建議

1. 本研究僅探討含有礫石層之複合地層受斷層作用的結果，唯一自由場的模 擬，但現實世界中的斷層帶附近有建築物、地中結構物的存在，且以不同 角度或方向建設於斷層帶中，因此其與地層材料的互制關係仍待持續研究。

2. 本研究探討的斷層形式為單純在傾向滑動之逆斷層，忽略含有平移分量時 的三維效應，有賴於更多的三維模型模擬，才能更接近真實狀況。

3. 在現地調查礫石之組構特性（礫石粒形、礫石含量與礫石排列方向）時，

先了解該礫石層的沉積環境有助於推測與應證野外觀察的結果。若要判斷 礫石是否有固定的排列方向，應該要大範圍的觀察礫石的沉積樣貌。

4. 本研究僅探討礫石層之礫石顆粒組構特性，但影響礫石層的強度與變形因 素還包含基質成分與特性，在數值模擬中可嘗試加入鍵結來模擬具有凝聚 力的基質。

5. 本研究在數值分析軟體中模擬地層的特性時，尚未加入鍵結討論凝聚力之 影響，實際地層的力學參數與微觀參數的關係有待探討。

6. 由於電腦的運算效能有限，數值分析軟體中模擬的礫石層礫石顆粒、土層 顆粒仍比真實的情況大的多，未來可將三角剪切帶中的顆粒粒徑局部縮小，

以探討更細微的變形行為。

參考文獻

國際卵礫石層地下工程研討會，第 31-39 頁。

Agisoft PhotoScan Professional (Version 1.2.5) (Software). (2016). Retrieved from http://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/

Allmendinger, R. W. (1998). Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault‐

propagation folds. Tectonics, 17(4), 640-656.

Avar, B. B., & Hudyma, N. W. (2019). Earthquake surface rupture: A brief survey on

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 52(12), 5259-5281.

Bray, J. D., Seed, R. B., & Seed, H. B. (1993). 1 g small-scale modelling of saturated cohesive soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 16(1), 46-53.

Bray, J. D., Seed, R. B., Cluff, L. S., & Seed, H. B. (1994). Earthquake fault rupture propagation through soil. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(3), 543-561.

Chang, K. T., & Cheng, M. C. (2014). Estimation of the shear strength of gravel deposits based on field investigated geological factors. Engineering Geology, 171, 70-80.

Chang, Y. L., Chu, B. L., & Lin, S. S. (2003). Numerical simulation of gravel deposits using multi‐circle granule model. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 26(5), 681-694.

Chang, K. T., Kang, Y. M., Ge, L., & Cheng, M. C. (2015). Mechanical properties of gravel deposits evaluated by nonconventional methods. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(11), 04015032.

Chen, W. S., Yang, C. C., Yen, I. C., Lee, L. S., Lee, K. J., Yang, H. C., ... & Shih, T. S.

(2007). Late Holocene paleoseismicity of the southern part of the Chelungpu fault in central Taiwan: Evidence from the Chushan excavation site. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97(1B), 1-13.

Chu, B. L., Jou, Y. W., & Weng, M. C. (2010). A constitutive model for gravelly soils considering shear-induced volumetric deformation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(6), 662-673.

Cole Jr, D. A., & Lade, P. V. (1984). Influence zones in alluvium over dip-slip faults.

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 110(5), 599-615.

Erslev, E. A. (1991). Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology, 19(6), 617-620.

Garcia, F. E., & Bray, J. D. (2018). Distinct element simulations of earthquake fault rupture through materials of varying density. Soils and Foundations, 58(4), 986-1000.

Garcia, F. E., & Bray, J. D. (2018). Distinct element simulations of shear rupture in

earthquake thrust termination in and near Chushan excavation site, Central Taiwan.

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(1), 339-364.

Itasca, Consulting Group INC. 2014. PFC3D 5.0 Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimensions.

User's Guide, Minneapolis.

Kelley, V. C. (1955). Monoclines of the Colorado Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 66(7), 789-804.

Kelson, K. I., Kang, K. H., Page, W. D., Lee, C. T., & Cluff, L. S. (2001). Representative styles of deformation along the Chelungpu fault from the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake: geomorphic characteristics and responses of man-made structures.

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91(5), 930-952.

Kübler, S., Friedrich, A. M., Gold, R. D., & Strecker, M. R. (2018). Historical coseismic surface deformation of fluvial gravel deposits, Schafberg fault, Lower Rhine Graben, Germany. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 107(2), 571-585.

Li, C. H., Lin, M. L., & Huang, W. C. (2019). Interaction between pile groups and thrust faults in a physical sandbox and numerical analysis. Engineering Geology, 252, 65-77.

Lin, M. L., Chung, C. F. and Jeng, F. S. (2006). Deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust fault slip. Engineering Geology, 88, 70-89.

Lin, S. Y., Lin, P. S., Luo, H. S., & Juang, C. H. (2000). Shear modulus and damping ratio characteristics of gravelly deposits. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37(3), 638-651.

Mortazavi Zanjani, M., & Soroush, A. (2019). Numerical modelling of fault rupture propagation through layered sands. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 23(9), 1139-1155.

Tali, N., Lashkaripour, G. R., Moghadas, N. H., & Ghalandarzadeh, A. (2019). Centrifuge modeling of reverse fault rupture propagation through single-layered and stratified soil. Engineering Geology, 249, 273-289.

Woo, S. M., Guo, W. S., Yu, K., & Moh, Z. C. (1982). Engineering problems of gravel deposits in Taiwan. In Engineering and Construction in Tropical and Residual Soils, 500-518, ASCE.

Yang, Y. R., Hu, J. C., & Lin, M. L. (2014). Evolution of coseismic fault-related folds

induced by the Chi–Chi earthquake: A case study of the Wufeng site, Central Taiwan by using 2D distinct element modeling. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 79, 130-143.

Zehnder, A. T., & Allmendinger, R. W. (2000). Velocity field for the trishear model.

Journal of Structural Geology, 22(8), 1009-1014.

附錄 A

編

編 14 倍（14mm/0.98mm），數值分析中的比值約 為 6（14mm/2.5mm）。現地之礫石短軸可能為 數公分至數十公分，基質半徑可能為數 mm，