第五章 結論與未來展望
二、 展望
雖然醫療不斷地進步,內視鏡及內視鏡止血術日新月異,消化性潰 瘍的發生率及住院率逐年下降,然而如前所述,在人類壽命不斷延長以 及非類固醇類消炎止痛藥使用增加的情況下,消化性潰瘍出血的發生率 並沒有隨之降低。消化性潰瘍出血仍有7 - 16 %的再出血率及 5 - 10%
的死亡率,這些患者同時也造成高額的醫療資源耗用。目前消化性潰瘍 出血治療的方向,除了內視鏡治療外,減少內視鏡治療後再出血、找出
可能再出血或死亡的高危險群並改善其預後一直是臨床醫師關注的焦 點。
本研究發現高劑量氫離子幫浦抑制劑靜脈輸注輔助治療並未優於 標準劑量氫離子幫浦抑制劑靜脈注射輔助治療,這對於日常診療有很大 的意義。雖然國外的臨床診療指引建議出血性潰瘍在內視鏡治療後使用 高劑量氫離子幫浦抑制劑,但國內醫師根據其個人經驗,對此議題一直 缺乏共識。本研究以前瞻性隨機分派臨床試驗回答了這個問題,雖然沒 有找到更有效的藥物治療方法,但本研究的結果讓臨床醫師可以使用更 簡便、更符合成本效益的方法治療病人。此外,本研究發現透析、慢性 阻塞性肺病,吐血的病患是再出血的高危險群,臨床醫師可以針對高危 險群進行更積極的處置,日後的藥物或技術研發也許會朝向改善高危險 群的預後而努力。
除了本研究發現的再出血高危險群外,過去尚有報告其他再出血或 影響預後的危險因子如:住院中潰瘍出血的患者、凝血功能異常、使用 抗凝血劑、肝硬化、心血管疾病的患者、CYP2C19 基因的 extensive metabolizer 等。受限於本研究的設計(排除住院中潰瘍出血、凝血功能 異常、使用抗凝血劑的患者),這些患者利用高劑量氫離子幫浦抑制劑 靜脈輸注輔助治療是否有更好的效果,日後值得進一步的研究。此外,
肝硬化、心血管等疾病及 CYP2C19 基因多型性的影響,可能受限於收 案人數較少,可能低估這些因子的影響,我們預計進行更大規模的世代 性研究,希望能夠提供進一步的解答。
學者Laine (Laine, Shah et al. 2008) 發現口服高劑量的氫離子幫浦 抑制劑和高劑量氫離子幫浦抑制劑靜脈輸注同樣能夠達到相當的胃酸 控制。既然本研究發現標準劑量pantorprazole 靜脈注射具有和高劑量的 pantorprazole 靜脈輸助輔助治療相當的療效。那麼更簡便、更便宜的口
31
服氫離子幫浦抑制劑是否能夠在特定的出血性潰瘍族群達到同樣的效 果,甚至進而取代靜脈注射、減少住院天數,將是另一個進一步研究探 討的課題。
參考文獻
33
Lewis, J. D., W. B. Bilker, et al. (2002). "Hospitalization and mortality rates from
35
Yavorski, R. T., R. K. Wong, et al. (1995). "Analysis of 3,294 cases of upper
gastrointestinal bleeding in military medical facilities." Am J Gastroenterol
90(4): 568‐573.
Yuksel, I., H. Ataseven, et al. (2008). "Intermittent versus continuous pantoprazole infusion in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized study." Digestion
78(1): 39‐43.
Zaragoza, A. M., J. M. Tenias, et al. (2008). "Prognostic factors in gastrointestinal bleeding due to peptic ulcer: construction of a predictive model." J Clin Gastroenterol 42(7): 786‐790.
圖
(Forrest IIc) 色的潰瘍底ent hemorrh 再出血的機 別為22%、
消化性潰瘍
潰瘍出血徵兆 active spurt 瑞斯特分類I IIa (Forrest Ib (Forrest I 部有平坦的 的點(flat spo
a 及 Ib、IIa Ib (Forrest I 出血之可見血 erent clot)、
斯特分類III
(Forrest Ia) 出狀出血 (ac
bleeding vis 佛瑞斯特分 I (Forrest III 兆(Stigmata
及Ib、IIa 的
圖
olution 來模 提昇至6 以 Green FW, e血小板團塊 但若沒有進 中顯示,酸鹼
的(in vitro 模擬胃酸的 以上,維持血
et al. Gastro
塊(plug), oenterology
這些血小板
圖
Choi KD
子幫浦抑
ol Hepatol.
內酸鹼值
圖 四、STUDY FLOW DIAGRAM
Variceal/suspected variceal bleeding 369
Mallory‐weiss syndrome 71
Esophageal ulcer/Esophagitis 114
Marginal ulcer 25
Other diagnosis 27
Bleeder not specified 26
Excluded (n=641)
Did not met inclusion criteria (n=611) Forrest IIb/IIc/III ulcer 535
Single endoscopic treatment 32 Declined participation 44
Met exclusion criteria (n=30 ):
On anticoagulant 7 Failed endoscopic therapy 15 Delayed endoscopy 8
Enrollment
(n=842)
Allocation
Excluded from PP
Withdraw consent: 1 Protocol deviation: 2
Included in PP analysis (n=97 )
Excluded from PP Withdraw consent: 4 Protocol deviation: 1
Included in PP analysis (n=96)
Analyses
圖
YP2C19
接從ethidium
GA
ld type,基有一條未切
,即mutati 若同時出現
(Base pair)片
,即mutatio ion type,基 現169 bp 及
圖 六、. KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATE OF THE
CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS FREE FROM RECURRENT BLEEDING WITHIN 30 DAYS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT.
0.000.250.500.751.00
Probability of No Recurrent Bleeding
101 97 95 95 95 95 95
Standard-dose
100 94 93 93 93 93 93
High-dose
Number at risk
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days after Endoscopic Treatment
High-dose pantoprazole Standard-dose pantoprazole
Kaplan-Meier survival estimates
Log‐rank test: p = 0.96
43
TABLE 1. BASELINE DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTENTION-TO-TREAT GROUPS
Characteristic High-dose Group
(n=100)
Standard-dose Group
Initial presentationHemodynamic shock, n (%) 28 (28.0) 35 (34.7) 0.31 Tarry stool, n (%) 94 (94.0) 92 (91.1) 0.43 Hematemesis, n (%) 10 (10.0) 15 (14.9) 0.30 Hemoglobin-g/dL 9.7 (2.5) 10.0 (2.3) 0.41 Patient with Hb < 10g/dL, n (%) 53 (53.0) 45 (44.6) 0.23 Time from bleeding to endoscopy
≦6hr 46 (46.0) 40 (39.6) 0.36 Risk factors for bleeding peptic ulcer, n (%)
Helicobacter pylori infection 62 (62.0) 68 (67.3) 0.43 Use of NSAIDs 39 (39.0) 36 (35.6) 0.62 Use of aspirin 17 (17.0) 22 (21.8) 0.39 Use of clopidogrel 3 (3.0) 5 (4.9) 0.48
Coexisting illness, n (%)
Cerebrovascular disease 11 (11.0) 9 (8.9) 0.62 Renal failure 14 (14.0) 17 (16.8) 0.58
Dialysis 3 1 0.31
Cardiovascular disease 4 (4.0) 7 (6.9) 0.36 Liver cirrhosis 12 (12.0) 8 (7.9) 0.33
COPD 5 (5.0) 6 (5.9) 0.77
Cancer 6 (6.0) 5 (5.0) 0.74
CYP2C19 genotype
No. of patients with data HomoEM
HetEM PM
97
47 (48.4) 35 (36.0) 15 (15.4)
96
36 (37.5) 45 (46.8) 15 (15.6)
0.25
Hemodynamic shock: SBP≦90mmHg, HR≧120/min ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists
NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease HomoEM: homogeneous extensive metabolizer HetEM: heterogeneous extensive metabolizer PM: poor metabolizer
45
TABLE 2. ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS AT BASELINE IN THE INTENTION-TO-TREAT GROUPS
Characteristic High-dose Group (n=100)
Standard-dose Group (n=101)
P
value
Forrest class, n (%)Ia 9 (9.0) 3(3.0) 0.07
Ib 32 (32.9) 39 (38.6) 0.33
IIa 59(59.0) 58 (59) 0.93
Ulcer size, mm
Mean (SD) 10.9 (5.4) 10.2 (6.2) 0.41
Range 2 ~ 30 3 ~ 40
≧ 20mm, n (%) 10 (10.0) 11 (10.9) 0.84
Ulcer location, n (%)
Stomach 53 (53.0) 58 (57.4) 0.53 Duodenum 47 (47.0) 42 (41.6) 0.44
High-risk ulcer, n (%)
Posterior duodenal ulcer 6 (6.0) 3 (2.9) 0.30 High Lesser-curvature gastric ulcer 1 (1.0) 2 (2.0) 0.57 Angular incisura ulcer 8 (8.0) 6 (5.9) 0.57
TABLE 3 OUTCOMES AFTER ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
Variable High-dose Group
Standard-dose Group
P Value
Recurrent bleeding, n (%) Within 72 hr
ITT analysis 5 (5.0) 6 (5.9) 0.77 PP analysis 4 (4.1) 4 (4.1) 0.99
Within 7 day
ITT analysis 7 (7.0) 6 (5.9) 0.76 PP analysis 6 (6.2) 4 (4.2) 0.53 Within 30 day
ITT analysis 7 (7.0) 7 (6.9) 0.98 PP analysis 6 (6.2) 5 (5.2) 0.77 Blood transfused within 30 day
Mean units (SD) 2.9 (6.2) 1.6 (2.2) 0.05 Hospital stay, days
Mean ± SD 7.1 (7.8) 5.9 (3.3) 0.16 ≦ 5 days, n (%) 55 (56.7) 57 (59.3) 0.70 Surgery within 30 day, n (%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 TAE within 30 day, n (%) 1 (1.0) 0 (0) 0.32 Death within 30 days, n (%)
All-cause mortality 3 (3.1) 1 (1.0) 0.32 Bleeding-related mortality 1 (1.0 ) 1 (1.0) 0.99 High-dose group: IIT sample, n = 100; PP sample, n = 97
Standard-dose group: IIT sample, n = 101; PP sample, n = 96
47
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF CASES WITH RECURRENT BLEEDING
Age Gender Shock Presentation Co‐morbidity ASA/NSAIDs Size Location Forrest Treatment H.p CYP2C19
1 64 Male Y Hematemesis CKD Y 15 GU, angle Ia High‐dose Y HetEM
2 71 Male N Hematemesis Liver cirrhosis HCC
N 10 GU,
prepyloric
IIa Standard‐dose N HomoEM
3 73 Male N Melana Osteoarthritis Y 20 DU, bulb IIa High‐dose N HomoEM
4 63 Male N Melana Osteoarthritis Y 15 DU, bulb IIa High‐dose N PM
5 66 Male Y Hematemesis COPD N 8 GU, antrum Ib Standard‐dose Y HomoEM
6 92 Male Y Hematemesis COPD N 3 GU, angle Ib High‐dose N HetEM
7 83 Male N Hematemesis ESRD,
Osteoarthritis
Y 10 DU, second
portion
IIa High‐dose N HomoEM
8 72 Male N Melana ESRD N 10 DU, bulb Ib Standard‐dose N HetEM
9 56 Male N Hematemesis N/A N 5 DU, second
portion
Ib Standard‐dose N HomoEM
10 64 Male N Hematemesis CAD Y 8 DU, bulb IIa Standard‐dose Y HetEM
11 72 Male N Hematemesis Liver cirrhosis, ESRD
N 8 DU, bulb IIa High‐dose N HomoEM
ESRD: end‐stage renal disease CKD: chronic kidney disease HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma CAD: coronary artery disease
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
TABLE 5. INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS FOR 30-DAY RECURRENT BLEEDING IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK BLEEDING PEPTIC ULCER, DETERMINED BY STEPWISE COX EGRESSION ANALYSIS
Variable Hazard Ratio (95% C.I)
P value
Dialysis 37.15 (6.76 ~ 204.14) <0.001 Hematemesis 10.07 (2.06 ~49.01) 0.004 COPD 9.12 (1.66 ~ 50.00) 0.011Helicobacter pylori
0.20 (0.04 ~ 0.94) 0.042COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
49
附錄
1.
Hsu YC, Chen CC, Wang HP. Endoscopy Timing in Acute Variceal Hemorrhage:Perhaps not the sooner the better, but delay not justified. Am J Gastroenterol 2009 Oct; 104(5) 2629-2630 (SCI)
2.
Hsu YC, Chung CS, Tseng CH, Lin TL, Liou JM, Chen CC, Wu MS, Wang HP.Early Risk Stratification with Simple Clinical Parameters for Cirrhotic Patients with Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Emerg Med 2010 Oct 29(8):
884-90
3. Chen CC, Chen BB, Wang HP. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding due to Right
Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.Gastroenterology 2009 Nov; 137(5): e5-6
4. Chen CC, Liou JM, Hsu YC, Tseng PH, Fang JY, Wang HP, Wu MS.
Rabeprazole therapeutic trial in patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia. APDW 2009 Poster.
5. Chen CC, Standard- versus. High-Dose Proton Pump Inhibitor In Peptic Ulcer
Bleeding after Combined Endoscopic Hemoostasis. APDW 2010 YIA Awards.