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7 熱物理

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(1)

7 熱物理

Why are black robes worn in extreme ly hot climates?

(2)

黑袍下的秘密

(3)

熱物理 (Thermal Physics)

1.

溫度與熱

2.

熱膨脹

3.

相變化( phase changes )

4.

熱傳遞( Heat transfer )

5.

氣體動力論( Kinetic Theory of gas es )

6.

引擎與致冷機

7.

傳統能源與再生能源

(4)

7.1 溫度與熱

The Celsius and Fahrenheit temper ature scales

TF = (9/5)TC+32°

• Kelvin Scale

TC = T – 273.15°

T3 = 273.16K triple point

水的三相點溫度 triple point

水的三相點溫度

(5)

凱氏攝氏與華氏溫標

(6)

攝氏與華氏溫標

(7)

從最高溫到最低溫

(8)

溫度計

定容氣體溫度計

熱偶溫度計

Bimetallic strip

Optical pyrometer

(9)

定容氣體溫度計

) )(

16 . 273 (

) (

3 3

3 3 3

0

p K p

p T p

T

Cp T

gh p

p

Cp T

(10)

凱氏溫標的定義

(11)

熱偶溫度計 (thermocoupl e)

-240

°

C– 2700

°

C

-240

°

C– 2700

°

C

(12)

Bimetallic strip and

Optical pyrometer

(13)

熱( heat )的定義和單位

• J = Joule (焦耳)

• Cal = calorie (卡洛里)

• Btu = British Thermal Unit

Heat is the energy that is transferred between a system and its environment because of a temperature difference that exists between them

(14)

例一 A candy bar 350 大卡

供 100W 燈泡使用 4.1h

慢跑 3 ~ 4mi

(15)

7.2 熱膨脹

(16)

Bimetallic strip switch

(17)

線膨脹與體膨脹

3 

T V

V

T L

L

(18)

例二 熱應力 (Thermal stress)

2 7

1 6

2 11

0 0 0

/ 10

6 . 4

) 19

)(

10 12

)(

/ 10

0 . 2 (

m N

C C

m N

T L Y

T Y L

L Y L

t

 

 

 

(19)

例三 Delivering diesel oil from Las Vegas to Payson

• 9785 gal, temperature difference 41°

F

•  = 9.510-4/C ° - diesel fuel

•  = 11 10-6/C ° - steel tank

gal 212

) F 41 )(

C / 10

5 . 9 )(

9785

(

4

T V

V

(20)

例四 水的 ”熱漲冷縮”

參考文獻

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