第五章 結論與建議
第二節 建議
根據本研究的文獻探討及研究結果,提出下列相關建議,以供教學者及未來研 究之參考:
壹、對於未來學術研究上之建議
(一)研究對象方面
研究者以方便取樣,選擇自己任教的學校幼兒當施測樣本,在取樣上未隨機選
取宜蘭縣其他幼兒園幼兒為對象,因此降低研究的外部效度,建議後續研究者可以 擴大地區及人數,提升研究結果的外部效度,將可增加研究之說服力及參考價值。
(二)研究工具方面
本研究中的翻牌遊戲,採人力計分,在事後統計分數方面花費較多時間,而且 本研究裡的測驗皆以個別測驗的方式進行,限於研究者的人力、物力、時間,無法 取得全國性大規模樣本。建議未來在工具的設計上如能將翻牌遊戲改成電腦施測,
由程式計算分數,將能縮短資料分析的時間,因此就能增加樣本數,使測驗內容更 加完善,研究更具代表性。
(三)研究設計方面
本研究基本上為相關性研究,探討翻牌遊戲與視覺空間工作記憶的關係,因此 本研究只能說明「翻牌遊戲與視覺空間工作記憶具有關係」,然而此關係無法獲知 兩者是否有因果,有關翻牌遊戲是否能提升視覺空間工作記憶,仍待進一步的探討。
建議後續的研究者能進行翻牌遊戲與視覺空間工作記憶的介入性實驗研究,探討 進行翻牌遊戲是否能增進視覺空間工作記憶的能力,以釐清之間的因果關係。
貳、對於未來實務教學上之建議
(一)翻牌遊戲做為教學現場的學習工具
本研究證明翻牌遊戲與視覺空間工作記憶具有相關性,因此翻牌遊戲可以當 作教師教學時的工具,在平常的教學活動中,教師能將學習內容用圖卡的方式呈現,
善用視覺的訊息,幫助學生更有系統的記住資訊。教師以翻牌遊戲的方式進行認知 學習,可以增加趣味性,學生都能樂在其中的享受遊戲的過程,這種主動積極的參 與,較能引起學習動機,能使學生在獲得相關的知識與技能上事半功倍。舉凡相關 的認知學習都能使用翻牌遊戲為工具,例如:學齡前的幼兒注音符號、數字學習;
學齡後的英文單字、社會課程;國、高中物理、化學課程…等,這些課程都能使用 翻牌遊戲當作學習工具,建議教學現場的教師,能善用翻牌遊戲對於學生的學習幫 助,將課程增加趣味性,幫助學生的知識學習。
(二)翻牌遊戲可放入幼兒園學習區教具裡
學習區為幼兒學習活動環境布置中,各領域學習活動空間的總稱。教師在不同 領域的學習活動空間中,安排各式玩具、教具或事物給幼兒觀察、探索、操弄、學 習及活動的區域。本研究指出翻牌遊戲與視覺空間工作記憶具有相關性,建議幼兒 園教師可以在學習區裡放置翻牌遊戲,讓幼兒主動去操作學習,幫助幼兒的視覺空 間工作記憶的發展。為了讓教師能從學習區操作翻牌遊戲的過程中,觀察到幼兒視 覺空間工作記憶能力的差異,因此研究者進一步將視覺短期記憶、空間短期記憶及 視覺空間工作記憶進行分組,利用平均數將之劃分為強弱兩組與翻牌遊戲表現進 行差異性分析,研究結果顯示不管是在視覺短期記憶(p<.01)、空間短期記憶(p
<.05)及視覺空間工作記憶(p<.001)的強弱組別對翻牌總次數都達顯著差異(參 閱附錄六)。因此當翻牌總次數若多於 70.25 次,表示該幼兒的視覺空間短期記憶 和工作記憶能力在同年齡幼兒中相對較弱,當翻牌總次數若少於 57.15 次,表示該 幼兒的視覺空間短期記憶和工作記憶能力在同年齡幼兒中相對較強,因此教師即 可透過幼兒在進行翻牌遊戲的過程中,紀錄幼兒的翻牌總次數,藉由翻牌總次數的 高低,盡早辨識出低工作記憶的幼兒,提供記憶學習活動,運用輔導策略,重複重 要訊息,降低工作記憶負荷量,增進幼兒工作記憶的發展。
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附錄一 家長同意書
聯絡電話: __________________
□不同意參加
附錄二 紙牌圖案
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 71 72
73 74 75 76 77 78
79 80 81 82 83 84 85
附錄三 圖案熟悉度統計表
附錄四 翻牌卡片
附錄五 翻牌遊戲計分表
(受試者編號)
翻牌次數 未成功 記憶配對 機率配對 潛在配對 第一張紙牌編號 第二張紙牌編號
總計
附錄六 不同視覺空間工作記憶組別 在翻牌遊戲表現的差異分析
一、不同視覺短期記憶組別在翻牌遊戲表現之差異性分析摘要
強/弱 平均數 標準偏差 t 值 p 值 翻牌總次數 強 57.15 13.19 -3.332 .002**
弱 70.25 19.47 記憶配對數/潛在配
對數
強 .71 .18 2.584 .012* 弱 .59 .21
*p<.05,** p<.01
二、不同空間短期記憶組別在翻牌遊戲表現之差異性分析摘要
強/弱 平均數 標準偏差 t 值 p 值
翻牌總次數 強 59.59 16.61 -2.149 .035* 弱 68.19 17.09
記憶配對數/潛在配 對數
強 .69 .17 1.970 .056 弱 .59 .23
*p<.05,** p<.01
三、不同視覺空間工作記憶組別在翻牌遊戲表現之差異性分析摘要
強/弱 平均數 標準偏差 t 值 p 值
翻牌總次數 強 56.46 14.43 -3.684 .000***
弱 69.64 17.58 記憶配對數/潛在配
對數
強 .73 .17 3.631 .001***
弱 .58 .20
*p<.05,** p<.01,*** p<.001