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第五章 結論與建議

第二節 建議與對策

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第二節 建議與對策

一、修正勞動檢查規則,減少使用定期或有事先通知之檢查方式,

改用不事先通知之檢查方式;制定針對勞動檢查官違規、貪腐、為難 企業之行為之罰則;與 ILO 及其他 TPP 成員國合作進行對檢察官之培 訓

目前,越南勞動部及各勞動處所進行之勞動檢查大部分採用定期或有事先通 知之檢查方式。本研究認為此方式之檢查結果有欠客觀性,企業若知道政府機關何 時前來檢查將容易有所準備,隱瞞其違規行為,導致檢察機關無法檢查出其是否遵 守法律規定。因此,本研究建議越南政府轉向採用不事先通知之檢查方式來進行勞 動檢查。另外,根據勞動部,2018 年發現 25 位勞動檢查官有違規、貪腐之行為,

2017 年則發現 90 位,且越南目前在其勞動法之罰則尚未將勞動檢查官之違法行為 納入規範,因此本研究建議越南政府或補充對檢察官違規行為之處罰規範至勞動法 罰則或依照國會於 2018 年 11 月 20 日所批准之反貪腐法加強對勞動檢查官之監管,

以提升勞動檢查效率。

此外,本研究建議勞動檢查官在發現業者或勞工之違反勞動法行為除了對其 作出處分,還應加強對其進行指導,提供修正、改善建議,使其意識到遵守法律的 利益。

越南政府於 2019 年 4 月與 ILO 一起建立對勞動檢查官之培訓計劃,此計劃 提供勞動檢查相關知識及業務訓練之課程,參加對象為勞動部及各勞動處之年輕檢 察官(其工作經驗不超過 3 年)。本研究認為,將來越南為因應 TPP 之要求而必須 增加勞動檢查官人數,具體,從目前 500 名檢察官增加至 1,200 名,越南可以繼續 通過與 ILO 之合作計劃進行對 700 名新增之檢察官進行培訓。另外,越南應利用 TPP 之合作機制舉辦勞動檢查官赴較先進之成員國如美國、日本等學習、接受訓練 之活動,以提升檢察官之檢查能力,協助越南改善勞動法執行效率。

二、建立檢舉違反勞動法規案件之熱線

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本研究建議越南勞動部建立檢舉熱線,可以用獎金作為激勵,讓勞工以匿名 方式通知政府機關企業違反勞動法規之行為,或勞動檢查官之違規、貪腐行為。此 辦法不僅有助於提升勞動執法效率而且還減輕政府在人力不足的情況下之檢查、監 測壓力。

三、透過電視廣播及有關政府機構乾部赴童工通常集中之地區進 行宣傳童工對兒童之危害

雖然越南已經 ILO 第 182 號最惡劣童工形式公約及第 138 號最低就業年齡公 約,並成功內法化該兩項公約之規範,但到目前為止,越南仍有 175 萬童工,且三 分之一之越南童工每周平均工作時間超過 42 小時。此情形對兒童之身心健康造成 很大的負面影響,限制其學習機會,使其不能正常的發展。本研究建議,越南勞動 部及兒童保護局應透過製作網絡視頻及電視廣播進行宣傳童工的危害、各種惡劣童 工形式及廢除童工的重要性,以提高國民對童工的認識。同時,勞動部應舉辦幹部 赴童工通常集中之農業村、工藝村等之活動,以進行對家長的宣導,鼓勵其停止讓 小於最低就業年齡之孩子從事任何勞動形式,讓孩子能夠專注於學習。

四、要求 FDI 企業推動企業社會責任

鑑於越南 70%之罷工發生於屬於勞力密集產業如紡織、製鞋、電子、水產等 之 FDI 企業,本研究建議越南中央政府及省級人民委員會於審核外國企業在越南投 資之申請時,應要求其加強推動有關勞工權益之企業社會責任,甚至可以將企業社 會責任作為投資項目之申請條件。

由於越南是受全球氣候變化影響最嚴重的 10 個國家之一,越南政府已經頒 布國家計劃規範有關環境保護、因應全球暖化之企業社會責任,以確保企業在追求 經營利潤時不得毀壞自然環境(此計劃內容包括提供知識宣導、技術協助、及建立 企業管理規則)。由於勞工權益與環境保護同是確保越南經濟社會持續發展之重要 因素,因此本研究建議政府將勞工權益保護也納入此國家計劃。

五、進行勞動法律相關教育、宣導從學校做起

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除了透過發傳單,辦理研討會,於就業服務站或人力招募會直接輔導、諮詢 等方式對勞工及雇主進行勞動法律宣導,本研究建議越南應考慮將勞動法相關課程 增加至各大學、職業技術學院、甚至高中學校為應屆畢業生舉辦之生涯導向講座,

以提高學生對法律知識的認識,因為學生畢業後也將參加勞動力市場、成為勞動者,

甚至去創業、成為雇主。

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附錄:專家訪談記錄

訪談記錄一

訪談對象代號 訪談方式 訪談時間 A 電話訪談 2019/1/15

Q:請教您越南在跨太平洋夥伴協定(TPP)下有關勞動的承諾為何?

A:TPP 對越南的勞動規範呈現於 TPP 文本第 19 章以及美國-越南間加強貿易 與勞資關係之計劃。TPP 的勞動規範是具有強制性的規範,意思是如果越南不遵守 該規範之規定將不得享有 TPP 的關稅優惠。TPP 勞動規範的目的在於防止各成員國 以降低其國內勞動標準的方式來提升其貿易競爭能力。TPP 勞動規範主要引用國際 勞工組織 1998 年宣言之勞動標準,要求各締約國確保在其法規及實踐上確保下列 勞動基本權利:結社自由權及團體協商權;廢除強迫或強制勞動;廢除童工;消除 就業與職業上之歧視,以及可以接受之勞動條件包括最低工資、最高工時及職業安 全衛生。越南在 TPP 下有關勞動之承諾還包括提升勞動法規、政策之透明性,包括 執行公共參與、資訊公開、允許各個人或組織遞交有關執行 TPP 勞動規範之意見書 等等。另外,TPP 勞動規範還設有各成員國之間在勞動方面的合作規定,但此規定 不具強制性。

Q:請教您越南勞動法為了合乎 TPP 勞動規範的要求應做何調整?

A:最重要的調整是越南須內法化 ILO1998 年宣言所列之勞動基本權利,包 括:結社自由權及團體協商權;廢除強迫或強制勞動;廢除童工;消除就業與職業 上之歧視。對於結社自由及團體協商權問題,越南須修法允許勞動者自由成立或加 入其選擇之工會,同時確保工會在人事、財務、活動等方面上的自主性。另外,越

A:最重要的調整是越南須內法化 ILO1998 年宣言所列之勞動基本權利,包 括:結社自由權及團體協商權;廢除強迫或強制勞動;廢除童工;消除就業與職業 上之歧視。對於結社自由及團體協商權問題,越南須修法允許勞動者自由成立或加 入其選擇之工會,同時確保工會在人事、財務、活動等方面上的自主性。另外,越

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