1. 利用奈米零價鐵金屬、零價鋁金屬、鐵鋁複合金屬加入低濃度甲醇,
測定在反應系統中甲醛生成量。以計算出不同金屬的氧化能力以及轉 化效率。
2. 利用鐵鋁複合金屬加入去離子水,測定在水體中溶氧濃度的變化。以 利得知水中溶氧的消耗,是為生成過氧化氫所致。並了解氧氣對於鐵 鋁複合金屬的氧化機制的重要性。
3. 利用 EPR 量測確定鐵鋁複合金屬在反應系統下自由基的生成種類,以 及改變反應參數去確認其生成的自由基是為甲基自由基,並了解其自 由其產生的途徑。並去定量其釋出自由基的強度。
4. 藉由偵測碳氫化合物的生成,了解鐵鋁複合金屬釋出的甲基自由基與 反應系統中二氧化碳的關聯性。並透過碳氫氧化合物生成種類及濃 度,確認其生成途徑與機制。
5. 管柱試驗方面須改變其操作條件,使其染整實場廢水在經過處理後能 達到環保署的放流水標準。並將廢棄鋁渣之鐵鋁複合金屬運用到實場 的廢水處理。
參考文獻
行政院環境保護署,水污染防治法第七條第二項,放流水標準。
李文善、連興隆 (2004) 鐵含量對鐵鋁複合金屬還原脫氯作用之探討,第 十六屆中華民國環境工程年會,第二屆土壤與地下水研討會,台南。
李雅菁、連興隆 (2007) 零價鋁金屬自發性放熱反應對去除過氯酸鹽之研 究,第十九屆中華民國環境工程學會,第三十二屆廢水處理技術研討 會,高雄。
林潔如 (2009)
利用 Polyoxometalate 催化零價鋁還原六價鉻,國立中興
大學土壤環境科學系所,碩士論文。周珊珊 (2002) Fenton 家族高級氧化處理技術,工業技術研究院環境與安 全衛生技術發展中心。
洪靜宜、連興隆 (2008) 零價鋁金屬去除過氯酸鹽之反應動力學與機制探 討,第二十屆中華民國環境工程學會,第三十三屆廢水處理技術研討 會,台北。
連興隆 (2004) 比較奈米級與一般零價鐵金屬在轉換消毒副產物之研 究,第十六屆中華民國環境工程年會,第二十九屆廢水處理技術研討 會,台南。
連興隆、張偉賢 (2004),環境奈米技術在地下環境應用之回顧與展望,
環境工程會刊,15,第 22-29 頁。
郭文旭、劉東昀、張仁祐 (2011) 以 EPR 與 RSM 技術進行 Fenton 程序 最適化之探討,第二十三屆中華民國環境工程年會,第三十六屆廢水
處理技術研討會,台南。
Anjaneyulu, A., Chary, N.S. and Raj, D.S.S. (2005) Decolourization of industrial effluents-available methods and emerging technologies-a review. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 4, 245-273.
Arnold, W.A. and Roberts, A.L. (2000) Pathways and kinetics of chlorinated
ethylene and chlorinated acetylene reaction with Fe(0) particles. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 34, 1794-1805.
Bigda, R.J. (1995) Consider Fenton's chemistry for wastewater treatment.
Chem. Eng. Prog. 91, 62-66.
Bokare, A.D. and Choi, W. (2009) Zero-valent aluminum for oxidative degradation of aqueous organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7130-7135.
Cao, J., Elliott, D.W. and Zhang, W.X. (2005) Perchlorate reduction by nanoscale iron particle. J. Nanoparticle Res. 7, 499-506.
Cao, J., Wei, L., Huang, Q., Wang, L. and Han, S. (1999) Reducing degradation of azo dye by zero-valent iron in aqueous solution.
Chemosphere. 38, 565-571.
Chang, S.H., Chuang, S.H., Li, H.C. Liang, H.H. and Huang, L.C. (2009) Comparative study on the degradation of I.C. Remazol Brilliant Blue R and I.C.Acid Black 1 by Fenton oxidation and Fe0/air process and toxicity evaluation. J. Hazard. Mater. 166, 1279-1288.
Chen, J.L. and Souhail, R. (2001) Effects of pH on dechlorination of trichoroethylene by zero-valent iron. J. Hazard. Mater. 83, 243-254.
Chen, L.H., Huang, C.C. and Lien, H.L. (2008) Bimetallic iron-aluminum particles for dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride. Chemosphere. 73, 692-697.
Cheng, I.F., Muftikian, R., Fernando, Q. and Korte, N. (1997) Reduction of
nitrate to ammonia by zeno-valent iron. Chemosphere. 35,2689-2695.
Cheng, S.F. and Wu, S.C. (2000) The enhancement methods for the
degradation of TCE by zero-valent metals. Chemosphere. 41, 1263-1270.
Choe, S.Y., Chang, Y.K., Hwang, Y. and Khim, J. (2000) Kinetics of reductive denitrification by nanoscale zero-valent iron. Chemosphere. 41,
1307-1311.
Chun, H. and Yizhong, W. (1999) Decolorization and biodegradability of photocatalytic treated azo dyes and wool textile wastewater.
Chemosphere. 39, 2107-2115.
Cheng, M., Ma, W., Li, J., Huang, Y. and Zhao, J. (2004)
Visible-light-assisted degradation of dye pollutants over Fe(III)-loaded resin in the presence of H2O2 at neutral pH values. Environ. Sci. Technol.
38, 1569-1575.
Dikalov, S.I. and Mason R.P. (1999) Reassignment of organic peroxyl radical adducts. Free Radical Biol. Med. 27, 864-872.
Duesterberg, C.K., Mylon, S.E. and Waite, T.D. (2008) pH effects on
iron-catalyzed oxidation using Fenton's reagent. Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 8522-8527.
Evans, P. and Halliwell, B. (1999) Free radicals and hearing. Cause, consequence, and criteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 884, 19-40.
Fridorich I. (1970) Quantitative aspects of the production of superoxide anion radical by milk zanthine oxidae. J. Biol. Chem. 245, 4053-4057.
Gavaskar, A.R., Gupta, N., Sass, B.N., Janosy, R.J. and O’sullivan, D. (1998) Permeable barriers for ground water remediation design, construction, and monitoring. Battele Press. USA.
Grittini, C., Malcomson, M., Fernando, Q. and Korte, N. (1995) Rapid dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls on the surface of a Pd/Fe bimetallic system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2898-2900.
Gulays, H. (1997) Processes for the removal of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36, 9-16.
Hanasaki, Y., Ogawa, S. and Fukui, S. (1994) The correlation between active oxygens scavenging and antioxidative effects of flavonoids. Free
Radical Biol. Med. 16, 845-850.
Huang, C.P., Dong, C.D. and Tang, Z.H. (1993) Advanced chemical oxidation: Its present role and potential future in hazardous waste treatment.Waste Manage. 13, 361-377.
Hug, S.J. and Leupin, O. (2003) Iron-catalyzed oxidation of arsenic(III) by oxygen and by hydrogen peroxide: pH-dependent formation of oxidants in the Fenton reaction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 2734-2742.
Hung, H.M., Ling, F.H., and Hoffmann, M.R. (2000) Kinetics and
mechanism of the enhanced reductive degradation of nitrobenzene by elemental iron in the presence of ultrasound. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 1758-1763.
Janzen, E.G., and Zhang, T.K. (1995) Identification of reactive free radicals
with a new 31P-labeled DMPO spin trap. J. Org. Chem. 60, 5441-5445.
Janzen, E.K., and Bluher, J.A. (1965) The cephalometric, anatomic, and histologic changes in Macaca mulatta after application of a
continuous-acting retraction force on the mandible. Am. J. Orthod. 51, 823-855.
Johnson, T.L., Scherer, M. M. and Tratnyek, P. G. (1996) Kinetics
ofhalogenated organic compound degradation by iron metal. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 30, 2634-2640.
Joo, S.H., Feitz, A.J. and Waite, T.D. (2004) Oxidative degradation of the carbothioate herbicide, molinate, using nanoscale zero-valent iron.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 2242-2247.
Joo, S.H., Feitz, A.J., Sedlak, D.L. and Waite, T.D. (2005) Quantification of the oxidizing capacity of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 39, 1263-1268.
Kang, S.F. and Chang, H.M. (1997) Coagulation of Textile Secondary Effluents with Fenton’s Reagent. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36, 215-222.
Kang, S.H. and Choi, W. (2009) Oxidative degradation of organic compounds using zero-valent iron in the presence of natural organic matter serving as an electron shuttle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 878-883.
Kang, W.H., Yoon, K.H., Lee, E.S., Kim, J., Lee, K. B., Yim, H., Sohn, S.
and Im, S. (2002) Melasma:histopathological characteristics in 56 Korean patients. Br J Dermatol. 146, 228-237.
Kang, Y.W. and Hwang, K.Y. (2000) Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation efficiency in the Fenton process. Wat. Res. 34, 2786-2790.
Keenan, C.R. and Sedlak, D.L. (2008a) Factors affecting the yield of oxidants from the reaction of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron and oxygen. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 42, 1262-1267.
Keenan, C.R. and Sedlak, D.L. (2008b) Ligand-Enhanced Reactive Oxidant Generation by Nanoparticulate Zero-Valent Iron and Oxygen. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 42, 6936-6941.
Khan, N., Wilmot, C.M., Rosen, G.M. Eugene, D., Sun, J., Joseph, J., O’Hara,
J., Kalyanaraman, B. and Swartz, H.M. (2003) Spin traps: in vitrotoxicity and stability of radical adducts. Free Radical Biol. Med.34, 1473-1481.
Lee, C., Keenan, C.R. and Sedlak, D.L. (2008a) Polyoxometalate-enhanced oxidation of organic compounds by nanoparticulate zero-valent Iron and ferrous ion in the presence of oxygen. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42,
4921-4926.
Lee, C. and Sedlak D.L. (2008) Enhanced Formation of Oxidants from
Bimetallic Nickel-Iron Nanoparticles in the Presence of Oxygen. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 42, 8528-8533.
Lee, C. and Sedlak D.L. (2009) A novel homogeneous Fenton-like system with Fe(III)-phosphotungstate for oxidation of organic compounds at neutral pH values. J. Molec. Catal. A. 311, 1-6.
Lee, J., Kim, J. and Choi, W. (2007) Oxidation on zerovalent iron promoted by polyoxometalate as an electron shuttle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 3335-3340.
Lien, H.L. and Lee, W.S. (2006) Effect of iron content on bimetallic iron-aluminum particles for dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride. J.
Chin. Inst. Environ. Eng. 16, 159-166.
Lien, H.L. and Zhang, W.X. (1999) Dechlorination of chlorinated methanes in aqueous solutions using nanoscale bimetallic particles. J. Environ. Eng.
125, 1042-1047.
Lien, H.L. and Zhang, W.X. (2001) Nanoscale iron particles for complete reduction of chlorinated ethenes. Colloids Surf., A. 191, 97-105.
Lien, H.L. and Zhang, W.X. (2002) Enhanced dehalogenation of halogenated methanes by bimetallic Cu/Al. Chemosphere. 49, 371-378.
Lien, H.L. and Zhang, W.X. (2005) Hydrodechlorination of Chlorinated Ethanes by Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic Particles. J. Envior. Eng. 131, 4-10.
Lien, H.L. and Wilkin, R.T. (2005) High-level arsenite removal from groundwater by zero-valent iron. Chemosphere. 59, 377-386.
Liou, Y.H., Lo, S.K., Kin, C.J., Hu, C.Y., Kuan W.H. and Weng, S.C. (2005) Methods for accelerating nitrate reduction using zerovalent iron at near-neutral pH effects of H2 reducing pretreatment and copper deposition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 9643-9648.
Logan, B.E. (2001) Assessing the outlook for perchlorate remediation.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 482-487.
Ma, J., Song, W., Chen, C., Ma, W., Zhao, J. and Tang, Y. (2005) Fenton degradation of organic compounds promoted by dyes under visible light.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 5810-5815.
Ma, J., Song, W., Chen, C., Ma, W., Zhao, J. and Tang, Y. (2006) Fenton degradation of organic pollutants in the presence of
Low-Molecular-Weight organic acids: cooperative effect of quinone and visible light. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 618-624.
Matheson, L.J. and Tratnyek, P.G. (1994) Reductive dehalogenatlon of chlorinated methanes by iron metal. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 2045-2053.
Michale, S.B. (1997) Textiles. Wat. Environ. Res. 69, 658-664.
Moore, A.M., Leon, C.H. and Young, T.M. (2003) Rate and extent of aqueous perchlorate removal by iron surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37,
3189-3198.
Muftikian, R., Nebesny, k., Fernando, Q. and Korte, N. (1996) X-ray
photoelectron spectra of the palladium-iron bimetallic surface used for the rapid dechlorination of chlorinated organic environmental
contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3593-3596.
Mylon, S.E., Sun, Q. and Waite, T.D. (2010) Process optimization in use of zero valent iron nanoparticles for oxidative transformations.
Chemosphere. 81, 127-131.
O’Hannesin, S.F. and Gillham R.W. (1998) Long-term performance of an in situ “Iron Wall” for remediation of VOCs. Ground water. 36, 958-967.
Paciolla, M.D., Davies, G. and Jansen, S.A. (1999) Generation of hydroxyl
radicals from metal-loaded humic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1814-1818.Pritsos, C.A., Constantinides, P.P., Tritton, T.R., Heimbrook, D.C.
and Sartorelli, A.C. (1985) Use of high-performance liquid
chromatography to detect hydroxyl and superoxide radicals generated from mitomycin C. Anal. Biochem. 150, 294-299.
Radzik, D.M., Roston, D.A. and Kissinger, P.T. (1983) Determination of hydroxylated aromatic compounds produced via superoxide-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals by liquid matography/electrochemistry.
Anal. Biochem. 131, 458-464.
Richmond, R., Halliwell, B., Chauhan, J., and Darbre, A. (1981)
Superoxide-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals: detection of hydroxyl radicals by the hydroxylation of aromatic compounds. Anal.
Biochem. 118, 328-335.
Sagawe, G., Lehnard, A., Lubber, M., and Bahnemann, D. (2001) The
insulated solar Fenton hybrid process: Fundamental investigations. Helv.
Chim. Acta. 84, 3742-3759.
Sanumi, A., Black, C.D.V., Krishna, C.M., Malech., H.L., Bernstein, E.F., and
Russo,A. (1988) Hydroxyl Radical Production by Stimulated Neutrophils Reappraised. J. Biol. Cltrm. 263, 13797-13801.
Scheutz, C., Winther, K. and Kjeldsen, P. (2000) Removal of halogenated organic compounds in landfill gas by top covers containing zero-valent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2557-2663.
Schrick, B., Blough, J.L., Jones, A.D. and Mallouk, T.E. (2002) Hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene to hydrocarbons using bimetallic nickel-Iron nanoparticles. Chem. Mater, 14, 5140-5147.
Sellers, R.M. (1980) Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide using potassium (IV) oxalate. Analyst. 105, 950-954.
Ulanski, P., Merenyi,G., Lind, J., Wagner, R. and von Sonntag, C. (1999) The reaction of methyl radicals with hydrogen peroxide. J. Chem. Soc.,
Perkin Trans. 2. 4, 673-676.
Venceslau, M.C., Tom, S. and Simon, J.J. (1994) Characterisation of Textile Wastewater - a reviews. Environ. Sci. Technol.15, 917-929.
Vendevivere, P.C., Bianchi, R. and Verstraete, W., (1998) Treatment and reuse of wastewater from the textile wet-processing industry: Review of emerging technologies. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 72, 289-302.
Wang, K.S., Lin, C.L., Wei, M.C., Liang, H.H., Li, H.C., Chang, C.H., Fang, Y.T. and Chang, S.H. (2010) Effects of dissolved oxygen on dye removal by zero-valent iron. J. Hazard. Mater. 182, 886-895.
Wang, C.B. and Zhang, W.X. (1997) Synthesizing nanoscale iron particles for
rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE and PCBs. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 31, 2154-2156.
Yang, M.X., Sarkar, S. and Bent, B.E. (1997) Degradation of
multiply-chlorinated hydeocarbons on Cu(100). Langmuir, 13, 229-242.
Zhou, T., Li, Y., Ji, J., Wong, F. and Lu, X. (2008) Oxidation of
4-chlorophenol in a heterogeneous zero valent iron/H2O2 Fenton-like system: Kinetic, pathway, and effect factors. Sep. Purif. Technol. 62, 551-558.
Zhu, W., Yang, Z. and Wang, L. (1996) Application of ferrous-hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of H-acid manufacturing process wastewater.
Wat. Res. 30, 2949-2959.
Zhang, W.X., Wang, C.B. and Lien, H.L. (1998) Treatment of chlorinated organic contaminants with nanoscale bimetallic particles. Catalysis Today.
40, 387-395.
附錄一 實驗數據
不同反應系統降解甲醇的總有機碳
0 hr 24 hr
Methanol 11.0333 10.8769
1 g Fe/Al 11.0333 10.6612
鐵鋁複合金屬(10 g/L)在 31.64 mg/L 甲醇生成甲醛
8 1325.0000 1325.0000 1200.0000
24 1525.0000 1875.0000 1675.0000
不同零價金屬(10 g/L)降解 60.39 mg/L 甲酸
不同零價金屬(10 g/L)在去離子水生成亞鐵離子
鐵鋁複合金屬(5 g)對於不同高濃度染料的 COD 降解變化
不同鐵鋁複合金屬配比(5 g)對於不同染料的 COD 降解變化
鐵鋁複合金屬對染料廢水真色色度去除效果
染料種類 0 hr ADMI 24 hr ADMI
分散性黑色 11778 550
分散性紅色 12904 326
反應性黑色 48298 225
反應性紅色 167268 219
酸性黑色 20819 488
酸性紅色 61635 664
鹽基性黑色 8289 705
廢棄鋁渣鐵鋁複合金屬(5 g)對於不同染料廢水的 COD 降解變化 染料種類 0 hr COD (mg/L) 24 hr COD (mg/L)
酸性黑色 404 60
酸性紅色 498 88
鹽基性黑色 375 96
2 種混合染料 338 74
3 種混合染料 538 66
原始廢水 1867.5 485
生物處理後廢水 360 170.67
附錄二 口試委員意見回覆
為 何做 不 同 濃度 的 甲 醇生
甲 醛測 定 是 使用 何 種 分析