• 沒有找到結果。

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表 1-1 文獻上已報導關於 Al-Mg 系之高溫或低溫超塑性

合金 處理法 晶粒尺寸 測試條件 伸長量 參考文獻 (A) 高溫超塑性部分 (400 oC 以上)：

Al-7Mg-1Fe Rolling 2 µm 465 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 450% [51]

520 oC, 2x10-1 s-1 250%

Al-4Mg-0.5Sc Rolling 0.5 µm 538 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 1020% [55]

15.2 µm 500 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 200% [86]

530 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 350%

5083 Al Spray-De posited+T

MT 550 oC, 3x10-5 s-1 465%

5083 Al Rolling 7 µm 550 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 300% [84]

550 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 150%

550 oC, two step 470%

5083 Al Rolling 9.5 µm 530 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 430%

550 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 300%

560 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 610%

5083 Al Rolling 10 µm 550 oC, 2x10-5 s-1 480% [87]

550 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 380%

5083 Al 往復式 擠型

2.5 µm 500 oC, 2x10-1 s-1 361% [89]

5083 Al Rolling 6.5 µm 525 oC, two step 450% [83]

555 oC, two step 600%

525 oC/H. P., two step

661%

Al-5.3Mg Rolling 140 µm 450 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 250% [48]

450 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 225%

Al-7Mg 130 µm 450 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 250%

450 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 250%

Al-11Mg 55 µm 450 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 125%

450 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 150%

Al-5.8Mg-0.3Sc Rolling 1 µm 475 oC, 5x10-2 s-1 170% [56]

Al-5.8Mg-0.3Sc Rolling 0.2-1 µm 475 oC, 1.4x10-2 s-1 1130% [57]

Al-2.3Mg 0.5 µm 475 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 80% [63]

Al-4Mg

機械合金

0.5 µm 475 oC, 1x100 s-1 100%

(B) 低溫超塑性部分 (400 oC 以下)：

Al-3Mg ECAP 0.2 µm 130 oC, 1.3x10-5 s-1 170% [53]

130 oC, 1.3x10-2 s-1 30%

Al-2.8Mg Rolling 30-450

µm

200 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 84% [45]

Al-5.5Mg 250 µm 200 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 51%

400 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 254%

Al-3Mg-0.25Mn 200 µm 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 165%

Al-3Mg-0.50Mn 140 µm 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 142%

Al-3Mg-0.2Zr 23 µm 400 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 135%

Al-1Mg Rolling --- 250 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 100% [46]

Al-3Mg --- 250 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 150%

Al-6Mg --- 250 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 160%

5182-O --- 250 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 180%

Al-1.02Mg-0.50Mn Rolling --- 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 116% [47]

Al-2.52Mg-0.46Mn --- 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 116%

Al-4.05Mg-0.46Mn --- 300 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 110%

Al-5.5Mg-0.47Mn --- 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 125%

Al-6.64Mg-0.48Mn --- 300 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 130%

5456-H343 Rolling --- 275 oC, 2.4x10-5 s-1 155% [50]

Al-10Mg-0.1Zr TMT 2.4 µm 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 600% [14]

Al-10Mg-0.1Zr TMT 0.85 µm 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 1100% [15]

300 oC, 5x10-2 s-1 400%

Al-3Mg-0.2Sc ECAP 0.2

µ

m 300 oC, 3x10-3 s-1 700% [26]

400 oC, 2x10-2 s-1 1030%

Al-4Mg-0.5Sc Rolling 0.5 µm 400 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 1020% [55]

400 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 440%

ECAP 1 µm 330 oC, 3.3x10-3 s-1 550% [58]

Al-5.5Mg-2.2Li-0.1

2Zr 330 oC, 3.3x10-2 s-1 341%

Al-5Mg-2Li-0.1Zr ECAP 0.8

µ

m 300 oC, 1x10-4 s-1 330% [61]

ECA 1.2 µm 350 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 1180% [27]

Al-5.5Mg-2.2Li-0.1

2Zr 350 oC, 1x100 s-1 310%

5083 Al ARB 280 nm 200 oC, 中速 220% [88]

200 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 200% [16]

TMT 0.2-0.5

µm

300 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 400%

Al-10.2Mg-0.52Mn

400 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 580%

Al-10.2Mg-0.52Mn TMT+

annealing

0.5

µ

m 300 oC, 6x10-3 s-1 580% [60]

ECAP 0.3

µ

m 200 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 90% [90]

5056 Al

275 oC, 1x10-5 s-1 185%

表 1-2 {011}<2 1 1> 與 {110}<001> 之尤拉角度。[70]

織構組成

φ

1

Φ φ

2

35 45 0

55 90 45

{011}<2 1 1>

35 45 90

90 90 45

0 45 0

{110}<001>

0 45 90

表 1-3 面心立方晶系金屬常見之軋延織構

織構名稱 {h k l} <u v w>

φ

1

Φ φ

2

Cube 001 100 0 0 0

Copper 112 111 90 35 45

Brass 011 211 35 45 90

Goss 011 100 0 45 90

S-type 123 634 59 37 63

R-type 124 211 56.8 29.2 26.5

表 2-1 5083 鋁合金之組成 (wt%)

Mg Mn Si Fe Zn Cr Ti Cu Al 4.5% 0.70% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25%. 0.15% 0.15%. 0.10%. Bal.

表 2-2 各種試片之熱機處理條件

試片名稱 軋延或熱處理條件 總軋延量 真實應變量

AR 鑄錠於 520±10 oC 時，熱軋延至 30 mm。 --- --- ARA AR 試片於 500 oC 固溶處理 1 小時。 --- ---

TMT1

由 12 mm 溫軋延至 1 mm，並且每兩道軋 延之間於 200 oC 退火一次，時間約 30 分 鐘。

91.67% 2.48

TMT2

由 30 mm 溫軋延至 2 mm，並且每兩道軋 延之間於 200 oC 退火一次，時間約 30 分 鐘。

93.33% 2.71

TMT2a

由 30 mm 冷軋延至 2 mm，其中於 320 oC

退火 6 次，每次時間約 10 分鐘。 93.33% 2.71

TMT3

由 30 mm 溫軋延至 1 mm，並且每兩道軋 延之間於 200 oC 退火一次，時間約 30 分 鐘。

96.67% 3.40

TMT3a

由 30 mm 溫軋延至 7.5 mm，並且每兩道 軋延之間於 250 oC 退火一次，時間約 5 分鐘；由 7.5 mm 溫軋延至 1 mm，每兩道 軋延間於 200 oC 退火一次，時間為 30 分 鐘。

96.67% 3.40

TMT3b

在 500 oC 時，由 30 mm 熱軋延至 5.6 mm；再由 5.6 mm 冷軋延至 2.08 mm 後，

於 200 oC 退火 30 分鐘，再冷軋延至1 mm。

96.67% 3.40

TMT4

由 30 mm 溫軋延至 0.5 mm，並且每兩道 軋延之間於 200 oC 退火一次，時間約 30 分鐘。

98.33% 4.09

表 3-1 AR 試片與各種經過不同溫度退火後 TMT3 試片之室溫機械性質比較

Specimen condition UTS, MPa Elongation

As-received (AR) 370 12%

AR+annealing at 500 oC for 1 hr (ARA) 316 20%

As-TMT3 507 10%

TMT3+annealing at 100 oC for 0.5 hr 493 10%

TMT3+annealing at 150 oC for 0.5 hr 481 11%

TMT3+annealing at 200 oC for 0.5 hr 470 12%

TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 0.5 hr 423 18%

表 3-2 ARA 試片與 TMT3 試片在高於室溫溫度之機性測試比較

試片名稱 ARA TMT3

測試條件 Elongation UTS, MPa Elongation UTS, MPa 200 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 187% 100.7 MPa 200 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 152% 126.7 MPa 200 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 170% 149.3 MPa 200 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 --- --- 125% 184.7 MPa 200 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 --- --- 120% 207.2 MPa 200 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 71% 243.0 MPa 200 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- 73% 271.4 MPa 230 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 237% 54.5 MPa 230 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 247% 67.0 MPa

230 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 228% 86.2 MPa 230 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 --- --- 405% 102.5 MPa 230 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 --- --- 375% 107.9 MPa 230 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 --- --- 511% 127.9 MPa 230 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 199% 166.6 MPa 230 oC, 8x10-3 s-1 --- --- 136% 189.9 MPa 250 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 265% 43.0 MPa 250 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 234% 49.1 MPa 250 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 110% 134.2 MPa 368% 62.4 MPa 250 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 124% 142.0 MPa 378% 71.3 MPa 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 122% 146.0 MPa 443% 77.1 MPa 250 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 82% 156.8 MPa 316% 95.6 MPa 250 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 261% 125.7 MPa 250 oC, 8x10-3 s-1 --- --- 245% 146.3 MPa 270 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 152% 59.6 MPa 270 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 186% 54.3 MPa 270 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 241% 63.8 MPa 270 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 --- --- 216% 68.6 MPa 270 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 --- --- 232% 77.7 MPa 表 3-2 (續前頁)

270 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 --- --- 247% 88.3 MPa 270 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 176% 114.5 MPa 270 oC, 8x10-3 s-1 --- --- 205% 126.7 MPa 300 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 202% 35.4 MPa 300 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 162% 51.0 MPa 300 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 137% 67.0 MPa 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 144% 89.9 MPa 153% 83.9 MPa 300 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 136% 118.1 MPa 300 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- 132% 125.7 MPa 350 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 221% 14.7 MPa 350 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 199% 19.9 MPa 350 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 181% 29.7 MPa

350 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 196% 54.9 MPa 202% 37.5 MPa 350 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 162% 68.7 MPa 350 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- 175% 80.8 MPa 400 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 216% 7.9 MPa 400 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 244% 11.5 MPa 400 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 232% 13.0 MPa 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 184% 27.9 MPa 225% 20.2 MPa 400 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 200% 33.8 MPa 400 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- 206% 43.6 MPa 450 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 241% 5.0 MPa 450 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 272% 5.6 MPa 450 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 244% 6.5 MPa 450 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 159% 16.1 MPa --- --- 450 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 160% 18.4 MPa 267% 13.3 MPa 450 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 186% 21.8 MPa 265% 12.2 MPa 450 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 226% 17.4 MPa 450 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- 252% 24.5 MPa 500 oC, 8x10-5 s-1 --- --- 342% 1.4 MPa 500 oC, 2x10-4 s-1 --- --- 402% 3.2 MPa 表 3-2 (續前頁)

500 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 316% 4.3 MPa 500 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 154% 10.7 MPa --- --- 500 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 118% 13.7 MPa 400% 5.8 MPa 500 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 126% 16.4 MPa --- --- 500 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 251% 11.3 MPa 500 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- 277% 12.4 MPa 550 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 116% 7.1 MPa 327% 2.0 MPa 550 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 110% 7.7 MPa 550% 2.3 MPa 550 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 160% 9.1 MPa 531% 3.1 MPa 550 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- 331% 4.9 MPa

表 3-3 TMT3 試片在經過不同溫度 30 分鐘的退火所得機械性質

Specimen condition Testing condition Elongation UTS, MPa As-TMT3 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 443% 77

TMT3+annealing at 100 oC for 0.5 hr 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 212% 86 TMT3+annealing at 150 oC for 0.5 hr 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 193% 90 TMT3+annealing at 200 oC for 0.5 hr 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 188% 86 TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 0.5 hr 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 300% 83

表 3-4 TMT3 試片升溫至 250 oC 後，分別再靜置 0 ~ 60 分鐘所得機械性質。

Specimen condition Testing condition Elongation UTS, MPa As-TMT3 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 443% 77

TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 10 min 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 303% 72 TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 20 min 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 250% 80 TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 30 min 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 300% 83 TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 40 min 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 278% 80 TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 50 min 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 312% 72 TMT3+annealing at 250 oC for 60 min 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 297% 74

表 3-5 AR、ARA 試片以及六種不同熱機處理後試片之室溫機械性質

試片名稱 UTS, MPa Elongation, %

AR 370.0 12%

ARA 316.0 20%

TMT1 505.4 12%

TMT2 512.0 9%

TMT2a --- ---

TMT3 507.0 10%

TMT3a 517.4 12%

TMT3b 545.9 7%

TMT4 534.7 4%

表 3-6 TMT1、TMT2、TMT3 及 TMT4 試片之機性測試比較

試片名稱

（壓延量）

TMT1

（91.67%）

TMT2 (93.33%)

TMT3

（96.67%）

TMT4

（98.33%）

測試條件 Elongation UTS Elongation UTS Elongation UTS Elongation UTS 200 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- 100% 219.0 170% 149.3 --- --- 230 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 --- --- 204% --- 405% 102.5 --- --- 230 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 --- --- --- --- 375% 107.9 272% 108.8 250 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 224% 74.0 185% 121.0 368% 62.4 359% 56.8 250 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 350% 85.6 215% 118.0 378% 71.3 306% 65.0 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 242% 94.4 --- --- 443% 77.1 356% 73.7 250 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 202% 116.3 189% 147.0 316% 95.6 367% 95.4 250 oC, 5x10-3 s-1 --- --- --- --- 261% 125.7 353% 114.9

250 oC, 8x10-3 s-1 --- --- --- --- 245% 146.3 300% 136.8 250 oC, 1x10-2 s-1 --- --- --- --- --- --- 287% 143.3 250 oC, 1x10-1 s-1 --- --- --- --- --- --- 100% 250.4 270 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 --- --- 197% 92.0 216% 68.6 --- --- 270 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 --- --- --- --- 232% 77.7 --- --- 300 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 137% 67.0 140% 77.0

300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 145% 82.5 --- --- 153% 83.9 142% 81.3 350 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 190% 36.6 --- --- 202% 37.5 --- --- 350 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 163% 49.2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 204% 17.7 --- --- 225% 20.2 276% 17.6 450 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 257% 8.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 450 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 235% 8.4 --- --- 267% 13.3 --- --- 450 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 246% 8.4 --- --- 265% 12.2 --- --- 500 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 393% 4.7 --- --- 400% 5.8 --- --- 500 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 354% 6.2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 550 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 534% 2.0 --- --- 550% 2.3 --- --- 550 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 --- --- --- --- 531% 3.1 383% 3.0 註：UTS 單位為 MPa

表 3-7 TMT3、TMT3a 及 TMT3b 試片之機性測試比較

試片名稱 TMT3 TMT3a TMT3b

測試條件 Elongation UTS, MPa Elongation UTS, MPa Elongation UTS, MPa 100 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- --- --- 21% 477.8 MPa 200 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 --- --- --- --- 121% 176.8 MPa 200 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 125% 184.7 MPa 142% 201.5 MPa --- --- 230 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 375% 107.9 MPa 333% 113.5 MPa --- --- 250 oC, 5x10-4 s-1 378% 62.4 MPa 301% 63.4 MPa 158% 88.7 MPa 250 oC, 8x10-4 s-1 363% 71.3 MPa 314% 76.0 MPa --- --- 250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 443% 77.1 MPa 346% 79.6 MPa 140% 102.9 MPa 250 oC, 2x10-3 s-1 316% 95.6 MPa 330% 100.7 MPa 161% 121.1 MPa 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 153% 83.9 MPa 159% 79.8 MPa 166% 82.4 MPa

350 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 202% 37.5 MPa 216% 35.5 MPa --- --- 400 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 225% 20.2 MPa 253% 16.6 MPa 228% 15.4 MPa 450 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 267% 13.3 MPa 338% 7.4 MPa --- --- 500 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 400% 5.8 MPa --- --- 375% 4.8 MPa 550 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 550% 2.3 MPa --- --- --- ---

表 3-8 TMT3 試片於 250 oC 及 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，分別拉伸至不同的伸長量(e)，其相 對之真實應變 (ε) 及試片的局部塑性真實應變 (ε′)。

Engineering elongation of the gauge length, e

True strain of the gauge length,

ε

Local plastic true strain,

ε ′

10% 0.1 0.10

20% 0.2 0.25

42% 0.4 0.42

108% 0.7 0.97

153% 0.9 1.31

216% 1.2 2.21

表 3-9 TMT2 與 TMT2a 試片之晶界角度分佈及共位晶界所佔比例

試片名稱 TMT2 TMT2a

LAB, % 26.9 36.3

MAB, % 9.5 7.0

HAB, % 63.6 56.7

Σ

, % 13.7 10.9

Σ=3

n, % 7.1 5.8

Σ=3

n/Σ, % 51.8 53.2

Σ/(MAB+HAB), %

18.7 17.1

Σ=3

n/(MAB+HAB), % 9.7 9.1

表 3-10 TMT1、TMT2、TMT3 及 TMT4 試片之晶界角度分佈及共位晶界所佔比例

試片名稱 TMT1 TMT2 TMT3 TMT4

LAB, % 28.3 26.9 27.8 16.6

MAB, % 10.4 9.5 8.9 12.5

HAB, % 61.3 63.6 63.3 70.9

Σ, %

12.5 13.7 12.5 14.6

Σ=3

n, % 6.6 7.1 6.0 7.3

Σ=3

n/Σ, % 52.8 51.8 48.0 50.0

Σ/(MAB+HAB), %

17.4 18.7 17.3 17.5

Σ=3

n/(MAB+HAB), % 9.2 9.7 8.3 8.7

表 3-11 TMT3、TMT3a 與 TMT3b 試片之晶界角度分佈及共位晶界所佔比例

試片名稱 TMT3 TMT3a TMT3b

LAB, % 27.8 29.1 43.4

MAB, % 8.9 9.2 6.1

HAB, % 63.3 61.7 50.5

Σ, %

12.5 13.1 10.6

Σ=3

n, % 6.0 5.9 6.4

Σ=3

n/Σ, % 48.0 45.0 60.4

Σ

/(MAB+HAB), % 17.3 18.5 18.7

Σ=3

n/(MAB+HAB), % 8.3 8.3 11.3

表 3-12 剛熱機處理後之 TMT3 試片，並升溫至 250 oC，及分別維持 30、60 分鐘後之 晶界角度分佈及共位晶界所佔比例。

試片名稱 As-TMT3 As-heated Held 30 min Held 60 min

LAB, % 27.8 49.1 41.7 23.6

MAB, % 8.9 14.3 15.5 19.7

HAB, % 63.3 36.5 42.8 56.7

Σ, %

12.5 11.4 10.9 16.9

Σ=3

n, % 6.0 7.4 4.9 7.0

Σ=3

n/Σ, % 48.0 64.9 45.0 41.4

Σ/(MAB+HAB), %

17.3 21.8 18.7 22.1

Σ=3

n/(MAB+HAB), % 8.3 14.5 8.4 9.1

表 4-1 TMT3 試片在 200、230 及 250 oC 及各應變速率的條件下，所擷取ε = 0.4 之真 實應力值。

測試條件 200 oC 230 oC 250 oC 8x10-5 s-1 132.71 MPa 70.72 MPa 56.41 MPa 2x10-4 s-1 153.85 MPa 88.87 MPa 68.37 MPa 5x10-4 s-1 183.02 MPa 110.42 MPa 83.31 MPa 8x10-4 s-1 --- 126.95 MPa 96.46 MPa 1x10-3 s-1 211.38 MPa 135.08 MPa 104.45 MPa 2x10-3 s-1 231.35 MPa 158.41 MPa 121.19 MPa 5x10-3 s-1 247.65 MPa 193.19 MPa 151.59 MPa 8x10-3 s-1 --- 208.45 MPa 164.85 MPa 1x10-2 s-1 277.55 MPa --- ---

表 4-2 TMT3 試片在 200 ~ 250 oC 之溫度區間，以 n 等於 3、3.5 及 4 帶入

ε& 對σ作圖，

1n 分別求得各 n 值相關之初始應力值及線性關係精確度 (r)。

n = 3 n = 3.5 n = 4

Temperature

σ

th, MPa r

σ

th, MPa r

σ

th, MPa r 200 oC 107.54 0.96899 67.92 0.99516 78.11 0.98011 230 oC 37.35 0.99216 23.58 0.99535 6.79 0.99716 250 oC 29.43 0.99582 16.98 0.9977 negative 0.99887

表 4-3 TMT3 試片升溫至 250 oC，並恆溫靜置 0 ~ 60 分鐘後，再於 1x10-3 s-1的條件下 進行拉伸，並擷取真實應變等於 0.4 之真實應力值，及恆溫靜置當時之晶粒尺寸。

Time, min Grain size, µm Flow stress, MPa

0 min 0.50 104.5

10 min 0.65 98.9

20 min 0.75 114.4

30 min 0.75 119.6

40 min 0.95 110.1

50 min 1.55 105.8

60 min 1.70 103.1

表 4-4 TMT3 試片在 300、350 及 400 oC 及各應變速率的條件下，所擷取ε = 0.4 之真 實應力值。

測試條件 300 oC 350 oC 400 oC 8x10-5 s-1 47.18 MPa 21.22 MPa 11.62 MPa 2x10-4 s-1 57.34 MPa 27.30 MPa 15.27 MPa 5x10-4 s-1 70.82 MPa 37.76 MPa 17.76 MPa 1x10-3 s-1 82.64 MPa 45.34 MPa 26.25 MPa 5x10-3 s-1 121.22 MPa 70.69 MPa 40.36 MPa 1x10-2 s-1 132.80 MPa 84.63 MPa 47.91 MPa

表 4-5 TMT3 試片在 300 ~ 400 oC 之溫度區間，以 n 等於 2.5、3 及 3.5 帶入

ε& 對σ作

1n 圖，分別求得各 n 值相關之初始應力值及線性關係精確度 (r)。

n = 2.5 n = 3 n = 3.5 Temperature

σ

th, MPa r

σ

th, MPa r

σ

th, MPa r

300 oC 34.33 0.98312 28.00 0.99278 19.54 0.99530 350 oC 11.09 0.99123 7.92 0.99804 0.52 0.99929 400 oC 3.70 0.99014 2.11 0.99518 negative 0.99596

表 4-6 TMT3 試片在 450、500 及 550 oC 及各應變速率的條件下，所擷取ε = 0.4 之真 實應力值。

測試條件 450 oC 500 oC 550 oC 8x10-5 s-1 6.57 MPa 1.83 MPa --- 2x10-4 s-1 6.70 MPa 3.56 MPa --- 5x10-4 s-1 9.44 MPa 6.09 MPa --- 8x10-4 s-1 --- --- 2.81 MPa 1x10-3 s-1 13.10 MPa 6.91 MPa 2.88 MPa 2x10-3 s-1 --- --- 4.51 MPa 5x10-3 s-1 23.52 MPa 14.95 MPa 6.90 MPa 1x10-2 s-1 30.48 MPa 17.20 MPa ---

表 4-7 TMT3 試片在 450 ~ 550 oC 之溫度區間，以 n 等於 1.5、1.8 及 2.0 帶入

ε& 對σ

1n 作圖，分別求得各 n 值相關之初始應力值及線性關係精確度 (r)。

n = 1.5 n = 1.8 n = 2.0 Temperature

σ

th, MPa r

σ

th, MPa r

σ

th, MPa r

450 oC 6.34 0.99128 4.49 0.99589 3.56 0.99759 500 oC 2.51 0.97050 1.85 0.98058 1.18 0.98488 550 oC 0.79 0.99560 0.39 0.99667 negative 0.99692

表 4-8 ARA 試片在 250、450、500 及 550 oC 及各應變速率的條件下，所擷取ε = 0.3 之真實應力值。

測試條件 250 oC 450 oC 500 oC 550 oC 5x10-4 s-1 150.32 MPa --- --- --- 8x10-4 s-1 162.34 MPa 19.32 MPa 13.30 MPa 7.75 MPa 1x10-3 s-1 169.62 MPa 20.74 MPa 16.08 MPa 8.70 MPa 2x10-3 s-1 183.40 MPa 25.65 MPa 18.41 MPa 10.11 MPa

圖 1-1 細晶材料之高溫變形行為 [8]

圖 1-2 晶界滑移與差排滑移兩機構對晶粒細化之關係圖 [8]

圖 1-3 電子背向散射繞射形成原理示意圖 [68]

圖 1-4 電子背向散射繞射儀基本架設系統 [69]

(a)

(b)

圖 1-5 (a) 旋轉共位晶界；(b) 傾斜共位晶界之示意圖。[70]

圖 1-6 (a) 一單晶立方晶系金屬在 {100} 立體投影空間之投影示意圖；(b) 單一晶粒之 投影圖；(c) 具有織構之多晶金屬之投影圖；(d) 在極圖上投影點之密度分佈；(e) 以等 高線來表示密度之分佈。[74]

圖 1-7 面心立方晶系金屬在 (a) (100)；(b) (110)；(c) (111) 極圖上，一些常見之織構組 成。[74]

圖 1-8 Bunge 對軋延板材所定義之尤拉角。[75]

圖 1-9 (a) 由三個尤拉角 (φ1、

Φ

、

φ

2) 所構成之尤拉空間；(b) 分別以φ2為 0, 5, 10 …90o 之區隔，將尤拉空間展開。[75]

圖 1-10 面心立方晶系金屬在尤拉空間上所常見之織構組織，並呈現連續管狀分佈之

α-fiber 與β-fiber。[76]

Subsize Specimen mm

G-Gage length 8

W-Width 6

T-Thickness 0.5-2

R-Radius of fillet 2

L-Overall length 65

A-Length of grip section 25.5

B-Width of grip section 20

D-Diameter of hole for pin 6.2

E-Edge distance from pin 13

圖 2-2 5083 鋁合金拉伸試片之尺寸規格

圖 3-3 ARA 試片與 TMT3 試片，於 250 oC 及 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，兩者拉伸真實應力 應變曲線之比較圖。

0 50 100 150 200

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

ARA TMT3

True stress, MPa

True strain a

b

c d

e

f

圖 3-4 ARA 試片與 TMT3 試片，於 300 oC 及 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，兩者拉伸真實應力 應變曲線之比較圖。

0 50 100 150

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ARA, 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

TMT3, 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

True stress, MPa

True strain

圖 3-5 ARA 試片與 TMT3 試片，於 550 oC 及 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，兩者拉伸真實應力 應變曲線之比較圖。

0 5 10 15 20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

ARA, 550 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

TMT3, 550 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

True stress, MPa

True strain

圖 3-6 TMT3 試片在 250 oC 時，伸長量與初始應變速率之關係。

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

250 oC, TMT3

Tensile elongation, %

Initial strain rate, s-1

圖 3-7 TMT3 試片在固定應變速率為 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，伸長量與拉伸溫度之關係。

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

100 200 300 400 500 600

TMT3

Tensile elongation, %

Tensile temperature, oC

圖 3-8 TMT3 試片在固定應變速率為 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，抗拉強度與拉伸溫度之關係。

0 50 100 150 200

100 200 300 400 500 600

TMT3, 1x10-3 s-1

UTS, MPa

Tensile temperature, oC

圖 3-9 TMT3 試片分別在 200、250、300、350、500 及 550 oC，及應變速率為 1x10-3 s-1 的條件下，拉伸之真實應變應力曲線圖。

0 50 100 150 200 250

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

200 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

250 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 300 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

350 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

500 oC, 1x10-3 s-1 550 oC, 1x10-3 s-1

True stress, MPa

True strain

圖 3-10 TMT3 試片分別在 100、150、200、250 oC 退火 30 分鐘後，在於 250 oC 及 1x10-3 s-1的條件下，與未經退火 TMT3 試片之拉伸真實應力應變曲線比較圖。

0 50 100 150

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

As-TMT3

Annealed at 100 oC Annealed at 150 oC Annealed at 200 oC Annealed at 250 oC

True stress, MPa

True strain

圖 3-11 TMT3 試片在 250 oC 分別恆溫靜置 0 ~ 60 分鐘後，再於 1x10-3 s-1的測試條件 下，所得之拉伸真實應力應變曲線比較圖。

0 50 100 150

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

As-TMT3 Held 10 min Held 20 min Held 30 min Held 40 min Held 50 min Held 60 min

True stress, MPa

True strain

圖 3-15 TMT1、TMT2、TMT3 及 TMT4 試片，在固定應變速率為 1x10-3 s-1或 8x10-4 s-1 的測試條件下，伸長量與拉伸溫度之關係圖。

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

100 200 300 400 500 600

TMT1 TMT2 TMT3

Tensile elongation, %

TMT4

Tensile temperature, oC

圖 3-16 TMT1、TMT2、TMT3 及 TMT4 試片，在固定拉伸溫度為 250 oC 的條件下，

伸長量與起始應變速率之關係圖。

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

TMT1 TMT2 TMT3 TMT4

Tensile elongation, %

Initial strain rate, s-1

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