΔঁګᅝ೭հ৺Ζ
ʠă๎ᘋܮဘჄ̜˽ᛧᜌڟ̩୪ණ!
ܧ᧩რᢝীኪፖ֮֏ᦞኙ࣍ඒߛਙհᐙऱᓵΔՕીױូԿृΔ
ࠡᄗፖᣂࣹΔڕՀࢬ૪Κ )Ι*ড়ϛЖ፣!
ഏ୮խ֨ᓵΰthe state-centered theoryαृΔ്ᚨലഏ୮ऱઝᐋਙएΕܓఛΕ ౧ΕဍΔ܂ਙᙇᖗऱ։࣫ྡྷរΔ֠ࠡਢၲ࿇խഏ୮ऱඒߛਙ։࣫Δ ޓᔞ࣍ሎشڼԫ࠷உΖڂඒߛൄشא࠰ܗᖂسषᄎ֏Εᕩፋഏ୮٥ᢝΔନܓ
ࡳഏ୮࿇୶Δഏ୮ٍൄ៶ܗඒߛऱឩ്ΔᒔمࠡਙᦞऱٽऄࢤፖᦞࢤΔၞ
ۖ༼֒۞ߪڇߓอΰworld systemαխऱچۯΰ׆ᣝႆΔ1999Κ2Δ11αΖڂհΔ
ᦞۥᖺদऱഏ୮᧯ࠫΔऱᒔൄܓشඒߛᖲࠫΔץਔᓰ࿓ΕඒஃΕᏚڤΔ܂
ࠡཆΕฮრᢝীኪऱՠࠠΔאሒګഏ୮ᎁٵΔᒔঅਙᦞऱࡳࢤፖإᅝࢤΖ )Π*़፣!
ਙݮګऱဍᓵΰelitismαृᎁΔਙࢌऱਙᙇᖗΔլጐྥ٤طषᄎڂ
ైࢬআګΔࠃኔՂΔਙࢌፖਙဍڶৰՕऱ़ၴױאࡳംᠲΕᙇᖗؾᑑΕ
ࡳᇞΔຍጟွڇၲ࿇խഏ୮֠ࠡࣔ᧩Ζਢאࠡᣂ֨۾ᖕۯृΰڕΚ᜔
อ֗ࠡᎹΕኟቛԳΕഏᄎᤜ֗ࠡܗαऱެᐙԺΔᎁਙဍ
ऱહནΕᆖ᧭Εॾ࢚ΕრᢝীኪΕੌ֮֏Δലኙਙհݮګ֗࣠Δທګࢨ
᧩ထࢨឆპऱᐙΰGrindle & Thomas, 1991αΖڼᓵࢨױาᘈᇞᤩݺഏඒߛޏᅝ խΔψԳژਙᜰΔԳװਙஒωऱွΔᜰՅዧଃፖຏشଃऱञᓵΰߢ հञრᢝীኪհञαΕᔹᦰሎ೯ऱං۩ΰᙟထམݳிຝ९հװۖ྇αΔ
݁ਢ᧩ࠏΖ
)έ*᠌Ψཌᢎސ౩Ᏸ!
ᦞԺპᨠढᖂΰmicro-physics of powerαࠐ۞ Foucault ኙ࣍ᦞԺऱპᨠ࣫
૪Δਢਐሎشԫጲയऱ൳ࠫΔຘመಝΰdisciplineαऱݾፖֱऄΔขسڕֻ
าွԫऱዶຘய࣠Δીࠌଡ᧯լႛਫႉΕࣚൕΔᝫګױᕏ႒ፖޏທऱۚ
᧯Δ៶אᒔঅᦞԺऱᥛၞ۩ΔࠡႁհΔڇ࣍ྤႊ࣓၆ۖษᑊऱᣂএΔ༉౨ ᛧીᄕՕऱኔᔆய࣠ΰᔤݛತΔ2002Κ124ΙPeters, Marshall, & Fitzsimons, 2000:
116-118αΖᔞߩאᎅࣔຘመඒߛመ࿓ۖᨀଇᣓܟऱ֮֏ᦞΔ࠹ඒ᧯ڇլवլ
ᤚᅝխՂԱᙟࠡڜᆜΕٚط୬໊ऱᦥΔឈբੌ֮֏հ؉থսڂ౨ڜ࣍
ࠡۯΕ܌ጐښۖऀऀ۞Ζ )Ѳ*౩፣ԟ፸!
גาᨠኘඒߛਙհݮګΔլᣄ࿇ᤚࠀॺࢬڶऱਙᤜᠲΰissueαຟ౨ၞԵ ᤜ࿓ΰagendaαᅝխΔࠡၴࠡኔڶڕዥ֯ڤऱᙇᖗΰfunnel choiceαԫΔഄڶਙ
ࢌփຝࢨፖਙࢌᣂএയ֊ऱ؆ຝԳՓܑࣹრऱᠲΔթאၞԵਙᤜ࿓ᅝխ ΰFowler, 2000: 15-16ΙKingdon, 1995: 3αΔڇڇᎅࣔഏ୮ਙᦞࢨਙएဍΔኙ࣍
ඒߛਙऱ᧩ထᐙΖ؆Δاගഏ୮ፂࠡอएچۯΔٍڶრࢨྤრچ ሎشឆۖآ᧩ऱ֫Δഛᕆٖ൯ፖ٥Εᆄฒԫ֨ऱഏගᨠ࢚Δ៷ຯᥔ੪՛ݺΕݙ ګՕݺऱഏගൣᖙΰ്৬ګΔ2002Κ19αΖྫڕፕݹᣤழཚऱ૨ഏاඒߛਙΔ
ܛຘመඒߛਙᤩ࣋ࡳऱრᢝীኪΕឩཋਝࡳऱ֮֏ᦞΔࠌԳଚֵ࣍א
ൄऱክࢤᅝխΔᤉᥛ٦፹षᄎၸ్Ε։षᄎᇷᄭΔࠌൎृਁൎΕஇृਁஇΖ ڼழΔޅܒऱඒߛਙ։࣫ԯॻᣂࣹڕ۶ങֻาွऱᥛܮॵΛڕ۶ᤞᙌ
࠹ጐ᧡༝ऱኄխԳΛڕ۶ᣌሑ۩ଡԳრݳऱᅝᦞृΛאᇞ࣋ቋ࠹ᆃऱԳࢤΖ
ʭă̜ΏჄጣͬऱࡩڟባࡘ˷ٙ!
ᖂኙ֮࣍ءፖᖵऱᣂࣹΔದ࣍ Schleiermacher ፖ Gadamer Գհᇭᤩᖂ ΰhermeneuticsαΔࠡ৵ऱޅܒᓵΔঞᥛᣂᡖڼԫሁΖ༉ፖඒߛਙ։࣫ઌ ᣂऱᓵۖߢΔՕࣂא Foucault ৸ەհඔ૭ΔࠡጁጁՕृ֗ᘋᔊᄗڕՀ૪Κ
)Ι*፣क़Ϸݙ!
ᓵ૪ਢਐڇࡳऱषᄎൣउࡉᖵයٙՀΔࢬขسऱԫઌᣂඖ૪ۖߢΖ
Foucaultᖕڼ༼נᓵ૪։࣫ΰdiscourse analysisαΔઌॾߢݮڤፖრᆠၴऱᣂএΔ
ࠀॺٚრࣳឰऱΔۖਢፖࠡࢬขسऱषᄎ౧ژڇᣂএΔฅຶߢࠠڶष ᄎࢤΔފዝԱࡳऱषᄎפ౨ΰTaylor, 1997: 24-25αΔڂ࢚ۖऱݮګፖሎ܂Δ
լᄎፖᦞԺऱࠫ৫ፖᣂএઌյๅᠦΰཾભ༡Δ2000Κ7αΖࠡ৵ऱ Codd ലࠡሎش
࣍ඒߛਙՂΔሎش Fairclough ऱᓵ૪։࣫ڱᔊΔץਔ֮ء։࣫ΰ༴૪Δ descriptionαΕመ࿓։࣫ΰᎅࣔΔinterpretationαΕषᄎ։࣫ΰᇞᤩΔexplainationα
ԿጟᣊীΔ࣍։࣫ਙऱԿଡ૿ٻΔץਔΚ։࣫ऱኙွΰߢऱΕီᤚऱࢨ
ߢፖီᤚऱ֮ءαΕኙွขسፖ൷گऱᖵ࿓ΰᐊ܂ΕዝᝑΕૠΕᔹᦰΕႜᦫΕᨠ ኘαΔא֗ጥຍࠄመ࿓ऱषᄎᖵൣउΰJanks, 1997: 49-50αհՂΖრ៶ထ
၌။֮ءऱ։࣫Δ࣫ਙ౧Δ൶ᇬਙటઌΔሒી৵ᇞΖ )Π*ࢇ๊ՃѠᏰ!
ਙەײᖂΰpolicy archaeologyαऱᨋტΔದ࣍ Foucault ऱψवᢝەײᖂωΔ
ࠡլٵ࣍ዌᆠૹီᓵ૪હ৵ऱฤᒘΔۖൎᓳ༴૪ԫᖞ౨ެࡳᓵ૪ሎ܂ֱڤ ፖሎ܂ױ౨ऱঞΔࢬထૹऱࠀॺࠃढءߪΔۖਢᛩ៥ڇࠃढࡌΔԾ౨ᐙࠃ ढඈ٨ֱڤऱ߷ࠄᐋڻڍցΕڼٌ៣ऱঞΔۖطຍࠄᓵ૪ঞࢬዌګऱᖵ
Δᝫ૮ฆ࣍ႚอऱၞޡᨠፖຑᥛᨠΔܧؿએፖឰါΰ႓ᅄ֮Δ2000Κ
127-129αΖֺڕڇչᏖයٙՀΔԳଚױאტवግ߆ऱנΛչᏖൣउΔԳଚၲࡨ
៥ထግ߆Δࠀڇ،ߪᢰ৬ዌԫࠄᓵ૪ΛԾԳଚ۶אຍጟֱڤΰۖॺܑጟֱڤα ࠐዌທ߷ࠄᓵ૪Λ
ਢאਙەײᖂΔԯਢەߒਙݮګైፖයٙऱઝᖂΔڱڇᝫਙݮګ ऱ೯ኪᖵ࿓ΔନאԱᇞਙݮګऱመ࿓խΔࠃृڕ۶ඈೈהृΰothersαऱᓵ૪
֗࿇ᜢΔאሒګਝࡳऱؾऱΰGale, 2001: 387-389αΖࠡشრڇᒔمਙݮګऱ
ঞΔࠀ༼ᙌਙ۩೯ृ࣍Աᇞਙംᠲऱݮګհ؆Δᝫ൜ਙݮګऱයٙፖ ழᖲΖຘመڼ൶ߒΔױᇷሂๅ֮ءΕ౧ፖᖵհૻΔאݝ؆Գΰoutsiderα ऱᨠរΔߠਙᦞԺڇֽؓ૿ٻऱ۬૽᜕ᖩΕᥚ៥िᆼΔ៶אᝩ܍ᎄشΕᛒش वᢝЯᦞԺΔࢨवᢝЯᦞԺࢬॿ፱ፍ֏ۖլ۞वΖ
)έ*ࢇ๊فᜊᏰ!
ਙߓᢜᖂΰpolicy genealogyαऱ৸ەΔࡨ࣍ Foucault ش࣍ᇖךψەײᖂω հլߩऱψߓᢜᖂωΰgenealogyαΔࠡᇢቹൕ Nietzsche נ࿇Δא༴૪ᓵ૪ዌګऱ መ࿓խΔࢬڶऱܒᄷڇ࣍ܒឰᓵ૪ऱڶயࢤΔԯല౨ຏመዌګߓอհᗴᙇऱ
ΕࡎᠲΕߢ۩Δጠհڶயۖటኔऱᓵ૪Δ֘հঞྤயۖဠऱᓵ૪Ζ ߓᢜᖂፖەײᖂ່ՕऱլٵΔਢڇࠡᓵ૪ዌګऱഗ៕ՂΔףՂԫଡψᦞԺωऱ᧢
ڂΰ႓ᅄ֮Δ2000Κ146-150αΖױᇷᎅࣔڇչᏖᑌऱයٙՀΔᓵ૪ऱዌګঞ౨ ജሎ܂Δ౨ኙΕࡎᠲፖߢ۩ၞ۩ᗴᙇΔࠌࠡݮګڶயۖటኔऱᓵ૪Ζ
ਢאਙߓᢜᖂΰpolicy genealogyαऱᓵᠲΔԯאழၴ᜕ٻऱᓵរࡨΔ
ኙᅝছਙऱᦞԺᑓኪΰmodalitiesαၞ۩ᇞ࣫ΔٍܛᇢቹԱᇞΔԳଚڕ۶ۭຑ
ۿຑᥛ࿇୶խऱլຑᥛհΰGale, 2001: 389-391αΔ৬ഗ࣍ਙᖵᖂΰpolicy
historiographyα۞ழၴᖩٻᨠរנ࿇ऱمΔൕࡳऱᖵழܑࠥ֗ऱ֮֏
હནࠐ։࣫ᖵ֮ٙΰGale, 2001: 385-387αΖࠃኔՂΔਙߓᢜᖂױشאᛀီਙ
ऱٽࢤ֗ࠡݮګঞΔ࠰ܗܠԳਙᦞԺڇিऴ૿ٻऱෘᄭۭΔאಳ ᄩ۶լٵऱᆢ᧯ᄎ࠰ᤜנլٵऱᖲࠫΔᗴᙇנլٵऱԳթΔՈᆜנլٵऱᦞ ԺسኪΖ
)Ѳ*౩፣ԟ፸!
Ղ૪ᓵਐຫ൜ਙ֮ءፖᖵਮऱૹࢤΔᎁഄࠡψझנ֮ء؆ω ΰto “climb aboard” the textαΔࠀψ༳༽ࠡآᐊנࠐऱຝ։ωΰ”unwritten” part of
a textαΔՈᇞᖵழࠥΰཾભ༡Δ2000Κ15αΔլឰၞ۩ᔆጊΕ֘ઊΕᇞ࣋Εૹ ৬հ༛ᛩΔթ౨ᝫਙటઌΖֺڕݺഏڰཚऱඒߛਙආ࠷ဍᆠΔۖ
ᅝվհඒߛਙආՕฒᆠΔࠟृࢬمഗऱᏝଖ᧯ߓฆΔਢאൕࠃඒߛਙ
։࣫հழΔᅝ٣᠖ڼฆऱߓᢜ౧Δֱլ۟࣍ᙑᎄᇭᤩΔۖીएఛ⑺Ε ػڦԫΖ
ጵՂࢬ૪Δඒߛਙऱޅܒᓵ૪։࣫Δլႛቔ೯ඒߛ᧯ኙݼዌᚘ૰Δ ኦ᧩۞᧯༇ᣤΙીԺ֭இႨ۩೯ृݼࢴੌᦞΔ၌ๅ෫լኘऱክࠏᏚڤΙ ᝫᐉშᇞᦰᖵΕ։֮࣫ءΕᇞ౧ΔאᝫਙటઌΔᝩ܍ૹᝢ᠐Δ៶ אᇞ࣋୬ࠫΕၲ໌ᄅݝΖ
དྷăඈିֈፋ׀߆ඉ۞Բҿ̶ّژ
ޅܒᓵऱጲళΔڇ࣍ၲ୶இႨृऱ࿇ᜢፘፕΔ༿ឆۖآ᧩ऱᚘ૰୬
ࠫΔၞۖඔ࿇᧯۞ᤚΔᇞ࣋լٽऱᦞԺᣂএΖਢאءຝ։ឈ༉ݺഏऱඒ ߛᖞࠓਙΰאิ៣հᖞࠓᓵ૪ૹរαၞ۩ޅܒࢤ։࣫Δথॺრڇ٤ᒌܡࡳڼ ԫਙհمრፖᏝଖΔኔԯٞቹຘመޅܒᓵ૪։࣫ऱᨠរΔᛀီאൄऱਙ
࿓ݧΕధೈԫٻီࢬᅝྥऱਙಮ৸ΔՈᐉီ෫լኘऱਙ౧Ζཚࠌ ޑᣂഏ୮ᤁञԺհߜⲀऱඒߛਙΔ۞ޓᖞ٤ऱီߡΔ܂ޓຏᒌऱەၦΔ ᝩ܍ٚ۶լؘऱᥔ੪ፖࡡࡹΔא֗ࢬڶլٽழࡵऱࠃפתΖ
ഗڼΔאՀԯࢭՂ૪ψඒߛਙऱޅܒᓵ૪։࣫ωհᔮຫਮዌΔ։ܑ۞ᆖᛎ
ዌ૿ፖᖂ࠱။᧯૿հݼᘝΕഏ୮ᦞፖრᢝীኪհዶຘΔא֗ฝཬ٤ᆖ
᧭ۖી࢙ฃ۞ߪ౧Կֱ૿Δޅܒ։࣫հΚ
ʙă༄ᐼൖ်ዽఽʟደ̺ڟᅋࢄ!
ඒߛᖲዌፖࠡ؆ຝषᄎዌ᜔ਢઌյᐙΔԾዌኙ࣍᧯ऱᐙۿ
ֺ᧯ኙ࣍ዌऱᐙՕΔڂೈԱᆖᛎڂైലऴ൷ࠫवᢝऱسขፖႚᎠհ
؆ΔषᄎऱਙएΕऄ৳ΕሐᐚΕრᢝীኪΔՈຟࠌඒߛᖲዌփຝऱᖂृΕ ᖂઝ֗ઌᣂਙΔࠡऑದೄೄዮዳΰBecher, 1989αΖۖࠃኔՂΔԫࠄಾኙᖂ
ᖲዌऱ؆ڇઔߒΔٍ᧩قՕᖂኙ࣍षᄎዌհࠉᘸΰRemmling, 1973: 33-34αΔࠉ ڼංհΔݺഏऱඒߛᖞࠓਙᅝྤױ۞؆࣍ڼΖ
۞ 1995 ڣא૾Δࡴֱຬᥛቇ܉հٺႈܫፖૠΔᨠᓯݺഏඒߛᖞࠓ ਙհ〜ـΔլᣄ࿇ᤚࠡڂᚨತਙپጹΕ༼֒ᆖᛜயΔ۟ᐌ۩ਙएࢭᘭۖ
ංዝհฉᇾΚֺڕඒߛຝΰ1995Κ79α࿇ؒհπխဎاഏඒߛܫρΔঁࣔᒔ।
قΚψലቔᚐຝ։ᑓመ՛Εᆖᛜய֗ᤁञԺհᖂீΔٽᖞ᧯࿇୶ᏁޣΔ
༈ޣፖࠡהᖂீٽࠓհױ౨ࢤΔ৬مڍீհՕᖂΔࠌᇷᄭ܂ޓڶயհሎشωΙۖ
۩ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎΰ1996Κ61α࿇।հπඒߛޏ᜔ᘬᤜܫρٍམ ਐנΚψڶֆمඒߛᖂࢌΔຝ։ᑓ֜՛ΔאીඒߛᇷᄭૹᓤΔᣄᛧᚨڶհ யఛΔࡵەᐞղאٽࠓࢨឩך۟ᔞᅝᑓΔאڶயሎشᇷᄭΔ༼֒ᔆΙኙ࣍բ ڶઌᅝދᇷհഏمՕᖂΔᚨດޡআࠌࠡ࿇୶۟ᔞᅝᑓωΖ
ףאඒߛᖞٽऱᨠ࢚Δದ࣍ٞᄐگΰacquisitionαΕٽࠓΰmergerα ᆖᛜᦞፖ൳ࠫᦞऱ۩ΰࡌఴᅛΔ2002Κ91αΔەၦڇ࣍ؑᆮچऱឩךΔא
֗ᆖᛎயఛऱ༼֒Δᣄ܍ᐙᖞࠓਙհᏝଖႜٻΖ؆ΔݺഏٍڇףԵ WTOΕ
ඒߛ৺ຒឩ്Ε۴ᙟ٤֏ۖીհᡓՕᤁञᚘԺൣउհՀΔኙ࣍Օᖂᖞࠓ ދࣹᓯڍᣂࣹፖ֨ԺΔݦᕧ៶אឩՕᑓΕ૾܅ګءΕ༼֒யፖಳޣᖂ࠱။Ζ
ਢאݺഏඒߛᖞࠓਙհ೯ڂΔՕࣂኔאᆖᛎᑓΕᆖᛜயዌ૿
ऱەၦΔᄕ֟ᓵ֗ᖂᔆ᧯૿ऱᏝଖΰܛঁ༼֗ΔٍڍԫመΔۖྤ
ࠠ᧯ᓵᢞፖച۩ฃαΔڇڇ᧩قૹዌۖ᎘᧯հွΖࠡױ౨ขسऱኤጤڶΚ )Ι*ȶ᎖ૄϞཎϚӵନȷޟҬᒿည!
ط࣍ݺഏऱඒߛᖞࠓਙΔآؘਢאᖂ࠱။հሒګଈؾᑑΔඒߛ ຝೈ࣍ 2001 ڣ 8 ִֆؒհπഏمՕᖂீೃᇷᄭᖞٽ࿇୶ૠρխΔࣔᒔਐق Օᖂೃீ៶طீᎾٽ܂ΕฃᜤᅩΕᖂீٽࠓֱڤΔݙګ༼֒ඒߛᔆፖ ᙄᖂᜎயΕᏺၞඒߛᤁञԺΕআၞچඒߛ࿇୶ؾᑑΰඒߛຝΔ2001cαհ
؆Δٍא۩ਙயΕਙएᤂᒘΕᆖᛎயఛΕඒᖂᔆΕԵᖂᖲᄎΔ܂আګᖞ ࠓऱ೯ڂΔࠏڕΚࣥۂΰ1999α༉མᆖਐנΔ༉ࢤऱᖞ᧯ቤۖߢΔഏփ
ඒߛᖂࢌᆜऱയ৫መΔᇷᄭመ৫։ཋΔྤఛ࣍ඒߛֽᄷհ༼֒Δآࠐኙ
࣍ຝ։լฤٽᆖᛎᑓհᖂீΔᔞ৫ٽࠓࢨᖞٽΔലਢؘྥհႨΖ༛ڼۖᓵΔ
ࠌᑓᆖᛎΕ۩ਙயΔ۟ਢਙएሟֱՕᖂᖞࠓऱەၦΔ߷Ꮦױ אቃཚऱਢΔڇᖞٽመ࿓խኙ࣍ᖂ࠱။ऱഒΔലᣄאԺ࣍ਙएΕᆖᛎ߆ ᑪᓢᖿᅝխΔᖄીᔨౖհრլڇऱؾᑑᙑᆜΖ
)Π*ȶหߏϚԙІгȷޟᔍ!
ඒߛຝΰ2001bαࠉᖕπቤڂᚨඒߛ࿇୶റூ՛ิઔᤜܫρΔֆؒπං
೯ઔߒীՕᖂᖞٽૠρΔଠᖄீփᖞٽፖீᎾᖞٽΔࠡؾᑑڇ࣍ψאറூᆖ ၄֭ઔߒীՕᖂᖞٽΔ࠰ܗᖞٽഏփ؆ᚌߐԳթ֗ᇷᄭΔڇᖂᏆݮګኔԺ ഒൎऱቸၷΔ༼֒ඒᖂ֗ઔߒ೯հᔆΔؘ౨ڇഏᎾֽᄷՂ܂ᤁञΔၞԫޡಳ ޣ࠱။ωΖ࣍ڼᖿᚐհՀΔፕऱֆمՕᖂྤլᤁઌᖞࠓΔᆖඒߛຝհᐉᤜΔૠڶ ፕՕᖂீփᖞٽૠΕፕᜤٽՕᖂߓอΰطဎΕٌຏΕၺࣔΕխ؇ீิ
ګαΕګפՕᖂፖխ՞ՕᖂऱீᎾᖞٽૠֱூΔᛧ 2002 ֗ 2003 ڣ৫᜔ૠԲ ԼᏙցᆖ၄հᇖܗΖ
ྥՕᖂᖞࠓհ৵Δᣄ܍ؘႊ૿ᜯඈ՞ଙ௧ۖࠐऱ۩ਙጥΕ࠰ᓳᄮຏΕމᓢ ዀඝംᠲΔࠡၴาࠃጅڕΔᖕԱิ៣ګՕຝ։ऱ֨৸ΕჾԱᖲ ዌګՕၦऱጲԺΔՈᗣԱՠ܂ٵոऱᑷൣፖર֨Δીࠌࠡኙᖂ࠱။ऱᣂࣹΔ ᏅڶԺլൕ֨հᖌΖΔլႛຝ։ދԵᖞٽऱक़၄ΰֺڕΚ৬ᆜᜤߓอΕൕ ࠃᇷᄭ࠰ᓳαױ౨࣍ᖞࠓհছΔசᠦ༼֒۩ਙயऱრΔՕᖂ۩ਙൕඒߛิ
៣ऱٵቛጥᑓڤ᠏ٞᄐऱฃૠᑓڤΰ׆ᣝႆΔ2002Κ117-118αΔٍױ ౨ૻࠫᖂ۞طፖᐘࢤΕףૹᖂԳऱ۩ਙᖜΕᡶᖂ࠱။ऱಳޣΔޓ۶ उጥՂऱ࠱။Ոլ࣍ᖂՂऱ࠱။ΖڕڼۖࠐΔਝլ౨ᒔঅᆖᛎயఛհ༼֒Δ Ծլ౨ᜢጠᖂ࠱။հሒીΔڼԳ್ٛհ৵ऱᠨᙰᆵ़Δലᣄಲψॡլګ
֘ᣊׅωऱݜΖ
ʠăࣜᛧᜌჄ๎ᘋܮဘڟၤఆჄ݄ҁჶ!
Օ᧯ۖߢΔআګඒߛᖞࠓऱ೯ԺΔץਔԿጟᑓڤΰ׆ᣝႆΔ2002Κ110-111αΚ (ԫ)ژᑓڤՕᖂᆖᛜऱٲᖲΰధขΕࢵسլߩαਢআګᖞࠓऱૹ
ڂհԫΔࠡ࣠ਢאֱூࢨᖲዌऱᣂ॰ΕᜍᒳΕࠓگΔڱڇጥᙱඓΙ (Բ)ګ९ᑓڤࠟଡࢨࠟଡאՂऱิ៣Δઌյܓشڼऱ९ၞ۩ᖞࠓΔ
אಳޣᖲዌऱګ९ፖ࠱။Ι
(Կ)ᎈڂᑓڤՕᖂᖲዌڇਙࢌऱൎԺ௫ԵΰࢨᔾౡΔࢨᘸܓᎈαհՀΔ
ၞ۩ॺૠխऱᖞࠓ೯܂Δࠡګڂፖࠡᎅਢנ۞ᖲዌᐋڻऱەၦΔլڕᎅਢֆ٥
ެᐋڻऱەၦΔڼழΔิ៣փຝڂైऱەၦലॺૹរΖ
۞ছႈࢬᓵطਙࢌቇؒऱٺႈૠፖܫᨠհΔլᣄ࿇ᤚݺഏඒߛհ ᖞࠓΔᚨ᥆Ղ૪հᎈڂᑓڤΔ༓ࢬڶऱᖞࠓਙઃطഏ୮ᖄΔආਙച۩
ᓵխऱطՂۖՀΰtop-downαኧച۩ऱຜஉΖא 2001 ڣ 2 ִ 1 ֲإڤٽࠓګψቯ ᆠՕᖂωऱψഏمቯᆠஃᒤᖂೃωፖψഏمቯᆠݾᖂೃωࠏΔࠡհࢬאڇ
ழၴփګפٽࠓΔԯਢڇඒߛຝᒳ٨ԼᏙցറூቃጩΔࠀطਙࢌࡴၲمᤁᙇ֭
ปऱᠨயᖄٻਐقհՀΔ࣍ 1999 ڣֆؒπچࢤഏمՕᖂீೃᖞࠓᇢᙄૠρൎ
ࠫআګΰᚮᖠដΔ2002ΚI-2-4αΖ
ᆖਙࢌտԵۖআګऱՕᖂᖞࠓΔឈױگࠡຒயΔྥࠡኙ࣍ࠓᖂீګ۞
რᢝऱ࢙ฃࢨᚘࠫΔא֗ኙ࣍ඒߛᖂ۞طࢬױ౨ขسऱᓢᚰፖᐙΔথޓ
ޅܒऱਙᓵ૪։࣫ࢬᣂࣹΚ
)Ι*ȶΰԤࢇ๊ȃήԤᄇ๊ȷޟᅸኌ!
ψՂڶਙΕՀڶኙωਢψਙࢌЯاၴωΕψՂۯृЯՀۯृωΕψެृЯ ച۩ृωհၴΔᦞԺԲց։مऱᄗ࢚ΔਐנឈྥছृऱᦞԺՕ࣍৵ृΔ৵ृս ॺኙᙅൕΔۖױ౨ᖕࢬൣቼऱኔᎾයٙΔא֗۞ߪኙ࣍ਙऱᨠᇭᤩΔ ղאψᦞ᧢ωࢨ۟ψၺ࡚ອሔωΰ׆ᐝᥞΔ1999Κ87αΖ
༉ψᖞࠓωءߪऱயፖګפᖲۖߢΔਙࢌऱտԵᒔኔ౨ڂ༼ࠎತ೭ፖਙ
Ղऱ֭ܗΔۖআګᖞࠓऱګפΰ׆ᣝႆΔ2002Κ115αΔ֘հঞലࠌᖞࠓऱመ࿓
ڶڕደደ९ሁΕᣌၔസኜΖྥۖΔਙࢌࢨਙဍൎԺᖄऱ৵࣠ΔথՈױ౨࢙
ฃஇႨ᧯ऱᏁޣΕᚘ૰ᢰᒴᓵ૪ऱ࿇ᜢΔࢳᅉᖲዌګ܂ Girouxψ᠏֏ীव ᢝٝωऱᖲᄎΖࠌਙച۩ृڇլբऱൣउհՀΔٺ۞।૪Δא۞
ա༈נԫයسሁΔڂۖݮګψՂڶਙΕՀڶኙωऱᚨבݝ૿Δࢬᘯψඒߛਙ
ቝִॽΔॣԫԼնլԫᑌΔጥהԫᑌլԫᑌΔኙݺࠐᎅຟԫᑌωΔঁਢڼቼኪ հ༴ᢄΖ
ᇡۖߢհΔլٵऱᖲዌࢨۯױ౨ڇآף֏ᇞઌյᎁٵհٲᖲΕآ౨༈᧢
৵հ֭រऱൣउհՀΔਢࣄψ׀ئհࡎΕږհߢωࢨψ࡚ګദωऱ֨
ኪΔ٥ࠆψ݉ωፖψᆤ៖ωۖתංת༉ΕঠൎٽࠓΔۖࠃኔՂঞսٺ۩ࠡਢΕ ٵݩฆኄΕᎎٽళᠦΔڕڼԫࠐΔլႛՕ၄ࡌີΕ၄ᇷᄭΕஈ໎ྤפΔޓሚᓵ
༼֒ඒᖂᔆΕሒીᖂ࠱။Ζ
)Π*ȶೝଢ଼ڼȃ੫ՓᅾѶȷޟӠᐠ!
ࠉᚮᖠដΰ2002ΚI-2-7~I-2-12αհូፖ։ᣊΔඒߛऱᖞࠓᑓڤᄗڶᜤ ᅩ ΰ consortia αΕ ߶ ᜤ ΰ confederation/federation αΕ ॵ ᥆ ΰ affiliation αΕ ٽ ࠓ ΰconsolidation/amalgamationαΕଫࠓΰmerger/acquisitionαڍլᑇհጟᣊΔۖ
ݺഏਙࢌൎࠫᖄհඒᖞࠓֱڤΔথႛڶீᎾٽ܂ΕฃᜤᅩΕᖂீٽࠓԿ ጟΔլႛՕՕ྇܅ԱᖞࠓֱڤհڍցࢤΔՈพᡶԱᖂீٽ܂ऱڍጟױ౨ࢤΖףא ᄅࠓᖂீհீ९אࡴֱڤขسհᚈৈΔޓࣔ᧩୶ഏ୮ᦞ৫ឩ്ऱრቹΔ
ીࠌޏհ৵ऱඒߛᏜ֏ࠉ៱Ε೯ࠉྥΖڕڼۖࠐΔᖂீګऱ᧯۞ᤚ
ਢ؈ጐΕ໌რუՈᗣԫ़Δॺ܀ᣄאနسಾኙᖂீऱ৫ᎁٵტፖ
ូ᥆ტΔޓኙ࣍ඒߛᖲዌऱڍցࠀژΔࢩ୭۟Ζ
ᅃີ۩ࠃΕࠉਐقۖऱ࣠Δലਢኧࢍ৮ٺீۥΔށڴπՕᖂඒߛਙ
ػؼρհრΔࠏڕΚൎࠫٽࠓፕஃᒤՕᖂፖፕઝݾՕᖂΔחࠡཛٻጵ ٽীՕᖂ࿇୶հٵழΔإٍዬڻಯࠟீٺڇஃᒤ᧯ߓፖݾ᧯ߓऱᚊᙰچۯΔ Ծլ౨অᢞٽࠓ৵հጵٽՕᖂױፖᖂ࠱။հፕΕΕٌΕګீઌյᑅΖ
ֲٚࠡఛᑓᒫ۞ݺհࡳۯΕཋ؈ऱᨋᏒΔኙ࣍ᖂீ۞ߪࢨषᄎᖞ᧯ۖߢΔ ਢጝਢጞΔࡸᣄᓵឰΖ
)έ*ȶхςȃฒܚᎌȷޟབྷ༄!
२ԼڍڣࠐΔݺഏඒߛޏऱૹរΔൕ৺ຒឩ്ࠩՕԺᖞࠓΰ׆ᣝႆΔ 2002Κ106αΔࠡၴհ᠏މਝຒᝪΖ࣍ڼឰྥۖପআऱԫ࣋ԫگհၴΔৰᣄլࠌ Գณक़ᐻ႖ΕᗟؾۡΔ۟ᙰᄉؾఞΔᏅڶ๕ټࠡݎΕՁԲ८ଶլထᙰፃհ ტΖ
ଣ৸֗ભഏհඒߛޏΔױवࠡڍطᖂृറ୮ΕઌᣂԳՓ٣ࠉኔᐛઔߒ
࣠ઔᚵ۩೯ֱூΔ࣍ᐷګܫΔ۟ݮګऄூհ৵Δ٦ࠉං೯ૠΔ༛ݧၞ
۩Ζٍܛࢬڶ۩೯ઃڶᇾױ༈ΔॺᖇਙृԫահߠΔٚრۖΔਢאᄕ֟ܧ
᧩ڕݺഏψ۞ឩ്ਙ۟ᖞࠓਙωհ৺ຒᤪឭွΖา৸ࠡΔኔլᣄᗭߠݺ ഏඒߛਙࠫૡመ࿓խΔԳएۥធࣔΔਙएፖഏ୮ᦞွհဥ್ᇾΖଣ
։࣫Δࢨױආছ૪ψဍᓵωΕψਙەײᖂωᓵ૪։࣫ᨠរאհΖ
ʭăϒ୨༄ф؇ୱΏˀ൜५ᆉ!
۞ 1960 ڣזאࠐΔඒߛڂᚨ٤֏ࢬࠐऱᡓՕᤁञᚘԺΔດዬޡٻ Օฒ֏Εؑ֏ΔીࠌࠡڇၦՂ৺ຒឩ്ΔڇᔆՂڍցᏁޣΔ༛ڼۖ۟Δૹิ
ඒߛऱዌԯګؘΔਢאՕᖂᖞࠓګᑛભΕోᖾഏᓳᖞඒߛዌऱ
ਙΰᚮᖠដΔ2002ΚI-2-4αΖԾᇨڕ Beckΰ୪एءΔ1999Κ14αհࢬߢΔ ٤֏ਢށڴؑࡉഏ୮Εᆖᛎࡉਙएऱመ࿓ΔڇڼଅᑪհՀΔچՂྤԫٙ
ࢤऱࠃٙΔࢬڶऱ࿇ࣔΕܓࡉ߀ᣄຟᄎ௫֗٤ΔਢհਚΔݺഏٍྤױ
۞؆࣍ڼԫଅᑪΖਢଖڼ٤֏ᑪஂ൴ۖࠐΕഏᎾᡲֲዬ৮հᎾΔڕ۶ ڇᖞࠓඒߛհٵழΔᝩ܍ءՒᐛࢵીΕԺঅڇچ౧հᥛΔٍܛԺ আ٤ڇچ֏ΰglocalizationαუհᆵኔΖڼ؆Δٍ࣍߆ଅ؎ᖿᛯᖩൿհᎾΔ অࢤ৸ፂΕཐᎁवΔۖլٚრ࠹ࠡዻ೯ΕᙟհದፘΔᅝګਙऱޅܒᓵ૪
։࣫հᣂ֊ૹ֨Κ
)Ι*ȶૡࣱήࠢȂ୲ԤȺंـȻଽȷޟऋᖞᒸࢳ!
ଣߢ֮ᖇᆠԯնՏڣխဎ֮֏ᗑᖫԫհࢬڇΔᅝլીࢵࠐߢመࠡኔհ ᢡΖઌለֱ࣍۫षᄎऱڍցᏝଖࠀژΕڍጟඒߛᖲዌΰאભഏࠏΔڶߏم ՕᖂΕֆمՕᖂΕԲڣࠫषᖂೃαࠀمΔֱ֮ࣟ֏ऱ֒ᖂᆠΕՓ৸უΔ ທ༉ԱψᆄઃՀΔഄڶᦰΰઔߒαωऱԫᏝଖΖ༛ڼۖ۟Δឈᎅඒߛ ຝΰ2001aΚ17-18αנठհπՕᖂඒߛਙػؼρխࣔᒔਐຫΚψՕᖂऱ࿇୶Δ ࠉࠡᑓࢤᔆױ։ጵٽՕᖂΕઝՕᖂࢨᖂೃΙࠉࠡۥΔױڶઔߒীΕඒᖂ
ীΕषীΖؾছΔݺഏࠉՕᖂऄհࡳΔطٺீࠉഏ୮Ꮑ֗ۥ۞۩ቤΔ
ᆖඒߛຝுໂ৵ኔਜΔࠀطඒߛຝေᦸհωΖྥࠃኔՂΔܛঁਢՕᖂհ࿇୶Δࠉ
ࠡۥ֗ᑓࢤᔆױڶլٵऱᣊীΔ܀ࢨ࠹ഏԳᨠ࢚ೣհᐙΔመװഏփٺ
ඒߛᖲዌڇ࿇୶ऱመ࿓խΔڍאឩךΕ֒ࢨޏټؾᑑΔીࠌٺீઃאཛ ٻጵٽীՕᖂ࿇୶೭Δլᓵ۞ߪஃᇷΕໂයٙΔՕڍٞቹ࿇୶ઔߒীՕ
ᖂΔທګᇷᄭऱ၄֗פ౨ऱૹᦤΰඒߛຝΔ2001aΚ17-18αΖ
ۖՕᖂհᖞࠓ۞ᣄๅڼԫႨհ؆Δݮګٺீྤլݦᕧ៶ᖞࠓאឩՕᖂீ
ᑓΔନܓፖፕΕΕٌΕګઔߒীՕᖂԫለᖂګ༉հՀΔאञ࠷ޓᠰऱ ᆖ၄ᇖܗΖᓯڕڼᣊΔࢨױᘯֱ֮ࣟ֏౧ՀհඒߛᖞࠓࢬᗑڶΔਢאᅃ
ֱ۫ᖞࠓਙፖൻਜழΔᅝሎشਙᓵ૪։࣫ΕਙߓᢜᖂΕਙەײᖂᨠរΔ ᇞᦰ౧ڂైΕ᠖࣫ᖵటઌΔאᝩ܍ψᖪማۖ᷾ωհ࿖ቼΖ
)Π*ȶኵσ߯छȷޟଜࡦ!
ᖕࡴֱΰ۩ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎΔ1996Κ61ΙඒߛຝΔ1995Κ79αᎅ
ဲΔՕࣂאຘመඒߛᖲዌհᖞࠓΔױאሒીᑓᆖᛎհޣΔאڶயሎش ᇷᄭΔ༼֒ᔆΖྥาߒࠡΔথլᣄ࿇Δ᠆ުڍցऱᇷᄭࡐྥױא֭གለړ ऱ़ၴፖໂΔ܀᠆༄ڍᑌऱԳԺথլԫࡳঅᢞ౨ڇٽ܂ᅝխઌյᖿᚐ༼Δฅ
ຶط؆Ժআګऱิ៣᧢ࠀլრ࠺ᅝխऱԳՈ౨ڂۖੑ֨૿ΖࠃኔՂΔࠐ۞ઌ ฆહན౧Εิ៣֮֏ᅝխऱԳઌյ൷ᤛΔڇᆖطٺጟᔆ᧢ፖၦ᧢հ৵Δਢ౨ജ ขسٺጟٺᑌױ౨ࢤऱΔץਔփፖףګΔ֠ࠡኙ࣍ٻࠐૹီψئீωෘᄭऱխ ഏԳۖߢΔޓႊᐉშհΖ
ޓ۶उΔኲ۟ؾছַΔٍྤڇچऱઔߒᢞኔᑓᡓՕऱඒߛᖲዌΔঁ
౨ڶለࠋऱᖂ।ΰֺڕᖂீᑓլՕऱ MITΔࠡᖂᜢඨࠉ៱ࠆᥩഏᎾαΖ
Δለࠠז।ࢤऱᖂਐᑑΔڕઔߒᓵ֮࿇।ΕഏᎾᖂᜢඨፖچۯऱᎁױΔ Ոࠀॺᖞࠓऱཚհփܛױயΰ׆ᣝႆΔ2002Κ118αΖਢאΔፖࠡާᔨ࣍ψᑇ Օঁਢભωऱ֤უࢨψڍڍ୪ڍጝωऱಮ৸ᅝխΔԫ࠺چቔᚐՕᖂᖞࠓΔլ ڕଫۖ৸ψ՛ۖભωΕψૹᔆլૹၦωऱױ౨ᏝଖΖೈڼհ؆ΔՈދࣹޓڍ֨Ժ
࣍ܮ֧ԳթΕቔᚐઔߒΕ྇֟ᖂઔߒᎽᡶΰڕΚؚధᖂᏜΕ១֏۩ਙ࿓ݧα
܂հՂΔࢨւڍጟٽ܂ীኪհᐘࢤΰڕֆᙄاᛜΕཚٽ܂Εᜤጻิ៣αΔ ᚨ୲࣐ሒګᖂ࠱။ΔኔඒߛؾᑑΖ
Ёăඕ! ᄬ
ޢԫႈඒߛਙհ༼נΔઃޣٵழሉڍጟࢨઌյݼΔࢨڼܶᤖऱ
ᏝଖΔྥଫ୲ࠀ፝ٺጟᏝଖऱึᄕუΔথࡷۿֱ࡙֚ᢟΔႛژ࣍ڮ߶ᅝխΔ ਢאڍᑇඒߛਙႛ౨ܶڍցᏝଖխհຝ։Δਢאٍؘژࠡࠎ܂ޅܒᓵ૪հ़
ၴΖאભഏ᜔อࢬଠհඒߛਙࠏΔ1983 ڣ Reagen հπഏ୮ڇٲᖲխρΰA nation
at riskαܫΔԯאψ࠱။ωΰexcellenceα္ޣΙ2002 ڣ Bush հπڶ
ᆵ৵ρΰNo child left behindαܫΔঞאψֆؓωΰequalityαࠡചထΔ
ۖψ࠱။ωፖψֆؓωհଫΔথԾਢՕլ࣐Ζ
ഗڼΔޅܒऱඒߛਙ։࣫Δࠀॺრቹࢳᅉࢬڶඒߛਙऱإ૿ᏝଖΕᣌ
ࢬڶඒߛਙऱإᅝࢤፖٽࢤΖۖਢݦᕧנ۞ฆ࣍אऱီມΔ༼قਙऱࠫ
ૡृΕച۩ृΕᐙृΕઔߒृΔ࣍ංၞඒߛޏΕݮګਙհٵழΔঅޅܒ
֘ઊΕ৵৸ەհ۞ᤚΔડధዌΕრᢝীኪΕ֮֏ᦞΕᖵ౧Ε֮ءᡲ
հᓈᎽΔఛףᣂࣹஇႨ᧯چۯհ༼֒Δࠀᇢቹᇞ࣋९ཚหᢰᒴᓵ૪հ᷷᠙Δ אຘመྤ୬ࠫऱᄮຏፖյ೯Δኦ᧩Գࢤ༇ᣤΖ
່أΔᕣጥຘመ Habermas ࢬᘯऱψუߢᓫൣቼωΰideal speech situationαΔ
ྫᣄسګةࡌࠩᖞ٤ΕྤᖎױᚰऱඒߛਙΔኙඒߛᖞࠓਙۖߢΔٍ༚
ڕਢΖྥૉᣄൽᖌհඒߛਙΔ۟֟౨ຘመၲ࣋ᓵ૪Εࢤᓵࢬሒીऱ٥ ᢝۖᒔمΔࠀࠠໂᙟழ൷࠹ޅܒፖᇞዌΔ٦ᆖଥإۖسګऱႇࢤΔঞ࣍ψᔆጊΕ
֘ઊΕᇞ࣋Εૹ৬ω༛ᛩഎ෧ᅂհՀऱඒߛਙΔᅝఛ౨ᖞ٤৸ፂΕ֗இႨΔ ᚨਢᅕլൽᅜΔψឈլխΔٍլߎωԱΜ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
׆ᐝᥞΰ1999αΖඒߛਙषᄎᖂॣ൶ΖఀىंـၥଉȂ8ΰ3αΔ 87-108Ζ
׆ᣝႆΰ1999αΖፕඒߛឩ്խഏ୮ߡۥ։࣫ΖҳϛғσᏰᏰൢޥོऋᏰϷыȂ 21ΰ1αΔ 1-37Ζ
׆ᣝႆΰ2002αΖඒߛᖞࠓፖᖂ࠱။Ζሉ࣍σᏰᐌځ౩܈ᇄ๊Ᏸंଆོ፣М
ΰ 106-122αΖۂՕᖂඒߛਙፖᏆᖄઔߒࢬΕඒߛઔߒխ֨ᙄΖ
۩ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎΰ1996αΖఀى८ᖂᒚដൢ֙ਪΖፕקΚ۩ਙೃΖ
ࡌఴᅛΰ2002αΖඒߛᖞٽᑓڤհॣ൶Ζሉ࣍σᏰᐌځ౩܈ᇄ๊Ᏸंଆོ፣М
ΰ 91-105αΖۂՕᖂඒߛਙፖᏆᖄઔߒࢬΕඒߛઔߒխ֨ᙄΖ
ࣥࠋᒤΰ1999αΖזֆاඒߛΕຏᢝඒߛࢨޅܒඒߛൕশ܄ጆཎऱޅܒᓵمᓵΖ
১ڍ۬ȶᜋఀىᇄϴҕᎴԙȷᏰंଆོ፣МȄ
ࣥۂΰ1999αΖᝬٻ֥ԫધՕᖂඒߛ࿇୶ऱᣋནΔሉ࣍ඒߛຝΰᒳαΔఀى८ޟ౩ དᇄᄂ፺ΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ
୪एءΰαΰ1999αΖU. Beck ထΖӒ౨ϽӠᐠΖፕקΚ೭Ζ
്৬ګΰ2002αΖ׳րޟఀىޥོᏰंـΖፕקΚᖂ༄Ζ
ඒߛຝΰ1995αΖϛҕఀىൢ֙ਪȈᗚөΠΪΙжकޟఀىሉශΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ ඒߛຝΰ2001aαΖσᏰఀىࢇ๊ҩҪਪΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ
ඒߛຝΰ2001bαΖ௰ଢ଼ंـσᏰᐌӫॎหΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ
ඒߛຝΰ2001cαΖҳσᏰਮୢၥྛᐌӫีॎหΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ
ພኔྕΰ2000αΖطسኪඒߛ࢚൶ಘؗࢮᅗΰPaulo FreireαऱඒߛᖂᓵΖϛσޥོМ ϽᏰൢȂ22Δ 1-28Ζ
༙ऺᦞΰαΰ1999αΖMcLaren, P.ထΖޅܒඒߛᖂΖᜋఀى۟ѐȂ7ΰ2αΔ 109-155Ζ ႓ᅄ֮ΰ2000αΖയࢠޟࡦᆰڥөѪޟᐣѬਪቸΖፕקΚഏمፕՕᖂ֮ហעΖ
ཾભ༡ΰ2000αΖփ୲։࣫Ε֮ء։࣫ ፖᓵ૪։࣫ ڇषᄎઔߒऱሎشΖ፡ࢥंـȂ9Δ 6-42Ζ ᔤݛತΰ2002αΖൕແਲऱᦞԺპढᖂᨠរ։࣫ᖂீ۩ਙิ៣ᦞԺऱሎ܂ፖඔقΖሉ࣍
Ι۩ᇃᢊിρҡఀىࢇᏰ፣Мंଆོ፣Мΰ 120-137αΖፕতΚഏمፕতஃ ᒤᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΖ
ᚮᖠដΰ2002αΖඒߛᖞࠓᣊীհ։࣫Ζሉ࣍௰ଢ଼ଽ้ఀىᐌӫᇄඪЀଽ้ఀىᝯތ ΨᏰंଆོོដЙыΰ I-2-1~I-2-22αΖխဎاഏֺለඒߛᖂᄎᙄΖ
ᢟ٠ቓΰ1998αΖषᄎፖ֮֏٦፹ᓵհေ࣫ΖఀىंـѐȂ51Δ 23-48Ζ
ᢟ٠ቓΰ2000αΖഏ୮ᦞፖਙएषᄎ֏հ൶ಘאψᎁᢝፕωᓰ࿓ࠏΖఀىंـ
ѐȂ56Δ 113-137Ζ
ᤕ՞ΰ1997αΖᦞԺЯवᢝЯ᧯ΚFoucault ޅܒ৸ەऱഗءംᠲਮዌΖݍ֔ᏰᏰൢȂ 3Δ 209-218Ζ
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