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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

大專運動員競技倦怠之研究

A Study of Athletic Bur nout of Taiwanese Inter collegiate Athletes

計畫編號:NSC 89-2413-H-179-017

執行期限:89 年 8 月 1 日至 90 年 7 月 31 日

主持人:盧俊宏 國立體育學院運動技術系

計畫參與人員:夏淑容、林孟逸(體育研究所)、張鐿鐘

(運動科學研究所)、李安忠(教練研究所)、蔡景揚(運

動技術系)

一、中文摘要 本研究的目的在探討我國大專運動員 競技倦怠的一般及特殊情形。本研究共分 三部分進行。第一項研究的目的在將國外 Eades(1991)的運動員競技倦怠量表(Endes Athletes' Burnout Inventory ; EABI ;Eades, 1992)翻譯成中文,並檢驗其信度與效度。 第一項研究以我國大專甲乙組 399 名〈男 =228;女=171〉選手為研究對象,以倒譯法 (back translation)步驟,將 Eades(1991)的運 動員競技倦怠量表翻譯成中文後,施測於 上述對象。經探索性因素分析和項目分析 後發現,中文版的運動員競技倦怠量表共 有五個分量表;分別為運動競技能力的負 面自我概念(negative self-concept of athletic ability)、情緒與身體的耗竭(emotional and physical exhaustion)、心理上的退縮和貶價 (psychological withdrawal from and

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與 Deci 和 Ryan(1986)的認知評價理論,並 且為運動動機及競技倦怠的研究提供新發 現。 第三項研究則以國立體育學院運動技 術系 191 位〈男=142 ; 女=49〉學生為對 象,目的在探討(1)不同性別、年級、和運 動項目之間的差異;(2)運動員自我認同、 成就目標取向,完美主義和競技倦怠的關 係;以及(3)運動員自我認同、成就目標取 向、和完美主義對競技倦怠的預測。研究 工具為(1)運動目標取向量表(Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, TEOSQ;季力康,民 82);(2)多層 面 完 美 主 義 量 表 (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, MPS; 盧俊宏、曾慧 桓、趙文其、黃瀅靜、民 88 );(3)運動 員 自 我 認 同 量 表 (Athletes Identity Measurement Scale; 何全進、盧俊宏,民 88 );以及(4)運動競技倦怠量表〈盧俊 宏、夏淑蓉、林孟逸、李安忠、民 90 出版 中〉測量選手競技倦怠的程度。原始資料 以獨立樣本 t 考驗、單因子變異數分析、 皮爾遜積差相關、及逐步迴歸後發現:(1) 不同性別、年級、和運動項目之間並沒有 顯著差異。(2)運動員自我認同和競技倦怠 成負相關;而成就目標取向的自我取向和 情緒與身體耗竭〈競技倦怠的其中一項因 素〉成正相關,而工作取向則和競技倦怠 所有因素成負相關〈除教練與隊友的負面 評價沒有相關之外〉;而完美主義的正常 因素〈如個人標準和組織〉和競技倦怠的 各因素沒有相關〈除與運動能力的表現因 素成正相關之外〉:但神經質的完美主義 〈在乎錯誤、父母期望、父母責難、懷疑 行動〉與競技倦怠成正相關。(3)逐步迴歸 預測分析發現運動員自我認同、工作取 向、自我取向、完美主義的所有因素〈除 在乎錯誤之外〉為競技倦怠有效預測因 素。第三項研究再度支持過去有關競技倦

怠的研究(如 Gould., Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1997a, 1997b; Smith, 1986; Wienberg, & Gould, 1999),但可能是文化上的差異, 運動員自我認同和競技倦怠成負相關並不 符合 Coakley (1992) 的單一認同與外在控 制 模 式 (Uni-dimensional Identity Development and External Control Model)。 本研究針對上研究結果以社會心理學理論 提出解釋,並針對防止運動員競技倦怠的 心理原則提出建言。 關鍵詞:競技倦怠、運動員自我認同、完 美主義、成就目標取向 Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the athletic burnout phenomena on intercollegiate athletes of Taiwan. This study included three studies. The purpose of first study was to revise Eades (1992) Athletes' Burnout Inventory (EABI) into Chinese and examined its validity and reliability. A total of 399 intercollegiate student athletes (males=228; females=171) participated in this study. Using back translation procedure, this study administered Chinese version of EABI to above participants. An exploratory factor analysis and item analysis found the Chinese version of EABI had five dimensions of athletic burnout named; negative self-concept of athletic ability, emotional and physical exhaustion, psychological withdrawal from and devaluation of sport participation, devaluation by coach and teammates, and athletic performance. Further, a Cronbach alpha analysis indicated the internal consistency coefficients of Chinese version of EABI, was ranging from 0.69 to 0.92. The first study concluded the revised Chinese version of EABI with appropriate validity and reliability.

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athletic burnout and sport motivation. One hundred and ninety-two intercollegiate tennis players (males=100; females-92) participated in this study. Participants were administered with revised Chinese version of EABI and Sport Motivation Scale (SMS; Pelletier, Fortier,Tuson, Briere, & Blais, 1995). Independent paired t-test and one way ANOVA found that tennis players' daily training hours over three hours, athletic experience more 9 years, and sport professional players had higher athletic burnout. Also, Pearson Production Moment Correlation analyses found that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation negatively correlated with athletic burnout, while amotivation positively correlated with athletic burnout. The second study not only supported Smith (1986) cognitive-affect stress burnout model and Deci and Ryan (1986) cognitive evaluation theory, also provided with new implications for future study and practice.

The purpose of the third study was to apply existing theories such as perfectionism, achievement goal theory, and athletic identity so to examine their relationship with athletic burnout. The participants in third study were 191 student athletes (males=142; females=49) recruited from the department of sport training science, National College of Physical Education and Sports. They were administered with Chinese version of EABI, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS, Frost & Henderson, 1991), Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ, Duda & Nicholls, 1989), and Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS, Brewer, Van Raalte, Linder, 1993). Pearson Production Moment Correlation analyses found that athletes' identity negatively correlated with athletic burnout, while ego orientation positively correlated with emotion and physical exhaustion of EABI and task orientation negatively correlated with most athletic burnout factors. In addition, it was also found that normal perfectionism factor (organization and personal standard) had no relation with athletic burnout while neurotic perfectionism (concern over mistakes, parental expectation, parental criticism, and

doubts about action) positively correlated with athletic burnout. Further, a stepwise multiple regression analysis found that athletic identity, ego and task orientation of achievement goals, personal standards, parental expectation, parental criticism, doubts about action, organization of perfectionism were the most significant predictors of athletic burnout. The third study supported mostly most studies (e.g.,Gould., Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1997a, 1997b; Smith, 1986; Wienberg, & Gould, 1999). However, it was found that athletic identity negatively correlated with athletic burnout failed to support Coakley's (1992) Uni-dimensional Identity Development and External Control Model. This study explained all the results by social psychology theories and recommeded several principles for prevention of athletic burnout for coaches and athletes.

Keywords: athletic burnout, athletic identity,

perfectionism, achievement goals

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Jackson(1981a, 1981b)的定義,倦怠是 一種心理症狀,乃個人在職場工作環境 中,因需不斷與人緊密接觸,且持續地 交 互 作 用 , 而 導 致 發 生 情 緒 耗 竭 ( emotional exhaustion ) 、 去 人 格 化 (depersonalization)、及低落的個人成 就 表 現 ( reduced personal accomplishment)的現象。其中情緒耗竭 是指被擊潰感、情感空虛、無精打采、 失去興趣及關心等;去人格化是指非人 性反應、對人退縮孤僻而冷漠;低落的 個人成就感是指低自尊感、低信念、低 生產力、表現水準降低等。 在運動情境中,運動心理學者 Smith (1986)認為競技倦怠是一種身心上的 枯竭,包括心理、情緒及身體上對活動 的疏離,可說是運動員長期地處於比賽 和訓練的壓力以及對成績表現不滿意所 造成。Eades(1991) 認為運動員競技倦怠 則是一種「因運動員長期地處於比賽和 訓練的壓力而產生運動競技能力的負面 自我概念、情緒與身體的耗竭、心理上 的退縮和貶價並且感覺、教練與隊友的 負面貶價、以及運動能力的表現降低的 現象」。

據 Gould 及其研究同僚(Gould, Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1996a,b;1997)在一系列質 與量研究中發現,個人因素及情境因素 的交互作用導致競技倦怠的發生,而投 入時間過早、重要他人的期望、過度訓 練、不切實際的目標與完美主義等,都 是可能導致選手經驗競技倦怠的因素。 此外,有些研究也發現競技倦怠和過 度訓練、喪失興趣及來自教練、父母、 同 儕 的 壓 力 有 關 ( Cohn, 1990; Silva, 1990 ; Weinberg, & Gould, 1995)。Gould 等人(Gould et al., 1996a ,b ;1997; )研究 發現經驗倦怠的青少年網球選手缺乏動 機,有較高的無動機、較低的外在動機、 及較差的表現水準,並且有許多相關身

體、情緒及心理上倦怠症狀。

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三、方法

為達成上述目的,本研究共分三部分 進 行 。 第 一 項 研 究 的 目 的 在 將 國 外 Eades(1991) 的 運 動 員 競 技 倦 怠 量 表 (Endes Athletes' Burnout Inventory ; EABI ;Eades, 1991)翻譯成中文,並檢驗 其信度與效度。第一項研究以我國大專 甲乙組 399 名〈男=228;女=171〉選手為 研究對象,以倒譯法(back translation)步 驟,將 Eades(1992)的運動員競技倦怠量 表翻譯成中文後,施測於上述對象。並 以探索性因素分析和項目分析其建構效 度,再以 Cronbachα法檢驗其內部一致 性。 第二項研究以參加九十學年度大專運 動會之網球選手 192 名為研究對象,目 的為探討:〈一〉不同性別、每日訓練 時數、運動水準及運動年齡在競技倦怠 上的差異〈二〉運動動機與競技倦怠的 關係。研究工具是以「運動動機量表」 〈陳美燕,民 84〉測量選手參與運動的 動機,以及「運動競技倦怠量表」〈盧 俊宏、夏淑蓉、林孟逸、李安忠、民 90 出版中〉測量選手競技倦怠的程度。原 始資料以獨立樣本 t 考驗、單因子變異 數分析及皮爾遜積差相關進行差異與相 關之分析。 第三項研究則以國立體育學院運動技 術系 191 位〈男=142 ; 女=49〉學生為對 象,目的在探討(1)不同性別、年級、和 運動項目之間的差異;(2)運動員認同、 成就目標取向,完美主義和競技倦怠的 關係;以及(3)運動員自我認同、成就目 標 取 向、 和 完美 主 義 對 競 技倦 怠的預 測。研究工具是以(1)運動目標取向 量 表 ( Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire , TEOSQ ; 季 力 康,民 82)測量選手的成就目標取向; ( 2 ) 多 層 面 完 美 主 義 量 表 (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale,

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