Department of Information Science and Management Systems

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୯ҥᆵܿεᏢၗૻᆅ౛Ꮲس ᅺγፕЎ

Department of Information Science and Management Systems

National Taitung University Master Thesis

ࣽמബཥૈΚჹҾ཰ᕮਏቹៜϐჴ᛾ࣴز!

ˇаၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺ

The Influence of Technology Innovation Capability on Firm Performance - A Viewpoint of Resource Base View

ෞ΢ኾ Sang-Yi Yu

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻᄃ୯ؼ റγ Advisor: Gwo-Liang Liao, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯ 101 ԃ 5 Д

May, 2012

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ᇞᖴ

ਔӀࢬೳ०ఖǴᙯ౳໔ٿԃޑࣴزВηၸѐΑǴу΢εᏢޑѤԃǴӧᆵܿ೭ ༧βӦғࢲΑϤԃǴԜਔԜڅϣЈԭགҬ໣Ƕӧ೭ٿԃޑࣴزғఱǴ࿶ᐕΑ೚ӭ Γǵ٣ǵނޑᡂᎂǴΨ჋ډΑ଺ᏢୢޑधᔴҒౡǴόၸಖزᗋࢂֹԋΑ೭ጇᅺγ ፕЎǴӧ೭΋ၡ΢ڙډϼӭΓޑৱඁǴӧԜѝૈ೸ၸ೭ጇᇞᖴಠ߄ЈཀǶ

२ӃǴךाགᖴޑࢂךޑᅺγፕЎࡰᏤ௲௤ ᄃ୯ؼ௲௤Ǵၟ๱Դৣ଺ࣴزѤ ԃΑǴவ஑ᚒғ଺ډࣴزғǴ΋ၡ΢གᖴԴৣჹךޑऐЈࡰᏤǴόჇځྠޑௗڙ ךँάЪεᖌޑགྷݤǴ٠ӧך॰࡙ޑਔংගᒬךǴ፾ਔޑࡰЇך߻۳҅ዴޑࣴز ϐၡǴωૈ୼ᡣך໩ճޑֹԋךޑᅺγፕЎǴᗨᇥѬόࢂጇᚻШ႐բǴՠࢂૈ୼

ж߄ٿԃٰǴৣғҬࢬϷჹࣴز዗၈ޑന٫ቪྣǶӆٰǴךाགᖴس΢܌Ԗ௲Ꮴ ၸךޑ܌ԖԴৣॺǴԖΑգॺޑࡰᏤǴᡣךૈ୼ࡌҥᡄᒠࡘԵૈΚǴ࣮рୢᚒޑ

΋ᡏٿय़Ǵόӆѝࢂ࣮ډѦ߄൩ӰΠ่ፕǴ٬ךޑᐱҥࡘԵޑૈΚ׳у଼ӄǶќ ѦǴךᗋाགᖴךޑٿՏα၂ہ঩ ᖴܲᓄ௲௤ᆶ ໳ࡌျ௲௤ǴଞჹךޑፕЎ๏

ϒךᝊ຦ޑཀـᆶࡌ᝼Ǵ٬ךޑፕЎϣ৒Ϸᡄᒠޑೱೣૈ୼׳уᑞஏǶ

നࡕǴനाགᖴᓨᓨӧᇿᇻќ΋ᆄЍ࡭ךޑৎΓǴᖴᖴݿ༰ޑЍ࡭ᆶፊှǴ ᖴᖴ Anna ޑႴᓰᆶᜢЈǴգॺόමӢࣁຯᚆ෧ϿΑჹךޑྣ៝Ǵᡣךૈ୼คࡕ៝

ϐኁӧ౦ໂᝩុࣁࣴزᏟରǴᖴᖴգॺ΋ၡ΢Ѝ࡭๱ךǴՔךࡋၸ೭ࢤٌधޑВ ηǴ׳གᖴգॺႴᓰ๱ךǴѺ੃ΑӭϿঁགྷाܫకޑ౛җǶ౜ӧǴךҔ೭ጇᅺγ ፕЎᆶᏢՏٰᆶգॺεৎϩ٦೭ҽ഻৹ǴᖴᖴգॺǼ

ෞ΢ኾ ᙣ᛽ܭ ୯ҥᆵܿεᏢၗૻᆅ౛ࣴز܌

҇୯΋Ʉ΋ԃϖД ᚒғ଺ډࣴزғǴ΋ၡ΢གᖴԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣԴৣৣৣৣৣৣৣჹךჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹ ޑऐЈࡰᏤǴόჇځ

ᖌޑགྷݤǴ٠ӧך॰࡙ޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑਔংਔংਔਔংਔংਔংਔংਔংਔংਔংਔংਔংਔংਔਔਔংਔਔংਔংਔਔংਔਔংংংংংংংংගᒬගගගගගගගගගගගගගගගගග ךǴךךךךךךךךךךךך ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾ਔ፾፾ ޑޑࡰޑࡰޑࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰЇךЇךЇךЇךЇЇךЇךЇךЇךЇךЇךЇךЇЇךЇךךךךך߻߻߻߻߻߻۳߻߻߻߻߻ ҅

୼ᡣך໩ճޑֹԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋךԋԋԋךԋԋךԋԋךԋԋךךךךךךךךךךךޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺޑᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺᅺγፕγፕγγγፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕЎЎЎЎЎǴЎǴЎЎЎЎЎЎǴᗨᇥѬόࢂጇࢂጇᚻШᚻШᚻШᚻᚻШᚻШᚻШᚻШᚻШШШШШ႐բ႐բ႐բ႐բ႐բ႐բ႐႐բ႐բ႐႐բ႐բբբ ǴৣғҬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬࢬϷჹϷჹϷჹϷჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴࣴزࣴࣴࣴࣴز዗၈዗၈዗၈዗၈዗၈዗၈዗၈዗၈዗၈ޑന٫ቪ၈၈ ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪ٫ቪྣǶቪቪྣǶྣྣྣǶྣྣྣǶྣǶྣྣǶྣྣ ӆٰӆٰӆٰӆٰӆٰӆ ǴǴךǴךǴךǴךǴךךךךךाགाགाགााགाགाགाााགᖴགགགᖴᖴᖴᖴسᖴسᖴᖴᖴᖴᖴᖴᖴس΢ ԴৣॺॺॺॺॺǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖǴԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖΑգΑգΑգΑգΑΑգΑգΑգΑΑգΑգΑΑգΑգΑգΑ ॺޑॺޑॺޑॺޑॺޑࡰᏤޑޑࡰᏤࡰᏤࡰᏤࡰᏤǴᡣᏤ ᡣךૈךૈ୼ࡌҥᡄᒠࡘᒠࡘԵࡘࡘࡘࡘࡘࡘࡘԵૈΚǴ࣮

όӆѝӆѝӆѝӆӆѝӆѝӆӆӆѝӆѝӆѝӆѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝࢂ࣮ࢂ࣮ࢂ࣮ࢂ࣮ࢂࢂࢂ࣮ډѦډѦډѦѦ߄൩߄൩൩൩൩ӰΠӰΠӰΠ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่่ፕ่ፕ่่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่่ፕ่ፕ่่่่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕ่ፕǴ٬ፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕፕǴ٬Ǵ٬ך٬ךךךךךޑךךךךךךך ᐱҥᐱҥᐱҥࡘԵࡘԵࡘ ޑૈΚ׳у ག

ག ག ག ག ག ག ག ག

གᖴᖴᖴךᖴךᖴךޑޑٿޑٿՏαٿ αα၂၂ہ၂ ঩঩঩঩঩঩঩ ᖴᖴܲܲᓄ௲ᓄ௲ᓄ௲ᓄ௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௤ᆶ௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤ᆶ௤ᆶ௤௤ᆶ௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤௤ ໳ࡌ໳ࡌျ௲௤Ǵଞჹךࡌࡌ ཀـᆶࡌ᝼ࡌ᝼ࡌ᝼Ǵ٬ךޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑፕЎፕЎፕЎፕЎፕЎЎϣϣϣϣϣϣϣ৒ϣ৒ϣϣ৒ϣ৒ϣϣϣ৒ϣ৒ϣ৒Ϸ৒৒৒৒৒ϷϷϷϷϷᡄϷϷ ᒠޑᒠޑᒠޑᒠޑᒠ ೱೣૈ୼׳уᑞஏ നाགᖴᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨᓨӧᓨӧᓨᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨӧᓨᓨᓨӧᓨᓨӧᓨӧᓨ ᇿᇻᇿᇻᇿᇻᇿᇻᇿᇻᇿᇿᇿᇿᇿᇿᇿᇿᇻќ΋ᇻ ΋ᆄЍᆄЍᆄЍЍЍЍЍ࡭࡭࡭࡭ך࡭࡭ ޑৎΓǴᖴᖴݿ༰ޑЍ࡭

ޑႴᓰᆶᜢЈǴգգգգգգգॺॺॺॺॺॺόॺॺॺॺ මӢࣁຯᚆ෧ϿΑჹךޑྣ៝Ǵᡣך

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ᄔा

ҁࣴزаၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺǴࡌҥ΋ঁࣽמബཥૈΚኳࠠཷۺǴ٬ࣽמബཥૈ୼

ᆶҾ཰Οঁख़ाޑಔᙃૈΚ(Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ǵඵችၗҁǵҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝ)࣬ϕೱ่Ǵ

຾΋؁௖૸ࣽמബཥૈΚکҾ཰ᕮਏϐ໔ޑᜢ߯ǴЪว౜ಔᙃૈΚԖշܭගϲࣽ

מബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ᕮਏǶҁࣴزаᆵ᡼ίεҾ཰ϐ঩π଺ࣁୢڔፓࢗჹຝǴ೸ၸ

่ᄬБำԄኳࠠБݤᡍ᛾ࣴزଷ೛ޑԖਏ܄ǴаϷҾ཰ύ೭ΟᅿಔᙃૈΚӧගϲ

ࣽמബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ځдૈΚϐ໔ޑቹៜᜢ߯Ƕ೭٤ᆅ౛ཀ఼ޑᜢᗖӧܭଯ໘ሦ ᏤΓѸ໪ᆫขӧаၗૻࣽמࣁ୷ᘵǴ่ӝҾ཰ၗྍᆶޕ᛽מૈǴ೸ၸࣽמബཥૈ

Κว৖Ҿ཰஑ឦЪᐱ੝ϐמೌǴ٬Ҿ཰ૈ୼ඓඝᝡݾᖿ༈ளа҉ុว৖Ƕ

ᜢᗖӷǺ ၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺǵࣽמബཥૈΚǵҾ཰ᕮਏǶ

ΚᆶҾ཰ځдૈΚϐ໔ޑቹៜᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯ᜢ߯߯߯߯߯߯߯߯߯ǶǶǶ೭ǶǶǶǶǶ ٤ᆅ౛ཀ఼ޑᜢᗖӧ ขӧаၗૻࣽמࣁ୷ᘵǴǴǴǴǴǴǴ่ӝ่ӝ่่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่ӝ่่่ӝ่่ӝ่ӝ่่ӝ่่ӝӝӝӝӝӝӝӝҾ཰ҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ ၗྍၗၗၗၗၗၗၗၗၗྍၗၗၗྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶޕᆶᆶ ᛽מ᛽מ᛽᛽מ᛽מ᛽᛽ממממממממૈǴૈǴૈǴૈૈǴૈǴૈǴૈǴૈǴૈૈǴૈૈૈǴǴ೸೸೸೸೸೸ၸ೸೸೸೸೸ ࣽ

஑ឦЪᐱ੝ϐמೌǴೌǴೌǴೌǴೌǴೌೌೌǴೌǴೌǴೌೌǴೌǴೌೌೌೌೌೌೌǴೌೌೌೌǴǴǴǴ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬Ҿ٬ҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰ૈ཰ૈ཰཰཰ૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈ୼୼୼୼ඓ୼ඓ୼ඓ୼୼୼୼୼୼ඓඝᝡݾᖿᖿ༈ள༈ளளа҉а҉а҉аа҉а҉а҉а҉а҉҉҉҉҉ុวុวុวុวុวុวុុวុวុុวុววว৖৖৖৖

ၗྍ୷ᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺǵࣽǵǵǵǵǵǵǵǵǵǵǵࣽמממബמബממബཥཥཥૈཥૈཥૈཥ ΚΚǵҾ཰Ҿ཰ᕮਏǶ

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Abstract

This study develops a conceptual model in resource base view (RBV) linking IT-enabled technology innovation capability with three important organizational capabilities Ȭentrepreneurial alertness (EA), intellectual capital (IC), and business technology integration (BTI)ȭto discuss the relationship between technology innovation and firm performance. We find out how these capabilities mediate the relationship between technology innovation capability and firm performance. This study was collected by a recent data of the top 1000 Chinese firms in Taiwan; and hence provides measures of the key constructs to validate the hypothesis and our conceptual model by structural equation model (SEM). The influences of three organizational capabilities among the firm are to elevate technology innovation capability and the relationship of the business capabilities. Among key managerial implications, high leadership must be focused on the foundation of the IT, integrating business resource and knowledge skills, developing technology innovation with exclusive and unique technology, may the firms could have competitive advantage to sustainable development.

Keywords: resource base view, technology innovation capabilities, firm performance.

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uation model (SEM). The influencncncncncncncncncncnnncncnncccccccesesesssssssssssssssoooooooofff ffffffffffffffffthree organizational cap rm are to elevate technologygygygygygygygyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnovovovovovovovatiovvvvvvvv oooooooooonnn nnncapapapapapapapappppaaaaabibbibibibibbbiliiiilillililillilillilititttyttttyaandndnddddtttttttthehehehehehehehehehhhhhee relat capabilities. Amonggggggggggggggggggkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkeyeyeyeyeeyeyeyeeyeyeyeyeyeeyeeyyyyyyymmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmananannnnnnagagagagagaaagagagagagagerialgg alalaaalllliiiiiiiiiiiimmmpmpmpmm lilliications,s, hhhigigggggggghhhhhh leleadeeeadaaadaderdddererererererershrrrrrrrrsssss he foundation of thehehehhehehehhheheeeeeeeeeeeeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIITT,TTT,TTTTTTTTT,TTTTTTTTTTT,TT iiiiiiiiiintnnnnnnnnnnnnnegggrarararatiaaatitititittititingiiiingngn bbbuusiness resooururu cececceeaaandndndkkkknononononoooooowwwwwwwwwww echnology innovavvvavvvvvavavvavavvvavavavationaa onononooonnnnnnnn witttttthhhhh hhh hhhexclususususiviviiveee ee ananaaananand nddununniqiqueueueeeeeeeeetttttececeeececcccchnhnhnhnhnhnolnnoloooolologogogogogooogygggyyyyy,yyyyyyyy m

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Ҟԛ

ᇞᖴ ________________________________________________________________ ii ᄔा ________________________________________________________________ iii Abstract ______________________________________________________________ iv Ҟԛ ________________________________________________________________ v კҞԛ _____________________________________________________________ viii ߄Ҟԛ ______________________________________________________________ ix

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ _________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 ࣴزङඳᆶ୏ᐒ _________________________________________________ 1 1.2 ࣴزҞޑ _______________________________________________________ 3 1.3 ࣴزࢬำ _______________________________________________________ 4

ಃΒക Ў᝘௖૸ _____________________________________________________ 6 2.1 ၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺ (Resource-base view) ________________________________ 6 2.2 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ (Entrepreneurial alertness) _____________________________ 8 2.2.1 س಍ࢰჸΚ (Systemic insight) __________________________________ 9 2.2.2 ฼ౣᇻـ (Strategic foresight) __________________________________ 9 2.2.3 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶඵችၗҁϐᜢᖄ ______________________________ 10 2.2.4 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝϐᜢᖄ ___________________________ 11 2.2.5 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶࣽמബཥૈΚϐᜢᖄ __________________________ 12 2.3 ඵችၗҁ (Intellectual Capital) ____________________________________ 13 2.3.1 ΓΚၗҁ (Human Capital) ____________________________________ 14 2.3.2 ่ᄬၗҁ (Structural Capital) __________________________________ 15 2.3.3 ᜢ߯ၗҁ (Relational Capital) _________________________________ 15 2.3.4 ඵችၗҁᆶࣽמബཥૈΚϐᜢᖄ ______________________________ 16 2.3.5 ඵችၗҁᆶҾ཰ᕮਏϐᜢᖄ ___________________________________ 17 2.4 Ҿ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝ (Business Technology Integration) _____________________ 19

2.4.1 ၗૻࣽמᆶ཰୍᏾ӝ (IT–business integration) ___________________ 19 2.4.2 ၗૻࣽמᆅ౛ᆶ஑ਢ࿶ᡍ (Experience in management of IT and IT

projects) ________________________________________________________ 19 2.4.3 ཰୍ᆶၗૻࣽמೕჄ (Business– IT planning) ____________________ 20

ፕ _____________________________________________________ __________________

ङඳᆶ୏ᐒ _______________________________ _______ ______________________________________________

Ҟޑ ___________________ _______ __________________________ _____________________________ ࢬำ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

᝘௖૸ ____________________________ ____________________ ________________________________________

୷ᘵᢀᗺᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀ (((((((((((ReRR sooouuururu cec -b-bbbaaasaaa e viviewewwwwwwwww))))))) _________________________________

ৎ᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺᝺᝺᝺᝺᝺ (EnEnEntreprerereneuruu ial alaleerrrrtntntntntnesnesess)s)s)s)_)___________________________________

س಍

س س಍಍

س಍಍಍ࢰჸࢰჸࢰჸΚΚ (Syyystsstemiciinsnnsnsnsnsnssiighht) )_______________________ _________________________

฼ౣᇻـ (((SStStrrategic fooorerreesisissighighghghghghhhhhhhhhhht)t)t)t)tttt)t)t)t) __))))) ____________ _________________

Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶඵᆶඵᆶඵᆶඵᆶඵᆶඵᆶඵᆶඵඵඵඵඵඵඵඵඵඵඵችችችၗችችችችችችችችች ҁҁϐᜢᖄ ___________________________

Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄ᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾᆶᆶᆶᆶҾᆶҾᆶҾ཰཰཰཰཰ࣽ཰཰཰཰཰཰཰ מ᏾מ᏾מ᏾᏾ӝϐӝϐӝϐӝϐӝϐӝӝϐӝϐᜢᖄ ___________________

Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶࣽᆶࣽᆶࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽמബמബמബמബמബמബמബמബמബמബממബཥཥཥཥૈཥ Κϐᜢᖄ ___________________

ၗҁ

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2.4.4 Ҿ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝᆶࣽמബཥૈΚϐᜢᖄ __________________________ 20 2.4.5 Ҿ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝᆶҾ཰ᕮਏϐᜢᖄ ______________________________ 21 2.5 ࣽמബཥૈΚ (Technology Innovation Capability) ____________________ 23

2.5.1 ᏢಞૈΚ(Learning capability) _________________________________ 23 2.5.2 ࣴวૈΚ(R&D capability) ____________________________________ 24 2.5.3 ၗྍϩଛૈΚ(Resources allocation capability) ____________________ 24 2.5.4 ᇙ೷ૈΚ(Manufacturing capability) _____________________________ 24 2.5.5 ՉᎍૈΚ(Marketing capability) ________________________________ 25 2.5.6 ಔᙃૈΚ(Organising capability) ________________________________ 25 2.5.7 ฼ౣᆶೕჄૈΚ(Strategy planning capability) ____________________ 25 2.5.8 ࣽמബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ᕮਏϐᜢᖄ ______________________________ 25 2.6 Ҿ཰ᕮਏ (Firm Performance) _____________________________________ 27 2.6.1 а៝࠼ࣁύЈޑԋ݀(Customer focused results) ___________________ 28 2.6.2 ଄୍ԋ݀(Financial Results) ___________________________________ 28 2.6.3 ΓΚၗྍԋ݀(Human Resource Results) _________________________ 28 2.6.4 ಔᙃਏૈޑԋ݀(Organizational Effectiveness Results) _____________ 28 2.7 ҁകλ่ ______________________________________________________ 29

ಃΟക ࣴزБݤ ____________________________________________________ 30 3.1 ࣴز೛ी ______________________________________________________ 30 3.2 ࣴزࢎᄬ ______________________________________________________ 31 3.3 ᡂኧᏹբࠠۓက ________________________________________________ 32 3.3.1 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄(Entrepreneurial Alertness, EA) _____________________ 32 3.3.2 ඵችၗҁ(Intellectual Capital, IC) _______________________________ 33 3.3.3 ࣽמബཥૈΚ(Technology Innovation Capability, TIC) ______________ 36 3.3.4 Ҿ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝ(Business Technology Integration, BTI) _______________ 37 3.3.5 Ҿ཰ᕮਏ(Firm Performance, FP) _______________________________ 38 3.4 ୢڔ೛ी ______________________________________________________ 40 3.5 ၗ਑ᇆ໣ ______________________________________________________ 42 3.6 ࣴزჹຝ ______________________________________________________ 42 3.7 ၗ਑ᇆ໣ၸำ __________________________________________________ 42 3.7.1 ಃ΋໘ࢤ __________________________________________________ 42 3.7.2 ಃΒ໘ࢤ __________________________________________________ 43 3.8 ၗ਑ϩ݋БݤϷπڀ ____________________________________________ 43

ᕮਏ (Firm Performance) ____________________________ _________________________ __________________

а៝࠼ࣁύЈޑԋ݀(Cusstottototttottttomeommmmmmmmmmmmmm rrrrrr rr fofofofofofocuoooooocccccc seeeeeeeeeeeed reeeeeeesusususususususultuuuuuuultltltltlltts)s)))))))))__________________________________ _____

଄୍ԋ݀(FinancialRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRReseseseeseeeseseeeeseeeeeesssululululululuululuululuuluuluululllltstststststsssssssssss) )))))))))))))))) _______________________________________________________________

ΓΚၗྍԋ݀(HHummmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmananananananananaaanaaannnnnnnRRRRRRRRRRRRReseeeeeeeeeeeee ouuurcrcrcrcrcrcrce ee ReRR sus lts) _____uu ____________________________ _____

ಔᙃਏૈޑԋԋԋԋ݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀((O(O(O((O(O(((O(((O(O((O(O((O((( rgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgggggggganaa izzzzzzaatatataatataattiional EfEfEfEfffffefefefefffefefefecteectctcctctcctctctctctiviviviviviivivivvvveneneeeneee esese ss ReReReRRRRReReRRRR susussssusuuuultllltlltlts)s)ssss)s) ______) λ่ _________________________________________________________________________

زБݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤݤ ____________ ________________________________________________________________________

೛ी__________________________________________________________ __________________

ࢎᄬᄬᄬ _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________

ᏹբࠠۓက __________________________________________________________________

Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(E(EEEEnnntntntntntntntntntntntttrrerrererererreepprpppp eneuuriralalllAAAAAAAllelelelertness, EA) ______________

ඵችၗҁ(Intellectctctctctcctctcctctuatuuuuauauauauuaaallllllll CaCCaCaCCCaCaCaCapital, IC) ________________________i

ࣽמബཥૈΚ(Technology Innovation Capability, TIC)

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3.9 ҁകλ่ ______________________________________________________ 44

ಃѤക ၗ਑ϩ݋ᆶࣴز่݀ __________________________________________ 45 4.1 ኬҁӣԏޑ୷ҁၗ਑ ____________________________________________ 45 4.2 ୢڔၗ਑ޑߞࡋᆶਏࡋϩ݋ ______________________________________ 51 4.2.1 Ӣનϩ݋ __________________________________________________ 51 4.2.2 ߞࡋᔠۓ __________________________________________________ 53 4.2.3 ਏࡋᔠۓ __________________________________________________ 54 4.3 ࣴزኳԄᆶଷᇥᡍ᛾ ____________________________________________ 55

4.3.1 ፾ଛࡋᔠۓ ________________________________________________ 55 4.3.2 ଷ೛ᔠۓ __________________________________________________ 56 4.4 ҁകλ่ ______________________________________________________ 59

ಃϖക ่ፕࡌ᝼ᆶࣴزज़ڋ __________________________________________ 60 5.1 ࣴز่ፕ ______________________________________________________ 60 5.2 ࣴزࡌ᝼ ______________________________________________________ 63 5.3 ࣴزज़ڋ ______________________________________________________ 64

ୖԵЎ᝘ ___________________________________________________________ 65 ύЎୖԵЎ᝘ _____________________________________________________ 65 References ________________________________________________________ 66

λ่ ____________________________________________ _______________________ __________________

ፕࡌ᝼ᆶࣴزज़ڋ _________________________________________ _______________________ ___ __________________________

่ፕ ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ࡌ᝼ _________________________ ________________________ ____________ __________________ _______________________________ __________

ज़ڋ _________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ ____________________________ _________

Ў᝘᝘᝘ Ў᝘

Ў᝘᝘᝘ ____________________________________________________________________________

s _________________________________________________________________________________

(10)

კҞԛ

კ 1.1 ࣴزࢬำკ _____________________________________________________ 5 კ 2.1 Mata ฻Γ܌ගрၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺϐ୷ҁࢎᄬ __________________________ 6 კ 2.2 ࣴزཷۺࢎᄬ __________________________________________________ 29 კ 3.1 ҁࣴزࣴزࢎᄬ ________________________________________________ 31 კ 4.1 ࣴزኳԄ่ᄬБำԄኳֹࠠӄ኱ྗϯ่݀ __________________________ 57 კ 4.2 ࣴزኳԄ่ᄬБำԄኳࠠၡ৩߯ኧ ________________________________ 58 კ 5.1 Ҿ཰ࣽמബཥሽॶᆛ ____________________________________________ 63 ࣽמബཥሽॶᆛ _________________________________________ __________________

(11)

߄Ҟԛ

߄ 2.1 Kirzner ჹȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭ࣮ݤ᏾౛ ____________________________ 8 ߄ 3.1 س಍ࢰჸΚޑᡂኧϣ৒ __________________________________________ 33 ߄ 3.2 ฼ౣᇻـޑᡂኧϣ৒ ____________________________________________ 33 ߄ 3.3 ΓΚၗҁޑᡂኧϣ৒ ____________________________________________ 34 ߄ 3.4 ่ᄬၗҁޑᡂኧϣ৒ ____________________________________________ 35 ߄ 3.5 ᜢ߯ၗҁޑᡂኧϣ৒ ____________________________________________ 35 ߄ 3.6 Ҿ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚޑᡂኧϣ৒ ____________________________________ 36 ߄ 3.7 Ҿ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝޑᡂኧϣ৒ ________________________________________ 37 ߄ 3.8 ៝࠼ࣁύЈޑԋ݀ᡂኧϣ৒ ______________________________________ 38 ߄ 3.9 ଄୍ԋ݀ᡂኧϣ৒ ______________________________________________ 39 ߄ 3.10 ΓΚၗྍԋ݀ޑᡂኧϣ৒ _______________________________________ 39 ߄ 3.11 ಔᙃਏૈޑԋ݀ᡂኧϣ৒ _______________________________________ 40 ߄ 3.12 ࣴزᡂኧᏹբࠠۓက༼᏾ _______________________________________ 40 ߄ 4.1 ԃសϩթ ______________________________________________________ 46 ߄ 4.2 ௲ػำࡋ ______________________________________________________ 46 ߄ 4.3 ԃၗϩթ ______________________________________________________ 46 ߄ 4.4 ᙍՏϩթ ______________________________________________________ 47 ߄ 4.5 Չ཰ϩթ ______________________________________________________ 47 ߄ 4.6 ᔼ཰ᚐ௃ݩ ____________________________________________________ 47 ߄ 4.7 ܌ೀϦљ঩πΓኧ ______________________________________________ 47 ߄ 4.8 ܄ձϩѲკ ____________________________________________________ 48 ߄ 4.9 Ӛᄬय़ୢ໨ϐ୷ҁϩ݋ __________________________________________ 49 ߄ 4.10 ᄬۺϐᙯືࡕӢનϩ݋ંତ _____________________________________ 52 ߄ 4.11 ෳໆኳࠠϐᔠۓ่݀ ___________________________________________ 54 ߄ 4.12 ᄬۺϐ࣬ᜢ߯ኧᆶ୔ձਏࡋ _____________________________________ 55

ࣽמബཥૈΚޑᡂኧϣ৒ _________________________________ __________________

ࣽמ᏾ӝޑᡂኧϣ৒ _______________________ _______ ______________________________________________

ࣁύЈޑԋ݀ᡂኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧϣ৒ϣ৒ϣϣϣϣϣ৒ϣϣϣϣϣϣϣϣ৒ϣϣϣϣϣϣϣϣϣϣϣ _________________________ _____________________________ ԋ݀ᡂኧϣ৒ ___________________________________________________________________________________

ၗྍԋ݀ԋ݀ԋ݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀ޑᡂޑᡂޑᡂޑᡂޑᡂޑᡂޑᡂޑᡂޑޑᡂᡂᡂᡂᡂᡂᡂᡂᡂኧϣϣϣϣϣ৒৒৒৒৒৒৒_________________________________________

ਏૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈޑԋޑԋޑޑԋޑԋޑԋޑԋޑԋޑԋޑޑԋޑޑԋޑԋ݀ᡂԋ݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀ ኧኧኧϣኧϣኧ ৒৒৒৒৒_____________________________________________________________________

ᡂኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧኧᏹբᏹբᏹբᏹբࠠۓࠠۓࠠۓက༼ۓ ༼༼᏾᏾____________________________________________________________

ϩթթթ________________________________________________________________________________________

ำࡋ ________________________________________________________________ ϩթ _____________________________ ________________________________________

ϩթ _______________________________________________

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߄ 4.13 ࣴزኳԄ᏾ᡏ፾ଛࡰ኱่݀ _____________________________________ 56 ߄ 4.14 ࣴزኳԄᔠᡍ่݀಍᏾ _________________________________________ 58

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ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ

1.1 ࣴزङඳᆶ୏ᐒ

ᒿ๱ѱ൑זೲᡂϯᆶ੃຤ಞᄍޑׯᡂǴѱ൑΢ౢࠔ௢ഋрཥǴ೸ၸཥᑉЪфૈຫٰ

ຫமεޑౢࠔ֎Ї៝࠼ǴҾ཰ӧ࿶ᔼ΢Ψय़ᖏ๱ཱུεޑࡷᏯǴሡόᘐޑ೸ၸࣽמബཥග ϲౢࠔϣ৒аᅈىόӕ៝࠼ӧࣽמଓ೴ਔжΠޑሡ؃ǴவҾ཰ϣ೽ᆅ౛ډѦ೽ѱ൑ޑܗ

৖ǴуೲҾ཰ബཥޑ؁ҵǴωளаၟ΢ѱ൑ᡂᎂޑೲࡋǶYam ฻Γ(2004)ගډӧ΋ঁ୏

ᄊޑѱ൑ᕉნύǴҾ཰ऩલЮബཥޑૈΚǴஒ٬ளҾ཰ԋߏଶᅉࣗԿᏤठҾ཰ॹഈޑ௃

ݩวғǶҾ཰ऩόࡘ઩ബཥǴࡐ৒ܰᡣҾ཰੃ѨӧᐕўޑࢫࢬϐύǶЪ࣬ၨܭၸѐǴ౜

ӧബ཰׳у৒ܰǴᝡݾ྽ฅΨ׳ࣁᐟਗ਼ǴҾ཰གྷाҥܭό௳ϐӦǴ୤Ԗόᘐޑബཥँઇ

౜ݩǴவҾ཰ҁᡏύ؃ཥ؃ᡂϷଞჹୢᚒਥྍᔕрڀᡏჹ฼ǴٰගϲౢࠔϷ୍ܺޑϣ৒

ᙦ൤܄ǴᡣҾ཰ૈӧᝡݾޑѱ൑ύ՞Ԗ΋ৢϐӦǶࣽמബཥςԋࣁගϲҾ཰ᝡݾΚόё

܈લޑख़ाϡનǴԶࣽמബཥޑङࡕǴനЬाޑҞޑࢂ׆ఈૈ٬Ҿ཰ӧӚ໨࿶ᔼᕮਏ΢

Ԗߝ౳ޑ߄౜Ǵ຾ԶჹҾ཰ૈΚԖගϲޑਏ݀ǴளаᡣҾ཰҉ុ࿶ᔼǴӆ೷Ѡ᡼࿶ᔮڻ ᙬǶ

࿶ᔮว৖౛ፕύ߾ගډǴҾ཰ৎሦᏤ๱᏾ঁ୘཰ࢲ୏ǴऩؒԖҾ཰ৎǴബཥ൩คவ ፋଆ(Schumpeter & Backhaus, 1922)Ǵ۳۳΋ঁҾ཰ޑԋ௳ᜢᗖӧЯܭҾ཰࿶౛Γޑ࿶ᔼ

ૈΚǶԐӧΒΜШइ߃Ǵ࿶ᔮᏢৎ൩࣮рҾ཰ৎว௚ബཥϐख़ा܄ǶҾ཰ৎऩૈ᝾᝺Ѧ ӧᕉნᆶѱ൑҂ٰ୏ӛԶബཥǴ೸ၸҾ཰ϣ೽᏾ᡏૈΚගϲࣽמബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ᕮਏǴ ว৖Ҿ཰஑ឦᆶᐱ੝ϐמೌǴ٬Ҿ཰מೌሦӃគளᝡݾᓬ༈ǶPramongkit ฻Γ(2000)ᆶ Guan ฻Γ(2002)ϐࣴزΨ೿ᇡࣁҾ཰ޑᝡݾΚڗ،ܭ၀Ҿ཰ޑࣽמബཥૈΚǴԖؼӳޑ

ࣽמബཥૈΚё٬Ҿ཰׳ڀࢲ୏Κᆶᝡݾᓬ༈Ƕҗ߻य़൳ՏᏢޣϐࣴزǴᡉҢࣽמബཥ

ૈΚӸӧҾ཰ޑख़ा܄ᆶځ஥ٰޑᝡݾΚǴҾ཰ޑᝡݾΚόӆࢂ΋ঁᒧ᏷܄ޑୢᚒǴԶ

ࢂױᜢҾ཰ࢂցૈӧӄౚϯѱ൑ᝡݾޑᜢᗖӢનǶࣽמബཥ஥ٰޑό໻໻ࢂԋҁफ़եǵ (

ύǴҾ཰ऩલЮബཥޑૈΚǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒǴஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒ٬ள٬ள٬٬٬ள٬ள٬ள٬ள٬٬ள٬ள٬ள٬ளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளளҾ཰ԋߏଶᅉࣗԿᏤठ ऩόࡘ઩ബཥǴࡐ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒৒ܰ৒ܰ৒ܰ৒৒ܰܰܰܰܰܰܰܰܰܰܰᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣᡣᡣᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣᡣᡣᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣҾᡣᡣҾᡣᡣҾᡣᡣᡣᡣҾᡣᡣҾᡣҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰੃཰੃཰੃཰੃཰཰཰੃཰཰཰੃཰཰੃཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰੃ѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨӧѨѨѨӧӧᐕᐕᐕᐕᐕўᐕўᐕᐕᐕ ޑࢫࢫࢬϐࢬϐύǶύǶύύǶύǶύǶЪ࣬ЪЪЪ࣬ЪЪЪ࣬ЪЪЪЪЪ࣬ЪЪЪ࣬ЪЪЪЪ࣬ЪЪ

ܰǴᝡݾ྽ฅΨ׳Ψ׳Ψ׳Ψ׳Ψ׳ΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨΨ׳׳ࣁࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁࣁࣁࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁᐟࣁࣁᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟਗ਼ਗ਼ਗ਼ਗ਼ǴǴǴҾҾҾҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰གྷ཰གྷाགྷाҥܭό௳ό௳ϐӦϐӦϐӦϐӦϐӦϐӦϐӦϐӦϐϐӦϐӦӦӦӦӦǴ୤Ǵ୤Ǵ୤Ǵ୤Ǵ୤Ǵ୤Ǵ୤୤୤୤୤୤୤୤୤ԖԖԖԖԖԖόԖόԖ ҁᡏύ؃؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥ؃ཥཥཥ؃ᡂϷ؃؃؃؃؃؃؃؃؃؃؃ᡂϷᡂϷᡂϷᡂϷϷϷϷϷϷϷϷϷଞჹଞჹଞჹଞჹଞჹჹჹჹჹჹୢᚒୢᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒਥਥਥྍਥྍਥྍਥྍਥྍਥਥਥ ᔕрڀᡏᡏᡏᡏᡏჹ฼ჹ฼ჹჹ฼ჹ฼ჹჹჹჹ฼ჹ฼ჹ฼ჹ฼ჹ฼ჹჹ฼฼฼ǴٰǴٰǴٰǴٰǴٰǴٰǴٰٰٰٰٰٰٰٰගϲౢࠔ

཰ૈӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧᝡӧӧӧӧӧᝡᝡᝡᝡݾޑݾޑݾݾޑݾݾޑݾޑݾޑݾݾݾݾޑݾݾݾݾݾݾݾޑѱѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ύ՞൑ύ՞՞Ԗ΋΋ৢϐৢϐӦǶӦǶӦǶǶǶࣽמബཥཥςԋςԋࣁගϲҾ નǴԶࣽԶࣽԶࣽԶࣽԶԶԶԶԶԶ מബמബמബཥཥޑޑޑङङࡕङࡕࡕǴനЬाനЬЬाЬाЬाЬाЬाޑҞޑҞޑҞޑҞޑҞҞҞҞҞҞҞҞҞҞҞҞޑޑࢂޑࢂޑޑࢂࢂ׆ఈ׆ఈఈૈૈ٬Ҿ཰ӧӚ Ǵ຾຾຾ԶჹԶԶԶ ҾҾ཰Ҿ཰ૈૈΚૈ Ԗගϲϲޑϲޑϲޑϲޑϲޑϲޑϲޑϲϲޑϲϲޑϲޑϲޑϲޑޑޑޑޑޑޑਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀ਏ݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀݀ǴளǴளǴளǴǴளǴǴǴளǴளǴǴளаᡣளள ᡣᡣᡣҾҾҾҾ཰҉ុ࿶ᔼǴӆ

౛ፕύ߾ගډډډډډډډډډǴҾǴҾǴҾǴҾǴҾǴҾǴǴҾ཰཰ৎ཰཰ৎ཰ৎ཰ৎ཰ৎৎৎৎৎሦᏤሦᏤሦᏤሦᏤሦᏤሦᏤሦᏤሦᏤ๱๱᏾ঁ୘཰ࢲ୏ǴऩؒԖҾ཰ৎ er &Backhaus 1922)Ǵ۳۳΋ঁҾ཰ޑԋ௳ᜢᗖӧЯܭҾ཰

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ਏ౗ޑගϲǴၗૻࣽמޑᏤΕ׳ёаׯ๓ғౢמೌǵගϲբ཰ࢬำೲࡋ෧Ͽၗྍޑੁ຤ǵ

ૈྍޑ੃઻ǵΓπޑ઻຤Ϸගଯπբਏ౗ǶฅԶ೭٤Ӣન҅ࢂҾ཰܌ሡाޑǴҾ཰ৎऩ

ૈஒࣽמബཥᔈҔӧ୘཰ࢲ୏ύǴᙖԜӧᝡݾύ՞Ᏽᓬ༈ǴᕇளᙦࠆޑճዎǶҾ཰ନΑ ڀഢว౜ࣽמബཥૈΚѦǴ໒วрཥޑמೌ܈ౢࠔǴҾ཰ΨѸ໪ڀഢى୼ޑޕ᛽מૈٰ

ගϲࣽמബཥૈΚǶLall(1992)ගډബཥૈΚࢂ΋ᅿޕ᛽מૈǴሡा೏ಔᙃԖਏޑ֎ԏǴ ඓඝЪගϲ౜ԖޑၗౢǴωૈബ೷ཥޑמೌǶҾ཰ऩૈ֎ԏҾ཰ϣ೽೭٤ख़ाޑၗྍᆶ ޕ᛽ၗౢǴᙯϯԋࣁҾ཰੝ԖޑඵችၗҁǴբࣁҾ཰ว৖ࣽמബཥૈΚޑ୷ҡǴٰၲډ

ࣽמബཥٰྍૈΚޑගϲǶฅԶǴҾ཰ޑၮբᆶࣽמബཥૈΚޑ่ӝᡂள׳ख़ाΑǴҾ

཰᏾ᡏޑ୘୍ၮբᆶҾ཰ޑࣽמബཥૈΚѸ໪ࢂ࣬ᇶ࣬ԋޑǶGorgone ฻Γ(2002)ࣴز ᇡࣁҾ཰ޑၗૻࣽמ᏾ӝԖշܭڐፓၗૻࣽמᆶҾ཰ޑബཥૈΚǶמೌࢂҾ཰ϐڮેǴ ബཥࢂౢ཰ғӸϐाҹǴ܌аҾ཰ޑബཥ൩Ѹ໪ࢎᄬӧࣽמബཥޑ୷ᘵ΢Ƕ

ࣽᏢࢂࣽמϐྍǴҾ཰୤ԖόଶޑബཥǴωૈوӧਔжዊࢬޑӾᆄǴѝԖόଶޑബ ཥǴωࢂҾ཰ғӸޑόΒݤߐǶҗၸѐޑࣴزаϷ࣬ᜢޑࣴزЎ᝘ޑ่݀ёޕǴคፕࢂ

ᏢೌࣚᆶҾ཰ࣚ֡ᇡࣁബࣽמബཥૈΚࢂૈԋфޑගϲҾ཰ᕮਏޑख़ाᜢᗖǶࣁၲԋҾ

཰҉ុ࿶ᔼޑ฼ౣҞ኱ǴҾ཰཮ࣁ؃ғӸԶബཥǴځ۳۳٠όమཱԋфޑࣽמബཥޑᜢ ᗖӢનࣁՖǴ׳όΑှࣽמബཥૈΚ஥ٰҾ཰ᕮਏޑቹៜزഖӭεǶӢԜҁࣴزаҾ཰

ޑࣽמബཥૈΚ଺ࣁύϟਏ݀௖૸Ҿ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ǵඵችၗҁǵҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝᆶҾ཰ᕮ ਏϐ໔ޑᜢٰ߯຾ՉԖس಍ޑ೯ዬΑှᆶჴ᛾ࣴزǶჹ܌ࡌᄬޑҾ཰ᕮਏቹៜޑӢ݀ኳ Ԅ຾Չᡍ᛾Ǵ׆ఈᙖҗԜ΋፦܄ᆶໆϯ٠ख़ϐࣴزၸำǴаᙶమҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ǵඵች

ၗҁǵҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝ೸ၸࣽמബཥૈΚჹҾ཰ᕮਏޑ࣬ϕᜢᖄ܄Ǵගрڀᡏࣴزଅ᝘Ǵ ٠ගٮёՉޑჴࡼБਢᆶୖԵࡌ᝼Ǵٰа଺ࣁࡕុҾ཰ᕮਏගϲӢનޑୖԵǶ

ၮբᆶҾ཰ޑࣽמബཥૈΚѸ໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪໪ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂࢂ࣬ࢂࢂࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂࢂࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ࢂࢂࢂ࣬ࢂࢂ࣬ࢂ࣬ᇶ࣬ԋޑǶGorgone ฻࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬

ૻࣽמ᏾ӝԖշܭڐፓၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗၗၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗၗၗૻၗૻၗၗૻၗૻၗૻၗၗၗၗၗૻࣽמૻૻૻૻૻࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽࣽמࣽמࣽࣽמࣽמࣽמᆶҾממממממממᆶҾᆶҾᆶᆶҾᆶҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ޑബޑޑޑബബബബཥബཥཥૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈૈΚૈΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚǶמǶמǶמǶמǶמǶמǶǶמממממממೌࢂ

ӸϐाҹǴ܌аҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰ޑ཰ޑ཰཰཰཰཰཰ޑ཰཰཰ޑ཰཰཰཰ޑ཰཰཰཰ޑ཰཰཰ޑ཰ޑ཰཰཰ޑ཰ޑ཰཰ޑ཰ޑ཰ ബཥബബബബബཥബཥബബബബബബബബബബബബ ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩Ѹ൩൩൩൩൩ѸѸ໪໪໪ࢎ໪ࢎᄬӧࣽממബཥബബཥޑ୷ޑ୷ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ΢ᘵ מϐྍǴҾ཰ҾҾ཰Ҿ཰ҾҾҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤Ԗ୤ԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖόଶόόόόόόଶόόόόόόόଶόଶόଶόଶόଶଶଶޑޑޑޑޑബޑബޑޑബཥǴཥǴཥǴཥǴཥǴཥǴཥǴཥǴཥǴǴωૈωૈωૈωωૈωૈωૈωૈωૈωૈωૈوӧૈૈوӧوӧوӧوӧوӧووӧوӧوӧووӧӧӧӧӧӧӧӧਔжਔжਔжਔжਔжਔжਔжਔжਔжਔжжжжжዊࢬዊࢬዊࢬዊࢬዊࢬዊዊዊዊࢬࢬࢬޑޑޑޑӾޑ ᆄǴ ғӸޑόޑόޑόޑόޑόޑόޑόޑόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόΒݤΒݤΒݤΒݤΒΒݤΒݤΒΒݤΒݤΒݤΒݤΒݤΒΒݤΒݤΒݤΒݤݤݤݤߐǶߐǶߐߐߐߐߐߐߐߐߐߐߐ җҗၸҗၸҗၸѐၸѐѐѐޑѐޑࣴزࣴزаϷаϷ࣬ᜢޑࣴزЎزЎ᝘ޑ่݀

ࣚ֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡ᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁࣁࣁࣁബࣽࣽࣽממബמബממ ཥཥཥཥૈཥૈΚࢂΚࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂૈૈૈԋૈૈԋૈԋૈԋૈૈૈૈԋૈԋૈԋૈԋૈԋૈૈԋૈԋфޑфޑфޑфޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑගϲϲϲҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰ᕮᕮᕮਏޑख़ाᜢ

฼ౣ

฼

฼ౣ

฼ Ҟ኱Ҟ኱Ҟ኱ǴǴҾ཰཮཰཮཰཮ࣁ؃؃؃؃؃؃ғӸғӸғғғғғғғғӸԶബԶബԶബཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥǴཥཥཥཥཥǴཥǴཥཥǴཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥཥǴǴځځ۳ځ۳۳۳٠۳٠۳٠όమཱԋфޑ

׳όΑှှࣽמࣽࣽ ബཥཥૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈૈΚૈૈૈૈૈૈૈ ஥஥஥஥஥ٰ஥ٰҾ཰Ҿ཰཰཰ᕮਏᕮਏᕮਏᕮਏਏޑޑޑޑቹៜزഖӭεǶӢԜ Κ଺ࣁύϟਏϟਏϟਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏਏ݀௖݀௖݀௖݀௖݀݀௖݀௖݀௖݀௖݀௖݀௖݀௖݀௖݀݀݀݀௖݀௖௖૸૸૸૸Ҿ૸૸૸૸૸૸૸૸૸ ཰ৎ཰ৎ཰ৎৎৎৎৎޑ᝾ޑ᝾ޑ᝾ޑ᝾ޑ᝾ޑ᝾ޑޑ ᝺܄ǵඵችၗҁǵҾ཰ࣽמ

ٰ຾ՉԖس಍ޑ೯ዬΑှᆶჴ᛾ࣴزǶჹ܌ࡌᄬޑҾ཰ᕮਏ

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1.2 ࣴزҞޑ

౜ϞаҾ཰଺ࣁЬᚒޑࣴزϿԖଞჹҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚ଺ుΕΑှǴӭаঁਢБԄ ΑှҾ཰ࣽמബཥۚӭǴҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚ౐ੋࣗቶǴ໻ଞჹൂ΋Ҿ཰଺ࣴزคݤ೯ዬ ΑှѠ᡼Ҿ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚჹܭҾ཰ᕮਏޑቹៜΚǶу΢Ѡ᡼Ҿ཰य़ᖏౢࠔғڮຼයᕭ อǵѱ൑ጄൎᘉεǴҾ཰ሡा຾ՉࣽמബཥٰᎡڰᝡݾᓬ༈Ƕҁࣴز๱ख़ܭаୢڔ׎ԄǴ ଞჹ୯ϣࣽמ཰଺ࣁҁࣴزፓࢗჹຝ଺Ԗس಍ޑ೯ዬΑှᆶჴ᛾ࣴزǴჹ܌ࡌᄬޑҾ཰

ᕮਏቹៜޑӢ݀ኳԄ຾Չᡍ᛾Ǵ଺ࣁҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚޑख़ा٩ᏵǶ

ਥᏵ΢ॊޑࣴزङඳᆶ୏ᐒޑᇥܴǴҁࣴزҞޑӵΠǺ

Ȑ΋ȑҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ǵඵችၗҁǵҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝǵҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ᕮਏϐቹៜǶ ȐΒȑᡍ᛾ЬाቹៜҾ཰ᕮਏޑᡂኧࣁՖǴ٠௖૸࣬ᜢᡂኧϐ໔ޑᜢᖄ܄Ƕ

ȐΟȑගٮҾ཰ࣽמബཥሽॶᆛന٫ޑᜢᖄኳԄǶ زङඳᆶ୏ᐒޑᇥܴǴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁҁҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁҁҁࣴҁࣴҁҁࣴҁࣴҁࣴҁҁҁҁҁࣴزҞࣴࣴࣴࣴࣴزҞزҞزҞزҞزҞزҞززҞززҞزҞزҞزҞزҞززҞزҞޑӵҞҞҞҞ ӵӵӵӵӵӵӵӵӵӵӵΠǺΠǺΠΠǺΠΠΠΠǺΠΠǺΠΠΠ

᝾᝺܄ǵඵችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችችၗҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁǵҾǵҾǵҾǵҾǵǵҾǵҾǵǵǵǵҾҾҾҾҾ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ࣽ཰ מ᏾מ᏾מ᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾ӝǵӝǵӝǵӝӝǵӝǵӝǵӝǵӝǵӝӝӝ Ҿ཰ҾҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰ҾҾ཰཰཰ࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽࣽࣽמࣽࣽࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽࣽמࣽࣽࣽࣽמࣽממബཥബཥബཥബཥബཥബཥബཥബബཥബཥബബബཥബཥૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈૈ ᆶҾ཰

ाቹៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾៜҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰཰཰཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰཰ᕮ཰཰཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰ᕮ཰ᕮᕮᕮᕮᕮਏޑਏޑਏਏਏਏਏਏਏޑਏਏޑਏޑਏ ᡂኧᡂኧኧኧࣁࣁࣁՖࣁՖǴ٠٠௖૸௖૸࣬ᜢᡂኧኧϐ໔ϐ໔ޑᜢᖄ܄

཰ࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽࣽממബמബמബמബמബמബמബബബബཥሽሽሽॶॶᆛॶᆛॶॶ നനനന٫ന٫ޑᜢޑᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᖄᖄᖄᖄኳᖄᖄኳᖄኳᖄኳᖄᖄᖄᖄኳᖄኳᖄኳᖄኳᖄኳᖄᖄኳᖄኳԄԄԄǶԄǶǶǶǶǶ

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1.3 ࣴزࢬำ

ҁࣴزటΑှ౜ϞҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚჹܭҾ཰ᕮਏϐቹៜǴа଺ࣁҾ཰ୖԵϐ٩ᏵǴ

ࣴزࢬำӵΠკ܌ҢǶ

(΋) ୢᚒว౜ᆶዴۓࣴزୢᚒ

ว౜ቹៜҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ᕮਏ࣬ᜢୢᚒᆶ֚ნǴ೸ၸࡰᏤԴৣ૸ፕᆶ࣬ᜢ

ၗ਑ࣴزዴҥࣴزୢᚒǶ (Β) ၗ਑࣬ᜢЎ᝘

ᇆ໣୯ϣѦҾ཰ࣽמബཥᆶҾ཰ᕮਏ࣬ᜢයтᆶЎ᝘ǴΑှࣽמബཥૈΚ࣬ᜢϐ౛

ፕǴаϷҺՖёૈቹៜҾ཰ᕮਏϐӢનǶ (Ο) ೛ीୢڔ

ଞჹЎ᝘௖૸଺ᏹբࠠۓက٠೛ी಄ӝ୯ϣҾ཰ࣴزϐୢڔǴаҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ǵඵ ችၗҁǵҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝǵࣽמബཥૈΚᆶҾ཰ᕮਏϐϖ໨ᄬय़ǴࡌᄬҾ཰ࣽמബཥ ሽॶᆛന٫ޑᜢᖄኳԄǴ٠аϩ݋ᆶຑ՗Ҿ཰ᕮਏǶ

(Ѥ) ࡌᄬϣ৒ਏࡋ

೸ၸ࣬ᜢሦୱ஑ৎᆶᏢޣϐཀـǴᘉк܈অ҅ୢڔϣ৒ᆶୢเБԄǴ೸ၸԜၸำࡌ ҥϣ৒ਏࡋǴ׳ૈ୼٬ໆ߄ૈෳໆډ౛ፕ΢ཀ఼Ƕ

(ϖ) ୢڔ߻ෳ

࿶ၸୢڔ߻ෳࡕǴਥᏵߞࡋᆶਏࡋǴჹୢڔᚒ໨຾Չፓ᏾Ǵໆ߄ૈ׳ᆒྗෳໆډ౛

ፕ΢ཀ఼Ƕ (Ϥ) ҅Ԅวܫୢڔ

ଞჹ୯ϣ಄ӝҾ཰኱ྗᇡۓϐҾ཰Ǵ٬Ҕϩቫᒿᐒܜኬ຾ՉୢڔፓࢗǶ (Ύ) ჴ᛾ϩ݋

ϩ݋ୢڔ่݀Ǵх֖୷ҁၗ਑ϐ௶ॊ܄಍ीϩ݋ǴӚᄬय़ϐӢનϩ݋ǵҾ཰୷ҁၗ

਑ჹܭࣽמബཥᆶҾ཰ᕮਏϐᡂ౦ኧϩ݋ǵӚᄬय़ϐ࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋Ϸጕ܄่ᄬБำԄ ϩ݋(SEM)Ƕ

ѦҾ཰ࣽמബཥᆶҾ཰ᕮਏ࣬ᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢᜢයтයтයтයтයтයтයයтයтයтයтයයтයයයтයтයтයтයтයයයтයтයයයтයයтයтᆶЎ᝘ǴΑှࣽמബཥттттт ҺՖёૈቹៜҾ཰ᕮਏϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐϐϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐӢϐϐϐӢϐӢϐϐӢϐӢϐӢϐϐϐϐӢનǶӢӢӢӢӢનનનનનનનનનનનનનનનનનનન

௖૸଺ᏹբࠠբբբբբբࠠբբࠠբࠠբࠠբբբࠠբࠠբࠠբࠠբࠠբࠠࠠࠠࠠࠠࠠࠠࠠۓကۓကۓۓۓۓကۓကۓကۓۓကۓကۓကۓကۓကۓကۓကۓۓۓကကကကကကကကကကကကကက٠೛٠٠٠٠٠೛٠೛٠೛٠٠٠೛೛೛೛೛ीीीीी಄ी಄ीी಄ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ϣҾ୯୯୯୯ϣҾϣҾϣϣҾϣҾϣϣҾϣҾϣҾϣҾϣҾҾҾ཰ࣴ཰ࣴ཰ࣴ཰ࣴ཰཰ࣴ཰ࣴ཰཰཰ࣴ཰཰ࣴࣴࣴࣴࣴࣴࣴࣴࣴزϐزϐزϐزϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐୢڔୢୢڔୢڔୢڔୢڔڔڔǴаҾ཰

Ҿ཰ࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמממממממממממממ᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾᏾ӝ᏾᏾ӝ᏾᏾᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾ӝӝӝӝӝǵࣽǵࣽࣽࣽࣽממബמബמബཥബཥཥཥૈཥૈΚᆶΚᆶҾ཰Ҿ཰ᕮਏϐϖ໨ᄬ໨ᄬय़Ǵࡌᄬ

٫ޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑᜢᖄᜢᖄᜢᖄᜢᖄᜢᜢᖄᜢᖄᜢᖄᖄᖄኳԄԄԄԄǴ٠Ǵ٠ааааϩаϩ݋ᆶ݋ᆶ݋ᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶຑຑຑຑຑຑ՗ຑ՗ຑຑຑຑຑ՗ຑ՗ຑ՗ຑ՗ຑຑ՗ຑ Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰ᕮਏਏਏǶǶ ਏࡋ

ਏ ਏ ਏ ਏࡋ ਏࡋ ਏ

ሦୱ஑ৎৎᆶᏢᆶᆶ ޣϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐཀـཀཀཀـཀـཀـཀཀཀཀـཀཀཀཀ Ǵᘉк܈к܈܈܈অ҅অ҅অ҅অ҅҅ୢୢୢୢڔϣ৒ᆶୢเБԄ ࡋǴ׳ૈ୼٬୼٬୼٬୼୼٬୼٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬٬ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆ߄ໆໆໆ߄߄ૈෳૈૈૈૈෳૈ ໆډໆډໆډډډډډ౛ፕ౛ፕ౛ፕ౛ፕ౛ፕ౛ፕ౛౛ ΢ཀ఼Ƕ

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(Ζ) ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼

ਥᏵჴ᛾่݀Ǵගр೯ዬ܄ޑ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼Ǵᇥܴࣴزज़ڋ٠ගٮҾ཰ϷࣴزୖԵሽ ॶǴ٠ගٮࡕុ࣬ᜢࣴزޑࣴزБӛϷࡌ᝼Ƕ

კ 1.1 ࣴزࢬำკ

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ಃΒക Ў᝘௖૸

2.1 ၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺ (Resource-base view)

ၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺ΋ຒ२Ӄҗ Wernerfelt ܭ 1984 ԃ܌ගрǴЪ Wernerfelt(1984)ᇡࣁҾ

཰ᔈ၀ᙯᡂ،฼БӛҗၗྍڗжౢࠔޑࡘԵفࡋ଺ࣁനಖ฼ౣ،฼ǴჹҾ཰ஒ׳ԖཀကǴ ೭ኬޑБԄᆀࣁȬၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺȭǶBarney(1991)୷ܭၗྍ୷ᘵޑᢀᗺᇡࣁǴҾ཰ᏱԖޑ

ၗྍૈ୼٬дॺᕇளᝡݾᓬ༈Ǵ٠຾΋؁ޑሦᏤҾ཰ӧߏයޑᕮਏ΢՞Ᏽᓬ༈ǶBarney ޑၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺЬ஭:Ҿ཰ϐ܌Ԗߏයޑᝡݾᓬ༈Ǵനख़ाޑࢂځҁيޑሽॶ(Value)ǵᐱ

੝܄(unique)ǵีԖ܄(Rarity)ǵኳү܄(Imitability)ǵёඹж܄(substitutability)ǵࢬ୏܄

(Mobility)ǶӧԜፕᗺΠ Mata ฻Γ(1995)᏾౛߻ޣӧၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺ௖૸Ҿ཰࡭ុ܄ޑᝡ ݾᓬ༈ਔǴว౜Ҿ཰ёᙖҗҁيၗྍᆶૈΚޑಕᑈᆶ୻ᎦǴ׎ԋߏයЪ࡭ុ܄ޑᝡݾᓬ

༈ǴᆀϐࣁȬၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺϐ୷ҁࢎᄬȭǴӵΠკ܌ҢǶ

კ 2.1 Mata ฻Γ܌ගрၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺϐ୷ҁࢎᄬ

җ΢კ܌ޕǴҾ཰ऩགྷाճҔࣽמബཥٰගϲ฼ౣሽॶǴ൩Ѹ໪Ԗਏ᏾ӝ IT ӭᅿ ᗺЬ஭:Ҿ཰ϐ܌Ԗߏයޑᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬᓬᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬᓬ༈ᓬᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬᓬᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬᓬᓬᓬᓬᓬ༈༈༈༈༈༈ǴǴനǴǴǴ ख़ाޑࢂځҁيޑሽ

ีԖ܄(Rarity)ǵኳኳኳኳኳኳኳኳү܄ү܄ү܄ү܄ү܄ү܄ү܄үү܄үү܄ү܄үү܄ү܄үүүү܄ү܄ү܄(܄܄܄܄((I(((((I((I(((((((I(I(I(((((I(I(I((I((((IImimimmimimimimmimimitaiiitatatatatattatttattaaaaabbibbbblitytytytytytytytytyyyyyyyy))))))))))))ǵёǵёǵёඹёඹж܄܄(s(s( uubstttititittttututututututabttttabaaabaabababababaababibbbbb ԜፕᗺΠ Mataaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa฻Γ฻ΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓ(1((((1(1(1(1(1(1(111111111199999999999999999995)))))))))᏾᏾᏾᏾౛᏾౛᏾᏾౛᏾౛߻ޣ߻ޣ߻ޣ߻ޣӧၗྍ୷୷ᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᗺ௖ᗺ௖ᗺ௖ᗺ௖ᗺ௖ᗺᗺᗺ௖ᗺ௖ᗺ௖ᗺ௖௖௖௖௖௖௖௖૸૸Ҿ૸Ҿ૸Ҿ૸Ҿ૸Ҿ૸Ҿ૸૸૸

౜Ҿ཰ёᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖҗᙖᙖᙖҗҁيҗҗҗҗҗҗҗҗҗҗҗҁيҁيҁيҁҁييييييييၗྍၗྍၗྍၗྍၗྍྍྍྍྍྍᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈૈૈૈૈૈૈΚΚޑΚޑΚޑΚޑΚޑΚޑΚΚΚ ಕᑈᆶ୻୻୻୻୻୻୻ᎦǴᎦᎦᎦǴᎦǴᎦᎦᎦᎦǴᎦǴᎦǴᎦᎦᎦᎦ ׎ԋ׎ԋ׎ԋ׎׎ԋ׎ԋ׎ԋ׎ԋ׎ԋ׎׎ԋ׎ԋԋԋԋԋߏයЪ࡭

ၗྍ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷୷ᘵ୷୷୷ᘵᘵᘵᘵᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᢀᗺϐ୷ϐ୷ϐ୷ϐ୷ҁࢎ୷ҁࢎࢎᄬȭᄬȭǴӵӵΠკΠკΠკკ܌Ң܌܌ Ƕ

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೬ᡏǵฯᡏǵᆛၡǵس಍ǵΓΚၗྍǵၗҁǴԶ໒วр΋ঁԖ฼ౣሽॶǵᐱ੝ǵีϿǵ ჹЋᜤаኳүǵόܰᙯ౽ЪόёඹжޑҾ཰࿶ᔼ฼ౣǶаၗྍޑفࡋࡘԵҾ཰࿶ᔼ฼ౣǴ வౢࠔޑفࡋၢಥډၗྍޑඓඝǴ२ӃाዴᇡϦљޑၗྍ຾Զ،ۓѱ൑ӵՖ٬೭ኬޑၗ

ྍᕇளനεճ੻Ƕ܌аҾ཰ाӃפрനԖሽॶޑၗౢ٬ၗౢബ೷рཱུεϯޑሽॶǶ ӵՖӧזೲᡂᎂޑᕉნύඓඝၗྍᡂԋࢂҞ߻ၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺޑ२ाୢᚒǴࣽמബཥ

ૈΚё٬Ҿ཰ӧמೌ΢ሦӃӕ཰Ǵගϲբ཰ࢬำೲࡋ෧Ͽၗྍޑੁ຤ǵૈྍޑ੃઻ǵΓ πޑ઻຤Ϸගଯπբਏ౗ǶEisenhardt ᆶ Martin(2000)ᇡࣁ୷ܭ୏ᕏޑᕉნύόᘐޑബཥ ᆶׯᡂё࣬ჹᛙۓܭӕ཰ǶЪҞ߻҅ೀܭ҂ٰᝡݾᆶѱ൑ኳጋǵמೌᡂ୏ߚதזೲޑᝡ ݾѱ൑ǴҾ཰Ѹ໪ڀഢࣽמബཥૈΚǴඓඝ୏ᄊᕉნύޑၗྍǶBaraldi ᆶ Nadin(2006) аޕ᛽ࣁ୷ᘵޑૈΚஒ٬׳ӭҾ཰ၗྍബཥǵ׳ᡫࢲǴගٮҾ཰׳ڀഢᝡݾΚޑ׆ఈǴ ബ೷׳ଯቫԛޑמૈǶаၗྍ୷ᘵᢀᗺрวǴ่ӝҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝǵඵችၗҁǵҾ཰ޑࣽ

מബཥૈΚǴ٬Ҿ཰ߏයޑᝡݾ୷ᘵӧܭҾ཰ϣ೽ၗྍᆶૈΚޑಕᑈᆶ୻ᎦǴԶࣽמബ ཥૈΚ׳ࢂ٬Ҿ཰ගϲᝡݾᓬ༈ޑᜢᗖǴऩૈԖਏаၗྍࣁ୷ᘵว৖ࣽמബཥǴඓඝ฼

ౣሽॶǵᐱ੝ǵีϿǵჹЋᜤаኳүǵόܰᙯ౽ЪόёඹжޑҾ཰࿶ᔼ฼ౣǴѸૈᆢ࡭

Ҿ཰ߏයᝡݾᓬ༈Ǵᕇள׳ӭޑճዎǶ

Ѹ໪ڀഢࣽמബཥૈΚǴඓඝ୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏୏ᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᄊᕉᄊᄊᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᄊᄊᕉᄊᕉᄊᄊᄊᕉᄊᄊᕉᄊᕉნύޑၗྍǶBaraldi ᆶᕉᕉᕉᕉᕉ ޑૈΚஒ٬׳ӭҾ཰ၗྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍྍྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍബྍྍྍബྍബྍྍബྍബྍബྍྍྍྍྍബཥǵബബബബബཥǵཥཥཥཥཥཥཥǵཥཥཥǵཥཥཥǵཥཥǵཥǵ׳ᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫᡫࢲǴࢲǴࢲǴࢲǴࢲǴࢲࢲࢲǴࢲࢲǴࢲࢲࢲ ගගගගගٮගٮٮҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰ҾҾ཰Ҿ཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰׳ڀ׳ڀ׳׳׳ڀ׳ڀ׳ڀ׳ڀ׳ڀ׳ڀ׳ڀ׳׳ڀ׳ڀ׳ڀ׳׳ڀഢᝡ ޑמૈǶаၗྍ୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷୷ᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᘵᢀᘵᘵᘵᢀᘵᘵᘵᘵᢀᘵᘵᘵᘵᢀᘵᘵᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵᘵᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵᢀᘵ ᗺрᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺрᗺрᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺ ววǴวǴวǴววǴววǴววววว ่่่ӝ่ӝҾ཰ࣽממ᏾ӝ᏾᏾ӝǵඵǵඵችၗችၗችၗችችၗችၗችၗችၗችၗችၗችၗችၗ

٬Ҿ཰ߏයޑයයޑයޑයයයޑයޑයޑයޑයޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾݾ୷ᘵ୷୷୷୷୷୷ᘵ୷୷୷୷୷୷୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵ୷ᘵᘵӧӧӧӧӧܭӧܭӧӧܭҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰ϣ೽཰཰཰཰ϣ೽ϣ೽ϣϣ೽ϣ೽ϣ೽ϣ೽ϣ೽ϣ೽ϣ೽ϣ೽ၗྍၗྍၗၗྍၗྍၗྍၗၗྍၗྍၗྍၗၗྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈᆶૈૈૈૈૈΚޑΚޑΚޑΚޑΚޑΚΚΚΚޑޑޑಕಕಕಕᑈಕ ᆶ୻

Ҿ཰ගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲගϲϲϲϲϲϲϲϲϲϲϲϲϲᝡݾᝡݾᝡᝡݾᝡᝡݾᝡᝡᝡݾᝡݾᝡᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾݾݾݾݾᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬᓬᓬᓬᓬᓬᓬ༈ᓬᓬ༈ᓬ༈ᓬ ޑᜢޑᜢᜢᜢᗖᗖᗖᗖǴऩૈऩૈԖਏԖਏаၗྍࣁ୷ᘵ୷ᘵว৖ࣽמ ǵีีีีีีีีีีีีีϿϿǵϿǵϿǵϿϿϿǵϿǵǵჹЋჹ ᜤᜤаᜤаᜤᜤ ኳኳኳүኳүኳүǵόǵόܰόܰܰܰᙯܰᙯܰᙯܰᙯܰᙯܰܰᙯܰᙯܰܰᙯܰᙯܰܰᙯܰᙯܰᙯᙯᙯᙯᙯ౽Ъ౽Ъ౽Ъ౽ЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪόόёёඹඹжඹжޑޑޑҾ཰࿶ᔼ฼

ᓬ༈

ᓬ ᓬ༈

ᓬ༈

ᓬ Ǵᕇளᕇᕇள׳ள ӭޑӭޑӭޑճዎዎዎዎዎዎǶǶ

(20)

2.2 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ (Entrepreneurial alertness)

ӧҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ޑሦୱύǴᗨฅςԖᏢޣ߻ࡕ࣬ᝩ׫Εࣴزᆶჴ୍ޑ௖૸ǴฅԶӢ Ꮲޣॺ܌ࣴزޑЬᚒᆶځ఼ᇂޑሦୱԖձǴࡺჹȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭޑۓကǴаΠࢂӚ ሦୱᏢޣჹȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭޑۓက:

Kirzner(1973)ࢂനԐܭ 1973 ԃ٬ҔȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭ΋ຒٰှញ࿶ᔮᏢ΢Ҿ཰ৎ ჹѱ൑ᐒ཮ޑᒣ᛽Ǵ྽ཥޑᐒ཮όࢂӢࣁ೛ीԶ೏Ҿ཰ৎว౜ǴҾ཰ৎၶډԜᐒ཮ਔѸ

໪ाૈ୼Ԗى୼ޑྗഢѐ௦ڗՉ୏ǴKirzner ஒԜᅿૈΚᆀϐࣁҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄Ƕ Kirzner(1985)ϐࡕΞჹȬҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ȭ΋ຒ๏ϒܴዴޑۓကǴKirzner ᇡࣁҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺

܄ࢂബ཰ޣҁيᐱڀޑૈΚǴᡣബ཰ޣૈ୼ว௚ѱ൑ۘ҂೏ځдΓว౜ޑᐒ཮Ǵ٠Ь஭

Ҿ཰ৎڀԖၨӭޑ᝾᝺܄Ǵ٠Ъ཮٬Ҕ௵᎒ޑᢀჸΚѐว౜ཥޑᐒ཮ǶΠ߄ࣁ Kirzner ჹȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭ΋ຒှញ಍᏾Ƕ

߄ 2.1 Kirzner ჹȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭ࣮ݤ᏾౛

ਔ໔ ۓက

Kirzner 1973 Ҿ཰ৎόሡा൨פߡૈݙཀډ΋ޔаٰ೏

ձΓ۹ຎޑᐒ཮Ǵӧၗૻᇆ໣΢КձΓ׳ڀ ഢᐱ੝ޑޔ᝺ᆶ౳ӀǴёаว௚ѱ൑΢Ӹӧ ޑୢᚒᆶᐒ཮Ǵ٠ЪԐ΋؁ඓඝᐒ཮Ƕ Kirzner 1985 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄уΕჹܭᐒ཮׎ԋᆶ҂ٰགྷ

Ⴝޑ୏ᐒ໼ӛǴуΕߏයѱ൑ύޑਔ໔ᆶό ዴۓ܄ޑރݩǶ

Yu(2001)ගډȬ᝾᝺܄ȭ൩ӵӕϺጕ΋૓ǴҾ཰ৎ཮ஒϺጕܫ࿼ଯೀٰௗԏѱ൑ૻ

৲ǴΑှѱ൑લѨǶҾ཰ׯᡂޑ୏ΚٰԾܭȬҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ȭǴΑှѱ൑ޑό֡Ϭރᄊ Զૈ୼ග߻ඓඝ҂ٰᖿ༈ǴЪჹȬҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ȭගрٿᅿ࣮ݤȬ΋૓ޑว౜ȭᆶȬߚ Υޑว౜ȭǴ΋૓ޑว౜ࡰޑࢂ࿶ၸҾ཰ৎոΚว௚ճҔၸࡕԿϞ٩ᙑ೏۹ຎޑᐒ཮Ƕ

ner rr 1911973 ҾҾ཰཰཰ৎόৎόৎόৎόৎόৎόৎόৎόৎόৎόৎৎৎόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόόሡሡሡሡሡाሡाሡሡሡ ൨פ൨פ൨פ൨פߡૈݙཀډ΋ޔ ϐࡕΞჹȬҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ȭ΋ຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏๏๏ϒ๏๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒ๏๏ϒ๏ϒ๏ϒϒϒϒϒϒϒϒϒϒϒϒܴዴޑۓကǴKirzner ᇡ

يᐱڀޑૈΚǴᡣബ཰ޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣޣޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣૈޣޣޣૈޣૈޣޣૈޣૈޣૈޣޣޣޣޣૈ୼วૈૈૈૈૈ୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ว୼ววววววววววววว௚௚ѱ௚ѱ௚ѱ௚௚௚ѱ௚ѱѱѱѱѱѱѱ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ൑ۘ҂҂҂҂҂҂೏҂೏҂҂೏ځдځдځдځдځдځддддддддддддΓวΓวΓΓΓวΓวΓวΓวΓวΓΓวΓวΓΓวΓวΓวΓΓΓว౜ޑ ӭޑ᝾᝺܄Ǵ٠ЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪЪ཮٬཮٬཮཮཮཮཮཮٬཮཮཮٬཮཮཮཮٬཮཮཮཮٬཮཮཮٬཮٬཮཮཮٬཮٬཮཮٬཮٬཮ Ҕ௵ҔҔҔҔҔ௵Ҕ௵ҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔ ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒ޑ᎒᎒᎒᎒᎒ޑޑᢀᢀᢀჸᢀჸΚѐว౜౜ཥޑཥཥޑᐒ཮ᐒ཮ǶΠǶΠǶΠǶΠǶΠǶΠΠΠΠΠΠ

᝾᝺܄ȭ΋ຒ΋΋΋ຒ΋΋΋ຒ΋ຒ΋ຒ΋΋ຒ΋ຒ΋ຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒຒှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញှញញញញញញញញញញញញញញញញ಍᏾಍಍಍಍಍಍᏾಍಍಍಍಍಍಍᏾಍᏾಍᏾಍᏾಍᏾᏾᏾ǶǶ ߄

߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄

߄2.211111111111111KiKKKKKKKKKKKKrzznnnnen rჹჹჹჹȬȬҾ཰཰ৎޑৎޑ᝾᝺᝾ ܄ȭ࣮ݤ࣮ݤ᏾᏾౛

ਔ໔ ਔ໔

ਔ໔໔ ۓۓۓက

ձΓΓΓ۹۹ຎ۹ຎ۹ຎޑᐒޑᐒޑᐒޑᐒޑ ཮Ǵӧၗૻᇆ໣΢К ഢᐱ

ഢᐱ ഢᐱ ഢ ഢᐱ ഢᐱᐱ ഢᐱ

ഢ ੝੝੝ޑޔ᝺ᆶ౳ӀǴёаว௚ѱ ޑୢᚒᆶᐒ཮Ǵ٠ЪԐ΋؁ඓඝᐒ

(21)

ߚΥޑว౜ࡰޑࢂҾ཰ৎаബཥޑࡘၡ܈ख़ཥ၍ញ΋ҹཥޑགྷݤǴΨ൩ࢂԾՉബ೷ᐒ཮Ƕ Զᐒ཮ᆶബཥࣁҾ཰ৎीૈޑ୷ᘵᡄᒠǴԖշܭᔅշҾ཰঩πᆢ࡭៝࠼ᅈཀࡋǴ٠ᡣ঩

πڀഢว௚όӕ࠼Њޑሡ؃ǴவԶமϯ঩πԾวޑૈΚࣁ៝࠼ໆيѺ೷ှ،БਢǶ Sambamurthy ฻Γ(2003)ᇡࣁȬҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ȭࣁҾ཰ಔᙃύޑ΋ᅿ୏ᄊૈΚǴ Ҕཛྷ൨ѱ൑٠ᔠෳҾ཰ޑ྽߻ک҂ٰѱ൑ޑ࠶ુکӒᐒǴځύхࡴٿঁБय़ޑ੝ਸфૈǴ ջ฼ౣᇻـکس಍܄ޑᢀჸΚǶ฼ౣᇻـࢂૈ୼Ⴃޕޑόೱុ܄࠶ુکᐒ཮Ǵ٬ךॺޑ

҂ٰߥ࡭׳ӭޑѱ൑୏ᄊ᝾௉Ƕس಍ࢰჸΚࢂǴஒҾ཰ૈΚࢂࣁᔈҔޕ᛽کჴሞ࿶ᡍޑ ಕᑈǴҞޑӧܭёа٩Ᏽၸѐ࿶ᡍբࣁёаჹК௃ݩޑཀـΠǴவҾ཰ϣ೽ᆶѦ೽ޑس

಍ࡌᄬԖᝡݾΚޑՉ୏Ƕ

2.2.1 س಍ࢰჸΚ (Systemic insight)

Sambamurthy ฻Γ(2003)ᇡࣁس಍ࢰჸΚࢂ΋ᅿஒኧՏᒧ᏷៾(digital options)ೱௗ

ຎ᝺ϯૈΚᆶ௵௘ޑૈΚǴᆶཥᑫѱ൑ᐒ཮ࢎᄬӧᝡݾՉࣁ΢ǶӢࣁᝡݾՉࣁሡाεໆ ޑኧՏᒧ᏷៾ک௵௘ૈΚǶӢԜس಍ࢰჸΚޑᢀᗺࢂԵቾόӕख़ाޑϣ೽ೱ่ૈΚکѱ

൑ᐒ཮Ƕس಍ࢰჸΚۈᐒ཮ගϲǴ׬ՐёՉޑᐒ཮ǵόӕޑ୘཰܄፦ǵၗૻࣽמǵᝡݾ

॥ᓀکय़ჹᝡݾޣՉ୏܌௦ڗޑёૈޑჹ฼ǶVitale(1986)ࡰрӧؒԖӒ্Ҿ཰ޑ೚ӭ௃

ݩΠǴس಍ࢰჸΚ٬ҔڀԖᝡݾΚޑၗૻࣽמᔈҔࢂόڀഢӚᅿ॥ᓀޑǶҾ཰ৎᆶҾ཰

Ьᆅว௚҂໒วѱ൑Ϸ׬Րᐒ཮ޑёૈ܄Ǵᆶय़ჹᝡݾჹЋှ،ୢᚒޑૈΚǶٯӵ:Ӛε

ၠ୯Ҿ཰Ԗགύ୯εഌቶεޑΓαᆶѱ൑੃຤Κޑᘉ஭Ǵ઱઱ډύ୯຾Չ׫ၗǶҾ཰ว

౜ཥᑫѱ൑ޑᡂϯǴԶҾ཰ፓ᏾࿶ᔼኳԄǴ೛ቷӧύ୯εഌ٠ஒౢࠔ፤ډύ୯ѱ൑Ƕ

2.2.2 ฼ౣᇻـ (Strategic foresight)

Sambamurthy ฻Γ(2003)ᇡࣁ฼ౣᇻـࢂ΋ᅿႣޕ໔ᘐޑ୘཰ᕉნǵཥᑫѱ൑ǵၗ

ૻࣽמޜ໔ޑૈΚǴӧว౜Ҿ཰ሽॶ᜘ύޑ࠶ુᆶᐒ཮ਔԐӃܭᝡݾჹЋ୏բǴ೭ᅿӃ ـϐܴх֖Αӧᕓ৲࿤ᡂޑᝡݾᕉნύ᏾ӝၗૻࣽמޑว৖ᆶ୘཰ว৖ޑᐒ཮Ƕ Christensen(1997)ΨᇡࣁᇻـࢂҾ཰ৎՉ୏ޑᜢᗖǴѬ҅ϸࢀΑѱ൑ޑόֹ๓کаၗૻ

ΚޑՉ୏Ƕ

Κ (Systemic insigggggggggggggggggggggghthththththththththtttttttttt) ))))))))))))))

thy ฻Γ(20000000000000000000000000000000003)ᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁࣁࣁࣁࣁࣁࣁس಍س಍س಍س಍س಍ࢰჸ಍಍಍಍ࢰჸჸΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚࢂΚΚΚࢂࢂ΋΋΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿ΋ᅿᅿஒኧஒኧஒஒኧஒኧஒஒஒஒኧஒኧஒஒኧஒஒஒஒኧኧኧኧՏᒧՏᒧՏᒧՏᒧՏᒧՏᒧՏՏᒧՏᒧՏᒧՏᒧՏՏᒧᒧᒧ᏷៾᏷៾᏷៾᏷៾᏷៾᏷៾᏷៾៾(digital

௵௘ޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈޑૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈΚǴΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚǴΚΚǴΚΚΚǴΚΚǴǴǴᆶཥᆶཥᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶཥᆶཥᆶཥᑫᑫѱᑫѱᑫѱ൑ѱ൑൑൑ᐒ൑ᐒ཮ࢎ཮ࢎᄬӧᄬӧᝡݾՉࣁ΢Ƕ΢ Ӣࣁᝡݾ ک௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௘௘ૈ௘ૈ௘ૈ௘ૈ௘ૈ௘ૈ௘ૈૈૈૈΚǶӢӢԜӢԜӢԜӢ س಍سس಍س಍س಍ࢰჸࢰჸΚჸΚΚΚޑΚޑΚޑΚޑΚΚޑΚޑΚΚޑΚޑΚΚޑΚޑޑޑޑޑޑޑᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᢀᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺᗺࢂԵࢂԵቾቾόቾόӕӕӕख़ाޑϣ೽

ࢰჸ ࢰ ࢰჸჸ ࢰჸ ࢰჸ

ࢰ ΚۈΚۈΚۈᐒᐒ཮ᐒ ගϲගϲගϲǴ׬׬׬׬׬׬ՐՐёՐՐՐՐՐՐՐՐёՉޑՉޑՉޑᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮ᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒ཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮ǵόόӕӕӕޑӕޑ୘཰܄፦ǵၗ

ݾޣՉ୏୏܌௦܌܌ ڗޑޑёёૈёૈёૈёૈёૈёૈёૈёёૈёёёёёёё ޑޑჹ฼฼฼ǶViVVVtataleleeee((1(1986)ࡰрӧؒԖӒ্1 ჸΚ٬ҔڀԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖԖᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡݾᝡᝡݾᝡᝡᝡݾᝡݾΚΚΚΚޑΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ ၗૻၗૻၗૻૻૻૻૻࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽࣽ ᔈҔࢂόڀഢӚᅿ॥ᓀޑǶ วѱ൑Ϸ׬Րᐒ཮ޑёૈ܄Ǵᆶय़ჹᝡݾჹЋှ،ୢᚒޑૈ

(22)

ࣽמࣁ୷ᘵޑᝡݾᐒ཮ǶҾ཰ว৖ޑ҂ٰ܄೸ၸҾ཰ৎϷЬᆅޑঁΓޔ᝺کд܌ᏱԖޑ ၸѐ࿶ᡍǴפрගϲಔᙃඵችޑཥᑫၗૻࣽמکдॺޑ୘཰ወΚЪ᝾᝺ᝡݾჹЋԶౢғ ബཥޑՉࣁǶٯӵ Apple ႣޕՉ୏೯ૻਔжޑٰᖏǴว৖ඵችࠠՉ୏Ћ࡭Ԅး࿼ iPhone ᆶ iPadǴቶڙѱ൑ӳຑǶ྽ᝡݾޣ઱઱׫ΕࣴวඵችࠠՉ୏း࿼ǴApple ഢག࠶ુ௃ݩ Πჸ᝺ѱ൑ჹܭᇟॣᒣ᛽ޑሡ؃ΠǴ໒วཥ΋жڀԖᇟॣᒣ᛽фૈޑඵችࠠՉ୏း࿼Ǵ ନΑѱ൑୔႖ѦǴ೸ၸၗૻࣽמޑ׫Ε܎໒ᆶᝡݾޣϐ໔ޑৡຯǶ

2.2.3 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶඵችၗҁϐᜢᖄ

Ardichvili(2003)฻Γ᏾౛Α൳ՏᏢޣଞჹҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ࣴزǴගрҾ཰ৎȬᐒ཮ว

௚ȭၸำޑЬाӢન: (΋)Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ޑރᄊǹ(Β)ၗૻόჹᆀᆶႣӃޑޕ᛽ǹ(Ο)ޗ ဂᆛၡᜢ߯ǹ(Ѥ)Γ਱੝፦ǹ(ϖ)ᐒ཮ҁيޑᜪࠠǶ೭٤ၸำ΋ޔӧமፓҾ཰ৎჹܭȬᐒ

཮ว௚ȭޑख़ຎǴҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ޑਥҁமፓޑ൩ࢂᐒ཮ޑว௚ǶArdichvili ฻ΓஒҾ཰

ৎ᝾᝺܄܌ख़ຎޑȬว௚ᐒ཮ȭεठϩԋаΠΟঁ໘ࢤ: (΋)ว௚ѱ൑ሡ؃ᆶ঩π܌όى ޑၗྍǹ(Β)Αှѱ൑ޑ੝ۓሡ؃کࢌ٤੝ۓၗྍǹ(Ο)ว৖ّϞൂᐱޑሡ؃ᆶϐၗྍ

ϐ໔፾ӝ౜໘ࢤӝ፾ޑ࿶ᔼ౛ۺǶ

Ardichvili ฻Γ(2003)܌ගډޑҾ཰ৎȬว௚ᐒ཮ȭύޑၗྍᆶၗҁޑཷۺǴ҅ࢂȬඵ ችၗҁȭǶArdichvili ฻Γᇡࣁว௚ᐒ཮ޑၸำख़ཥಔӝ΋ঁΓޑඵችၗҁ(ޕ᛽ǵ࿶ᡍᆶ מૈ)کдޑޗ཮ၗҁ(Ѧ೽ޕ᛽ගٮޑޗҬᆛၡ)ǶGaglio(2004)ΨᇡࣁҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ࢂ

΋ᅿ،฼Κёа០୏܌Ԗޑ࿶ᔮࢲ୏ǴЪځ،฼аന፾ၗྍϩଛ຾ՉҾ཰നεϯᆶԖਏ ϯޑ׫ၗൔၿǶᡉـҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ࢂԖշܭҾ཰ϣ೽ޕ᛽ǵ࿶ᡍᆶמૈޑගϲǶ

Ҿ཰ৎว౜ѱ൑ޑᡂϯǴ᝾᝺྽߻ޑҾ཰࠶ુᆶӒᐒǴҾ཰ৎ൨؃Ҿ཰ׯᡂа಄ӝ ѱ൑ሡ؃ǶҾ཰ׯᡂமፓӧ׫Ε፾ӝ౜໘ࢤѱ൑ᡂϯޑ࿶ᔼ౛ۺǴಔᙃϣ೽ࣁΑ಄ӝѱ

൑ሡ؃ᆶ੝ۓၗྍǴѸ໪ׯᡂ౜Ԗ঩πޑޕ᛽ǵ࿶ᡍᆶמૈǴаዴߥ಄ӝѱ൑ޑ࿶ᔼ౛

ۺǶӳޑҾ཰ৎמૈԖշܭᔅշҾ཰ϣ೽঩πගϲҾ཰঩πඵችၗҁаᆢៈ៝࠼ᅈཀࡋ Ϸόӕ࠼Њሡ؃Ǵ׳ૈ୼௴ว঩πှ،៝࠼ୢᚒޑૈΚǴ܌аҁࣴزࡌҥଷᇥӵΠ:

H1: Ҿ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ჹܭඵችၗҁڀԖ҅ӛޑቹៜǶ

2003)฻Γ᏾౛Α൳ՏᏢޣଞჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹҾჹჹҾჹҾჹჹჹҾჹҾჹჹҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰ৎ཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰ ᝾᝺܄ࣴزǴගрҾ

ाӢન: (΋)Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄ޑރޑރޑޑޑރޑރޑޑޑރޑޑޑރޑރޑރޑރޑޑޑޑޑރޑރޑރޑޑރޑޑޑޑރރރރރރᄊǹᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊᄊ ((((((ΒΒΒΒΒΒΒΒΒΒ)))))))))))ၗၗၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗૻၗၗၗၗૻၗૻၗၗ όόჹόჹჹჹჹჹᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆀᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶႣӃႣႣӃႣӃႣႣႣႣႣႣ ޑ Ѥ)Γ਱੝፦ǹ(ϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖϖ))))))))))))))))))ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒ཮ᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒᐒ཮ᐒ ҁيҁيҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁيҁيҁҁҁҁҁҁҁҁيޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑᜪޑޑޑޑޑᜪᜪࠠࠠࠠࠠǶ೭٤ၸำำ΋ޔ΋΋ޔӧமӧமፓҾፓҾፓҾፓፓҾፓҾፓҾፓҾፓҾፓҾፓҾፓҾፓ ຎǴҾ཰ৎ᝾ৎৎৎ᝾ৎৎৎ᝾ৎ᝾ৎ᝾ৎৎ᝾ৎ᝾ৎ᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝾᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄᝺܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄ޑਥޑޑޑޑޑޑਥޑޑޑޑޑޑޑਥޑਥਥਥਥਥਥҁҁҁҁҁமҁமҁҁமፓޑፓޑፓޑፓޑፓޑፓޑፓޑፓޑፓޑ൩ࢂޑޑޑޑ൩ࢂ൩ࢂ൩൩ࢂ൩ࢂ൩൩ࢂ൩ࢂ൩ࢂ൩ࢂ൩ࢂᐒ཮ࢂᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒ཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮ޑวޑวޑวޑววววววววววว௚Ƕ௚௚Ƕ௚௚௚Ƕ௚௚௚௚ AArA dichv ຎޑȬวววววววววววววววววววววว௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚௚ᐒ௚ᐒ௚ᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒ཮ȭ཮ȭ཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮཮ȭȭεεεठε ϩϩϩϩԋϩԋааΠΟঁΟঁ໘ࢤ: (΋)ว௚ว௚ѱ൑ሡ؃

Αှှှှှှှှှှѱ൑ѱѱѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱѱ൑൑൑൑ޑ੝ޑޑ ۓۓሡۓሡۓሡۓ ؃ک؃؃ک؃ک؃کࢌ٤ࢌ٤੝ۓ٤੝ۓ੝੝੝੝ۓ੝ۓ੝ۓ੝੝ۓ੝ۓ੝ۓ੝੝ۓ੝ۓ੝ۓ੝੝ۓۓۓۓۓۓၗྍၗྍၗྍၗྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍྍǹ(ΟΟ)))ว৖ว৖ว৖ّϞൂᐱޑ ࢤӝ

ࢤ ࢤ ࢤӝ ࢤӝ ࢤӝ

ࢤӝ፾ޑ፾ޑ፾ޑ࿶࿶ᔼ࿶ ౛ۺ౛ۺ౛ۺǶ

฻Γ(20003)33 ܌ගډޑډޑډޑډޑډޑډޑҾޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑҾҾ཰Ҿ཰ҾҾ ৎȬৎȬȬว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ȭύޑၗྍᆶၗҁޑ chvili ฻Γᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁᇡࣁࣁว௚ว௚วว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚ว௚วว௚ᐒ཮཮཮ޑၸޑၸޑၸޑၸၸၸၸำำำำख़ำำำ ཥಔӝ΋ঁΓޑඵችၗҁ

཮ၗҁ(Ѧ೽ޕ᛽ගٮޑޗҬᆛၡ)ǶGaglio(2004)ΨᇡࣁҾ

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2.2.4 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝϐᜢᖄ

Shane(2000)ᆶHippel(1994)ޑࣴزࡰрǴόӕޑӃ߻ޕ᛽ᆶၸѐ࿶ᡍ཮ቹៜډҾ཰

ৎჹཥࣽמၮҔԜᐒ཮ޑว౜ǴΓॺ཮ѐݙཀдॺς࿶ޕၰǵዕ஼܈ԖᜢޑၗૻǴӢԜ

཮ගଯӃ߻ޕ᛽Ǵӆගଯബ཰ᐒ᝾܄ǶҾ཰ৎ܌ว౜ޑᐒ཮ᆶ౜ԖඓඝޑၗૻᜢǴᙖҗ

ၗૻࣽמೱ่ᆶወӧޑӝբუՔࡌҥ٠ᆢ࡭ؼӳޑᜢ߯Ǵஒёᕇள׳ӭၗྍᆶඓඝ׳ӭ ޑၗૻǴҭёૈ۶ԜΑှ٠ᡏᇡډᚈБޑሡाࡕǴౢғ׳ӭϕඁޑՉࣁ܈ӝբᜢ߯Ǵᚈ БΨ཮Ӣϕ࣬Ҭࢬᕇள׳ӭၗૻǴ຾Զϩ٦܈ჸ᝺ډ׳ӭወӧޑᐒ཮Ǵவύளډӳೀٰ

ᕇڗؼӳޑਏ݀(Shane, 2000)Ƕ

Peter(2005)ࣴزࡰрय़ჹѱ൑ૻ৲זೲᡂϯᆶѱ൑੃຤ޣख़ຎԾЬ܄ᒧ᏷ޑԵໆΠǴ аϷᆛၡᆶၗૻࣽמޑזೲว৖ǴҾ཰ৎ(ౢ཰࿶ᔼޣ)य़ᖏཥ΋ݢ୘୍ᕉნޑፂᔐᆶࡷ

ᏯǴ୘཰ኳԄΨόӆѝࢂ໺಍Ψޣϐ໔ޑᝡݾࢎᄬǴᙯᡂԋ΋ᅿٮᔈ᜘᏾ӝၗྍޑ୘཰

ᝡݾኳԄǶҾ཰ৎ໒ۈख़ຎၗૻࣽמᆶҾ཰ၗྍϐ໔ޑ᏾ӝǴ٬ள᏾ᡏᆕਏബ೷ѱ൑ᚈ គޑֽय़Ƕ

Ҿ཰ၗྍᆶၗૻࣽמᔈҔǴѸ໪ाԖҾ཰ЬޑᇡӕᆶཀᜫǴ಍کа΢Ꮲޣࣴزࣣᇡ ࣁҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ࢂ௴୏Ҿ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝޑ୏ΚٰྍǴඓඝၗྍ൩฻ܭඓඝѱ൑Ϸ׬Րᐒ཮

ޑёૈ܄Ǵ߄Ң೭໨ाનᔈ၀ஏϪޑݙཀǴऩࢂૈΑှҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ϷҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝϐ Ӣ݀ᜢ߯ǴҭёૈඓඝӃᐒሦӃӕ཰ޑᝡݾᓬ༈Ǵ܌аҁࣴزࡌҥଷᇥӵΠǺ

H2Ǻ Ҿ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ჹܭҾ཰ࣽמ᏾ӝڀԖ҅ӛޑቹៜǶ

Ҭࢬᕇள׳ӭၗૻǴ຾Զϩ٦܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈܈ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸჸჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸჸჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸჸჸ᝺ჸჸ᝺ჸ᝺ډ׳ӭወӧޑᐒ཮Ǵவ᝺᝺᝺᝺᝺

݀(Shane, 2000)Ƕ

)ࣴزࡰрय़ჹѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱѱѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱ൑ѱѱ൑ѱ൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻૻ৲ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻૻ৲ૻ৲ૻ৲ૻૻ৲ૻૻ৲ૻ৲ૻૻૻૻૻ৲ૻૻૻ৲ૻૻ৲৲זೲזזೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲᡂᡂᡂᡂϯᡂϯᡂϯᡂᡂᡂᡂᡂϯᡂᡂᡂϯᆶᆶᆶѱ൑੃຤ޣ຤ޣޣख़ຎख़ຎԾЬԾЬԾЬЬЬЬЬЬЬЬ܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄܄

ૻࣽמޑזೲזזזೲזזזೲזೲזೲזזೲזೲזೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲೲว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖ว৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖৖ǴҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰཰཰཰཰ৎ཰ৎ཰཰ৎ(ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢ཰ౢౢ཰࿶ᔼ࿶࿶ᔼ࿶࿶ᔼ࿶ᔼ࿶࿶ᔼ࿶ᔼ࿶ᔼ࿶ᔼ࿶ᔼ࿶ᔼᔼޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣޣ))))))))य़ᖏय़ᖏय़ᖏय़ᖏय़ᖏय़ᖏय़ᖏᖏᖏᖏᖏᖏᖏᖏཥ΋ཥ΋ཥ΋ཥ΋ཥ΋ཥཥཥཥཥཥ΋΋ݢݢݢݢݢ୘ݢݢ ୍ᕉ Ψόӆѝӆѝӆѝӆѝӆѝӆѝӆѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝѝࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂ໺ࢂ໺໺໺໺಍Ψ಍Ψ಍಍಍಍಍಍಍Ψ಍಍Ψ಍Ψ಍ ޣޣϐޣϐޣϐ໔ϐ໔໔ޑ໔ޑᝡݾᝡݾࢎᄬࢎᄬǴᙯᡂԋ΋ᅿ΋ᅿٮᔈ᜘᏾

཰ৎৎৎৎৎৎৎৎৎৎৎৎৎ໒໒ۈ໒ۈ໒ۈ໒ۈ໒ۈ໒ۈ໒ۈۈۈۈख़ຎຎຎၗၗૻၗૻၗၗ ࣽࣽࣽמࣽמࣽמᆶҾᆶҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰཰཰ၗ཰ၗ཰ၗ཰ၗ཰ၗ཰཰ၗ཰ၗ཰ၗ཰ၗ཰཰ၗ཰ၗ཰ၗၗၗၗၗྍϐྍϐྍϐྍϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐϐ໔ޑޑ᏾ӝ᏾ӝ᏾ӝǴ٬ள᏾ᡏᆕ

ᆶၗૻࣽࣽמᔈממ ҔǴѸ໪Ѹ໪Ѹ໪Ѹ໪Ѹ໪Ѹ໪Ѹ໪Ѹ໪ѸѸ໪ѸѸѸѸѸѸѸ ााԖҾ཰Ҿ཰཰཰ЬޑЬޑЬޑᇡޑޑᇡᇡᇡӕᆶཀᜫǴ಍کа΢

܄ࢂ௴୏Ҿ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰཰ࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽࣽࣽࣽמࣽממ᏾᏾᏾᏾ӝ᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾᏾ ޑ୏ޑ୏ޑ୏୏୏୏୏ΚٰΚٰΚٰΚٰΚٰΚٰΚΚ ྍǴඓඝၗྍ൩฻ܭඓඝѱ Ң೭໨ाનᔈ၀ஏϪޑݙཀǴऩࢂૈΑှҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ϷҾ

(24)

2.2.5 Ҿ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶࣽמബཥૈΚϐᜢᖄ

Miller ᆶ Friesen(1982)ᇡࣁҾ཰ϣ೽ࢂցڀഢҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄Ǵёᔠຎ၀Ҿ཰ᆅ౛໘ ቫࢂցڀഢബཥ܄ǶStevenson ᆶJarillo(1986)ΨගډҾ཰ৎڀഢԖගٮҾ཰ബ཰ǵബཥ ޑ୏ૈǶҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ᆶࣽמബཥૈΚ೿ឦܭ΋ᅿ୏ᄊૈΚǴӧ೭ኬޑၸำх֖Αଓ൨ ወᙒᆶ҂೏ว౜ޑᐒ཮Ǵ٠ख़ཥቩຎҾ཰ϣ೽౜ԖၗྍǴᙯϯԋബཥڀഢޑёҔཥၗྍǴ Ҕаᅈىѱ൑΢៝࠼ᆶόᘐᡂϯޑሡ؃ǶԶ೭ኬޑബཥၸำǴѸ໪ڀഢࣽמബཥૈΚޑ ၮբǴаཥמೌ໒วр಄ӝѱ൑ሡ؃ޑቷࠔᙖаᅈى៝࠼ሡ؃Ǵ೭୏ᄊૈΚၮբѸ໪ा

ԖҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ၮբගϲࣽמബཥǶ

Carton ฻Γ(1998)ᇡࣁҾ཰ৎЬाޑೢҺջࢂ܍ᏼჸ᝺ѱ൑୏ӛ܈ၮҔཥ฼ౣޑ॥

ᓀǶҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ޑр౜ёаڈᐟٮᔈ୘໔ޑؼ܄ᝡݾ٠ᐟวቷ୘уமӧࣴวᆶബཥ΢

ޑոΚǴ่݀ஒ཮஥୏࿶ᔮԋߏǵගϲמೌቫԛǵബ೷൩཰ᐒ཮Ǵࣁ࿶ᔮݙΕཥՈǴᙖ җҾ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ڈᐟࣽמബཥૈΚޑගϲǴගϲҾ཰ᝡݾΚǶ

Earl ᆶ Feeny(2000)ᇡࣁಔᙃૈΚࢂҾ཰ᝡݾ฼ౣ୷ᘵǴځሽॶࢂҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ޑࡰ

኱Ǵ٠᏾ӝמೌᆶҾ཰ၗྍٰࡌҥ೭ኬޑಔᙃૈΚǶಔᙃૈΚޑගϲሡाҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄

ޑၮբǴԶҾ཰מೌޑගϲѸ໪ाҗࣽמബཥૈΚ᏾ӝಔᙃૈΚǴ۶Ԝ࣬٩࣬ӸǵӅᄪ ӅғǴӧ୏ᕏޑѱ൑ᕉნύ٩ᙑߥԖؼӳޑҾ཰ᝡݾΚǶ

Ҿ཰ബཥޑᐒ཮ǴٰԾҾ཰ЬޑᇡӕᆶཀᜫǶ۳۳Ҿ཰ৎჹѱ൑ޑᢀჸૈΚǴᡂԋ ០٬Ҿ཰ബཥޑന٫୏ΚٰྍǶӳޑҾ཰ৎޑמૈёаᔅշҾ཰ϣ೽঩πᆢៈ៝࠼ᅈཀ ࡋϷගϲҾ཰঩πન፦Ǵӧय़ჹόӕ࠼Њሡ؃ਔǴૈ୼௴วԾךૈΚගٮ៝࠼ှ،ޑБ ਢǶऩࢂૈΑှҾ཰ৎ᝾᝺܄ϷࣽמബཥૈΚϐӢ݀ᜢ߯ǴҭёૈמೌሦӃӕ཰ޑᝡݾ ᓬ༈Ǵ܌аҁࣴزࡌҥଷᇥӵΠǺ

H3Ǻ Ҿ཰ৎޑ᝾᝺܄ჹܭҾ཰ࣽמബཥૈΚڀԖ҅ӛޑቹៜǶ

܄ၮբගϲࣽמബཥǶ

Γ(1998)ᇡࣁҾ཰ৎЬाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑाޑााޑाााޑााޑााޑााޑााޑೢҺޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑޑೢҺೢҺೢҺೢҺೢҺೢҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺҺջࢂջջջࢂջࢂջࢂջջջջջࢂջࢂջࢂ܍ᏼࢂࢂࢂ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼ܍ᏼᏼᏼჸჸჸჸჸჸჸჸ᝺ჸ᝺ჸჸჸჸჸ᝺ѱѱ൑ѱ൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑൑୏ӛ୏ӛ୏୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏ӛ୏୏୏ ܈ၮ܈

᝺܄ޑр౜ёаڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈڈᐟٮᐟٮᐟᐟᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟᐟٮᐟٮᐟᐟᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮᐟٮٮٮٮٮٮٮᔈ୘ᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈ୘ᔈ୘ᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈᔈ ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑ໔ޑޑޑޑޑޑؼؼؼ܄܄ᝡݾ٠ᐟᐟวቷวቷวቷ୘у୘уமӧமӧமӧமӧமமӧமӧமӧமӧமӧமӧமӧ ஒ཮஥୏࿶ᔮ࿶࿶࿶ᔮ࿶࿶࿶ᔮ࿶ᔮ࿶ᔮ࿶࿶ᔮ࿶ᔮ࿶ᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮᔮԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏԋߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏߏǵගǵගගගගගගගගϲϲϲϲϲמϲמϲϲמೌቫೌቫೌቫೌቫೌቫೌቫೌቫೌቫೌቫԛቫቫቫቫԛԛԛԛԛǵԛԛԛԛǵԛԛǵബ೷ബ೷ബബബ೷ബ೷ബ೷ബ೷ബ೷ബ೷ബബ೷೷೷೷೷೷೷೷൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰൩཰཰཰཰཰ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒ཮ᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒᐒ཮཮཮Ǵࣁ࿶ᔮ

᝺܄ڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟڈᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟᐟࣽמࣽמࣽࣽמࣽࣽמࣽࣽࣽמࣽמࣽࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמࣽמממממബཥബཥബബബബཥബബബཥബബཥബബ ૈΚૈΚΚΚޑޑޑගޑගϲϲǴගϲගϲҾ཰ᝡݾݾΚǶΚ

eny(yyyy(y(y(yyy(((((200000000000000000 )))ᇡࣁࣁࣁࣁಔᙃಔᙃಔ ૈૈૈૈΚૈΚࢂҾࢂҾࢂҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾҾ཰཰཰཰཰ᝡ཰ᝡ཰཰཰཰ᝡ཰཰ᝡ཰ᝡ཰཰཰ᝡ཰ ݾ฼ݾ฼ݾ฼ݾ฼฼฼฼฼฼฼฼฼฼฼฼฼ౣ୷୷୷ᘵᘵǴᘵǴځځሽځ ॶࢂҾ཰

ೌᆶ

ೌ

ೌᆶ

ೌᆶᆶҾ཰Ҿ཰Ҿ཰ၗၗྍၗ ٰࡌٰࡌٰࡌҥ೭೭೭೭೭೭ኬޑኬޑኬኬኬኬኬኬኬኬޑಔᙃಔᙃಔᙃૈૈૈૈૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈΚૈૈΚૈૈΚૈΚૈૈΚૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈૈΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚǶಔಔᙃᙃૈᙃૈᙃૈΚޑගϲሡा

཰מೌޑගϲගග Ѹ໪໪ाҗाҗाҗाҗाҗाҗाҗाҗााҗााााााा ࣽࣽמബཥബཥཥཥૈΚૈΚૈΚΚΚ᏾᏾᏾᏾ӝಔᙃૈΚǴ۶Ԝ࣬

ޑѱ൑ᕉნύნύნύύύύύύύύύύύύύύύύύύύ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩ᙑ٩٩ᙑ٩٩٩ᙑ٩ᙑߥߥߥߥԖߥߥߥߥߥߥߥߥߥ ؼӳؼӳؼӳӳӳӳӳޑҾޑҾޑҾޑҾޑҾޑҾޑޑ ཰ᝡݾΚǶ

ޑᐒ཮ǴٰԾҾ཰ЬޑᇡӕᆶཀᜫǶ۳۳Ҿ཰ৎჹѱ൑ޑᢀ