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臺北市立第一女子高級中學 102 學年度第一次教師甄選 英文科測驗題暨參考答案
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I. Vocabulary: 10%
1. Reading her books, I often have such ______ moments, and such realizations very often turn into deeper thoughts when I reflect on them later.
(A) cacophony (B) stentorian (C) taciturn (D) epiphany
2. Inflation has made the cost of consumer goods so ______ that most people can barely afford to buy even the basic food items.
(A) coercive (B) dubious (C) exorbitant (D) repugnant
3. The recent graft allegations severely ______ the politician's reputation and may have ruined her political career.
(A) sullied (B) ameliorated (C) disseminated (D) subjugated
4. It is advisable that we plan our daily schedules according to our ______ rhythms so that we can be more efficient.
For example, we should learn when our brain is most active and alert.
(A) pretentious (B) circadian (C) ubiquitous (D) narcotic
5. It seemed that even such a famous speaker had to resort to ______ jokes to please his audience, which, in my opinion, symbolizes the decline of oratory nowadays.
(A) tawdry (B) tactful (C) agog (D) adamant
6. Jerry was ______ about the destruction of his most-cherished family heirlooms and personal mementos in the fire.
(A) nonchalant (B) distraught (C) lethargic (D) exuberant
7. Peter's ______ for sturdy, fast cars cost him an arm and a leg. We wonder if the good quality is really worth his life's savings.
(A) mundanity (B) penchant (C) quagmire (D) cessation
8. Though often deemed to be ______ carnivores, this type of lizard is actually vegetarian.
(A) litigious (B) nomadic (C) rambling (D) voracious 9. The atomic bomb nearly ______ the city of Hiroshima, Japan.
(A) ameliorated (B) obliterated (C) flagellate (D) aggravated 10. Owing to a very tight budget, they ______ about who to invite to make the keynote speech.
(A) lynched (B) wagged (C) dithered (D) haggled
II. Insertion: 10%
(A) ambushes (B) anarchists (C) coaxing (D) defied (E) emulated (AB) formations (AC) harrying (AD) much less (AE) not least (BC) precedence (BD) protocol (BE) reprisals (CD) sacking (CE) trepidation (DE) vilified
In June 1808, laden with spoils after 11 Cordoba, the French General Dupont retreated toward Andujar and the passes of the Sierra Morena. He then found himself surrounded not only by the regular Army of Andalusia but also by armed bands of Andalusian peasants 12 his retreat from the rear. His surrender with 22,000 men gave notice that holding Spain would prove much more difficult than invading it.
Throughout the Peninsular War, the French Army faced two sorts of conflict—one, the main military campaign against Spanish, Portuguese, and British 13 , and the other, the guerrilla, or little war against roaming bands of peasants. The second form of warfare proved specially vicious. The guerrilla bands avoided open battle, specializing instead in 14 , night raids, and surprise attacks on isolated outposts. They provoked the French into murderous, collective 15 on civilians. And they bequeathed their name to all who have 16 their methods. They showed how small bands of determined fighters could contest the overwhelming force of a professional army.
The guerrillas of Napoleonic Spain have had many heirs, 17 in the popular heroes of colonial wars and the backwood revolutionaries of Latin America. But they have had their disciples in Europe as well—in the Russian 18 , in the partisans and maquisards of the Anti-Nazi Resistance Movement, and, with the IRA or ETA, in the “urban guerrillas” of modern political terrorism.
The only major dispute is one of 19 . In French historiography, the pride of place is not given to Spanish guerrillas but to
“Jean Chouan” and his followers, that is, to Frenchmen who 20 the might of the Republic more than a decade before French armies entered Spain.
III. Reading: 10%
The notion of cool, according to historians, is not new. Robert Farris Thompson, an art history professor at Yale University, said that it has its roots in West African culture, dating to the Middle Ages. Over the course of American history, mainstream culture has adapted a similar aspect of cool as the West African notion. He said. “There are words that we wouldn’t have if Africans hadn’t landed on these shores, like ‘cool,’ ‘funky’ and ‘hip.’” A more modern twist on cool came about during the first half of the 20th century, through jazz. David Schroeder, the director of jazz studies at New York University, said that cool is intrinsically part of the
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attitude of jazz musicians, as well as the way that the genre evolved. “Initially, cool was a term meaning that there was hot jazz — lively and exciting,” he said. “Then there was another form that evolved called cool jazz, and cool jazz was more subdued and introverted.” The jazz community expanded the meaning to style, including sunglasses, sharp clothes and sports cars, Schroeder said.
“Musicians still want to act cool and act separate, to follow their own path rather than find the norms of what culture dictates,”
Schroeder said. “People who have passion to be musicians tend to be more individualistic.”
Few things could be less cool than conducting a scientific study on what it means to be cool, but that didn’t stop a group of researchers from facing the question down anyway. Their study, “Coolness: An Empirical Investigation,” developed from what sounds like a barroom debate. “One day, a colleague of mine was trying to figure out if Steve Buscemi was cool,” said Ilan Dar-Nimrod, an adjunct assistant professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York. “We couldn’t seem to agree, so being the social scientist geeks that we are, we decided to take it upon ourselves.” The researchers asked 508 people, ages 15 to 56, to come up with adjectives they associated with the word “cool.” The participants repeatedly used terms like “confident” and
“popular,” and, less frequently, “aloof” and “calm.” The researchers concluded that while coolness isn’t necessarily easy to define, people recognize it when they see it.
In every office, school or social group, there are people who exude confidence and make everyone around them feel comfortable — people likely to be called “cool” by their peers simply because they’re so enjoyable to be around. Emanuel Maidenberg, a psychologist at UCLA, says that people who fall into this category likely have naturally outgoing personalities that predispose them to be admired. Their social nature becomes a positive loop: because they’re so likable, other people are drawn to them. And because other people are drawn to them, they remain popular. “They become key towards human social connections because of their ability to interact, their interest in it and their social skills,” Maidenberg said.
The second type of cool identified by Dar-Nimrod and his team denotes a demeanor not unlike the Don Drapers and James Deans of the world: a detached, effortless attitude defined in part by emotional control and a certain unflappable confidence.
Dar-Nimrod describes this type of coolness as “the more historical version,” characterized by “rebelliousness, irony and roughness.”
What entices us about people who exhibit this kind of detachment, Maidenberg said, isn’t necessarily who they are but who we can imagine them to be. “Being aloof and detached is something that is attractive in and of itself,” he said, “but if you don’t interact with somebody or can’t know much about their life, it creates more room for us to develop and project fantasies.”
Today, cool is an enduring concept that’s part of our everyday vernacular. But Dar-Nimrod said there are more profound implications to his research as well. Harnessing the power of the word and the concept could be used to curb excessive drinking, smoking and poor habits around health and self-image, he adds. “We’d like to see what elements in coolness can be used as a tool to create improvement in people’s lives.” Meanwhile, one big question remains. “The most frustrating thing about this research is that nine years later, we still can’t agree on whether Steve Buscemi is cool or not,” said Dar-Nimrod.
21. In which of the following ways is this article organized?
(A) In chronological order, from the past to the future.
(B) Modern usage first, followed by exploration of the origin.
(C) Background first, followed by modern implications.
(D) As sensational news, with the most controversial topic first.
22. The word demeanor in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to . (A) comportment (B) amendment (C) summation (D) generalization 23. The above-mentioned research was triggered in the first place because .
(A) a bunch of graduate school geeks ventured to put an end to a barroom debate (B) some university colleagues could not agree on a certain issue
(C) of a need to try out a newly-discovered research method (D) of an endeavor to salvage a scholar’s reputation
24. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
(A) The scientists who conducted this research are not necessarily good at social skills.
(B) The research uncovered two contrasting types of qualities associated with coolness.
(C) Jazz musicians are prone to act differently from the mainstream value.
(D) The notion of cool in American mainstream culture didn’t develop until the first half of the 20th century.
25. The research was efficacious in ______.
(A) successfully pinpointing the key elements of a vague concept (B) clarifying the ambiguities surrounding the issue concerned (C) its potential to help people improve their lives
(D) manifesting a well-designed and perfectly-executed research plan
I. Please write a summary (between 200-220 words) of the following passage, and then design a cloze test with five multiple choice questions based on the summary you make. (20%)
Fundamentally speaking, are humans good or bad? It’s a question that has repeatedly been asked throughout humanity. For thousands of years, philosophers have debated whether we have a basically good nature that is corrupted by society, or a basically bad nature that is kept in check by society. Psychology has uncovered some evidence which might give the old debate a twist.
One way of asking about our most fundamental characteristics is to look at babies. Babies are humans with the absolute minimum of cultural influence – they don’t have many friends, have never been to school and haven’t read any books. They can’t even control their own bowels, let alone speak the language, so their minds are as close to innocent as a human mind can get. The only problem is that the lack of language makes it tricky to gauge their opinions. Normally we ask people to take part in experiments, giving them instructions, or asking them to answer questions, both of which require language. Babies may be cuter
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to work with, but they are not known for their obedience. What’s a curious psychologist to do?
Fortunately, babies reach for things they want or like, and they tend to look longer at things that surprise them. Ingenious experiments carried out at Yale University in the US used these measures to look at babies’ minds. Their results suggest that even the youngest humans have a sense of right and wrong, and, furthermore, an instinct to prefer good over evil.
How could the experiments tell this? It was basically a kind of puppet show; the stage featured a bright green hill, and the puppets were cut-out shapes with stick on wobbly eyes; a triangle, a square and a circle, each in their own bright colors. What happened next was a short play, as one of the shapes tried to climb the hill, struggling up and falling back down again. Next, the other two shapes got involved, with either one helping the climber up the hill, by pushing up from behind, or the other hindering the climber, by pushing back from above.
After the show, infants were given the choice of reaching for either the helping or the hindering shape, and it turned out they were much more likely to reach for the helper. This can be explained if they are reading the events of the show in terms of motivations – the shapes aren’t just moving at random, but they showed to the infant that the shape pushing uphill “wants” to help out (and so is nice) and the shape pushing downhill "wants" to cause problems (and so is nasty).
The researchers used an encore to confirm these results. Infants saw a second scene in which the climber shape made a choice to move towards either the helper shape or the hinderer shape. The time infants spent looking in each of the two cases revealed what they thought of the outcome. If the climber moved towards the hinderer the infants looked significantly longer than if the climber moved towards the helper. This makes sense if the infants were surprised when the climber approached the hinderer. Moving towards the helper shape would be the happy ending, and obviously it was what the infant expected. If the climber moved towards the hinderer it was a surprise, as much as you or I would be surprised if we saw someone give a hug to a man who had just knocked him over.
The way to make sense of this result is if infants, with their pre-cultural brains, had expectations about how people should act. Not only do they interpret the movement of the shapes as resulting from motivations, but they prefer helping motivations over hindering ones. This doesn’t settle the debate over human nature. A cynic would say that it just shows that infants are self-interested and expect others to be the same way. At a minimum though, it shows that tightly bound into the nature of our developing minds is the ability to make sense of the world in terms of motivations, and a basic instinct to prefer friendly intentions over malicious ones. It is on this foundation that adult morality is built.
II. Design five reading comprehension questions based on the following passage. Your questions should cover various dimensions of reading ability. (20%)
Plastered on the wall of San Francisco’s main public library are 50,000 index cards, formerly entries in the library’s catalogue. The tomes they refer to may be becoming decorative, too. Not only can library patrons now search the collection online, they may also check out electronic books without visiting the library. For librarians, “e-lending” is a natural offer in the digital age. Publishers and booksellers fear it could unbind their business.
Worries about the effect of libraries on the book trade are not new. But digital devices, which allow books to reach readers with ease and speed, intensify them. As Brian Napack, president of Macmillan, a big publisher, put it in 2011, the fear is that someone who gets a library card will “never have to buy a book again.”
A printed book can be borrowed only during opening hours and at the library, so many readers save themselves the hassle and buy their own copy. But e-lending is frictionless: any user with the right privileges can download a digital file instantly (at the end of the borrowing period it self-destructs). This raises big issues: must libraries buy many copies of an e-book, or just one?
And what about security? A hacker who cracks the library’s system could pirate everything it holds.
In publishers’ eyes librarians are “sitting close to Satan”, declared Phil Bradley, president of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals. He was addressing indignant librarians who recently gathered in London to swap tales of e-lending woe. Some publishers have refused to sell their e-books to public libraries, made them prohibitively costly or put severe restrictions on their use. Although 71% of British public libraries lend out e-books, 85% of e-book titles are not available in public libraries, according to Mr. Bradley. In America the average public library makes available only 4,350 e-books (Amazon, an online retail giant, stocks more than 1.7m).
Under copyright law, anyone who buys a printed book can lend or rent it, but the same does not apply to digital works.
Libraries do not own these outright. Instead they must negotiate licensing deals for each book they want to lend. They put the e-collections on servers run by computer firms such as OverDrive and 3M, which typically charge around $20,000 annually, plus a fee for each book.
No country has a settled policy on e-lending. Britain has ordered a review; the results are expected soon. Other governments are waiting for publishers to set their terms. Meanwhile, several other experiments are in the works. Canada is planning a national e-lending platform. Small Canadian publishers actually favour e-lending because the library market there accounts for as much as 40% of their business, says Paul Whitney, formerly of Vancouver Public Library. In America libraries make up only around 5% of sales.
