第六章 代結論:以合理原則檢視價格擠壓行為
6.3 正當性抗辯:效能抗辯與正當商業理由
被推定為有負面影響市場競爭效果之價格擠壓行為亦得藉由正當性 抗辯,主張其行為合法。獨占事業得參酌公平交易法第14條,主張價格擠 壓為垂直整合促進效能之必要行為,且消費者得以享受促進效能所衍生之 經濟利益,例如價格擠壓能增加下游市場生產效率、提高產品或服務之流 通、促進其他技術上或經濟上的進步等。獨占事業必須證明價格擠壓行為 與促進效能間,並無不當連結或關聯性過低,亦不得使獨占事業取得其他 足以限制競爭之力量。在商業實務上,為了追求學習曲線以降低生產與銷 售成本,故先以低價販售提高市占率,可能有提高生產效率之作用,故為 獨占事業可行之合法效能抗辯。
此外,獨占事業亦得主張拒絕交易或價格擠壓決策係出於正當商業事 由,例如因市場結構改變,獨占事業之產量不足以與其他人交易等。又如 在技術未成熟前的研發階段,獨占事業曾邀請對手共同出資參與而遭拒 絕,對手卻在技術成熟後要求交易,此時之交易請求顯有搭便車之疑慮,
故獨占事業拒絕交易有其正當性。值得注意的是,追求與終端消費者間的 長期交易關係並不構成正當商業事由,因為禁止違法拒絕交易所帶來的效 果,並非強行破壞獨占事業與其終端消費者間之交易信賴關係,而僅係讓 獨占事業在終端市場面臨新進對手的公平挑戰與競爭。
至於高密度的產業管制架構中,針對價格擠壓未為規範之現象並不足
40
以作為免除競爭法上價格擠壓義務之抗辯;只有在獨占事業能證明產業主 管機關已對於下游市場競爭之保護及價格擠壓之限制競爭效果充分考 量,而積極排除價格擠壓規範時,競爭法執法機關得參考產業主管機關之 見解,適度調整獨占事業之義務。
41
參考文獻
中文文獻
期刊論文(依據作者姓氏筆劃排列)
1. 林國彬,「美國聯邦電力事業經濟管制之研究」,公平交易季刊,
第九卷第一期,頁55、107,2001年1月。
2. 林雅惠,「論寬頻接取市場之批發價格管制制度-兼論垂直價格 擠壓理論」,萬國法律,第150期,頁29-51,2006年。
3. 陳志民,「反托拉斯法規範掠奪行為之現在與未來-新經濟制度 下之省思(二)」,政大法學評論,第八十一期,頁220-222,2004 年。
英文文獻
書籍(依作者姓氏起首字母排列)
1. Herbert Hovenkamp, Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice (3d ed. 2005)
期刊論文(依據作者姓氏起首字母排列)
1. Areeda, Phillip A. & Donald Tuner, Predatory Pricing and Related
Practices Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act, 88 Harv. Rev.
697(1975).
2. Baker Jonathan B., Beyond Schumpeter vs. Arrow: How Antitrust
Fosters Innovation, 74 A
NTITRUST L.J.575(2007).3. Krattenmaker, Thomas G. & Steven C. Salop, Anticompetitive
Exclusion: Raising Rivals’ Costs to Achieve Power over Price, 96
YALE L. J. 209 (1986)4. Krattenmaker, Thomas G. & Steven C. Salop, Competition and
Cooperation in the Market for Exclusionary Rights, 76 A
M.ECON. REV.109 (1986).5. Salop, Steven C., Refusals to Deal and Price Squeezes by an
Unregulated, Vertically Integrated Monopolist, 76 A
NTITRUST L.J.709(2010).
42
6. Salop, Steven C. & David T. Scheffman, Raising Rivals’ Costs, 73 AM.ECON.REV. 267(1983)
其他參考文獻
1. European Communities, Notice on the Application of the Competition Rules to Access Agreements in the Telecommunications Sector. 98/C, C 265/02.
2. Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings.
3. Commission Recommendation on Interconnection in a Liberalized Telecommunication Market Part2 – Accounting Separation and Cost Accounting, 98/195/EC, April 8, 1998.
4. European Regulators Group, Report on the Discussion on the Application of Margin Squeeze Tests to Bundles, March 2009.
5. Commission Guidelines on Market Analysis and the Assessment of Significant Market Power Under the Community Regulation
Framework for Electronic Communications Networks and Services, O.J. C 165, July 11, 2002.
6. Simon Genevaz, Margin Squeeze after Deutsche Telekom, May 14, 2008, available at
https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/margin-squeeze-afte r-ideutsche-telekomi/
7. Cecilio Madero, Iratxe Gurpegui Ballesteros & Ana Malheiro, Margin
Squeeze Abuses: The EU Perspective, Apr. 15, 2009, available at
https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/margin-squeeze-abu ses-the-eu-perspective/43
相關判決
美國判決(依本文中出現順序排列)
1.
Pac. Bell Tel. Co. v. linkLine Commc’ns, Inc., 555 U.S. 438, 129 S.Ct.1109 (2009).
2.
Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585(1985).
3.
Verizon Communication Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398 (2004).
4.
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America (Alcoa), 148 F.2d 416(2d, Cir.
1945).
5.
Town of Concord v. Boston Edison Co., 915 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1990).
6.
Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993).
7.
Barry Wright Corp. v. ITT Grinnell Corp., 724 F.2d 227 (1st Cir. 1983).
8.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574 (1986).
9.
Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States, 410 U.S. 366.(1973); Image Technical Services, Inc. v. Kodak, 123 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 1997).
歐盟判決(依本文中出現順序排列)
1.
Commission Decision of May 21, 2003, COMP/C-1/37.451, 37.578, 37.579 – Deutsche Telekom AG., 2003 O.J. (L 263) 9.
2.
Case T-271/03, Deutsche Telekom AG v. Commission, 2008 E.C.R.II-477.
3.
Case C-280/08 P. Deutsche Telekom AG v. Commission, 2010 E.C.R. __, available at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008CJ0 280:EN:HTML
4.
Commission’s Interim Measures Decision of October 29, 1975, National Carbonizing, 1976 O.J. (L 35) 6.
5.
Commission Decision of Jul.18, 1988, Napier Brown – British Sugar, 1988 O.J. (L 284) 41.
6.
Ofcom, Case CW/00760/03/04, Own-initiative investigation against BT
about potential anti-competitive exclusionary behaviour.
44
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/bulletins/comp_bull_index/comp_bull_ccases/clo sed_all/cw007/?lang=default (last visited 2012/6/29)
7.