第三章 中國瓷器重返市場
第二節 瓷器貿易與瓷器客製化生產的影響
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150 T. Volker, The Japanese Porcelains of the Dutch East India Company after 1683, 70.
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建立,同年又再遷至麥森(Meissen)。151儘管嚴加保護工廠,製瓷秘方最終 還是擴散到整個歐洲,多位握有配方的工人們逃離麥森,到其他王宮貴族
153 Robert Finlay, The Pilgrim Art: the Culture of Porcelain in World History, 276.
154 David S. Howard, The Choice of the Private Trader: The Private Market in Chinese Export Porcelain Illustrated from the Hodroff Collection( London: Zwemmer, 1994), 15.
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Hallstrom Excavation(United Kingdom: Sun Tree Publishing,2001), 20.156 Jan Daniël Van Dam, Delffse Porceleyne Dutch delftware 1620-1850, 10-11.
157 簡.迪維斯(Jan Divis)(著),熊寥(譯),《歐洲瓷器史》(European Porcelain and Illustrated History)(杭州:浙江美術學院出版社,1991),10。
158 C.J.A Jörg, Interaction in Ceramics Oriental Porcelian & Delftware, 11.
159 C.J.A Jörg, Interaction in Ceramics Oriental Porcelian & Delftware, 34-35.
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在一六四〇年以後,臺夫特的陶工仿製中國瓷器雪白的外表,以藍色線條 在陶器上繪制克拉克圖案,取自明萬曆晚期(十七世紀初)的款式160,然而 不同的是,瓷盤上的開光格卻只有七個,不同於中國產的克拉克有八格開 光。
圖36 臺夫特陶盤,1630-1650年代,口徑33公分
來源:Jan Daniël Van Dam, Delffse Porceleyne Dutch delftware 1620-1850, 13.
160 Henry-Pierre Fourest, Delftware: Faience Production at Delft(London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1980), 18.
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圖37 臺夫特陶盤,1660-1670年代,口徑31.5公分
來源:Jan Daniël Van Dam, Delffse Porceleyne Dutch delftware 1620-1850, 14.
一六五四年的一場大爆炸使臺夫特許多啤酒廠閉廠161,空出來的大廠房 正好可讓蒸蒸日上的釉陶業設窯,於是陶工大量進駐啤酒廠,繼續模仿中 國瓷器的外型與風格來生產陶器。至一六八〇年之際,臺夫特陶業人口已 達一千六百人,每年至少燒造30萬件陶器。162然而,臺夫特陶不只在荷蘭當 地受歡迎,還運銷歐洲其他國家與英國,荷蘭東印度公司甚至將臺夫特陶 運銷歐洲外,遠及斯里蘭卡、孟加拉、薩非波斯、印度、巴達維亞及東南 亞群島等。163
161 卜正民(Timothy Brook)著,黃中憲譯,《維梅爾的帽子-從一幅畫看17世紀全球貿 易》,103。
162 Jan M Baart, “ Ceramic Consumption and Supply in Early Modern Amsterdam: Local Production and Long-distance Trade”, In Work in Towns, 850- 1850, edited by P.J. Corfield and Derek Keene (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990), 74-85.
163 Robert Finlay, The Pilgrim Art: the Culture of Porcelain in World History, 260.
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165 Ronald W Fuchs, Made in China: Export Porcelain from the Leo and Doris Hodroff Collection at Winterthur (Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis du Pont Museum, 2005), p.35.
166 Robert Finlay, The Pilgrim Art: the Culture of Porcelain in World History, 266.
167 甘雪莉,《中國外銷瓷》,113。
168 Anne E. McCants, “Poor Consumers as Global Consumers: The Diffusion of Tea and Coffee Drinking in the Eighteenth Century.” Economic History Review 61 Supplement s1 ( Online ,2008), 177. 轉引自:Robert Finlay, The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History, 274.
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地內化至西方文化中。
這場由瓷器領銜的十七世紀貿易,從原產地中國出發,乘著荷蘭東印 度公司的遠航,繞過半個地球,最終在歐洲開花結果,深植於歐洲文化 中。作為貿易主角的中國瓷器,引發了一場文化轉移,影響十分深遠,使 得歐洲人的日常生活改頭換面,或許全球化的時代已提早展開。中國瓷器 雖然因客製化的優勢而幾度主導歐洲瓷器市場,卻也因此最終喪失歐洲市 場。在反覆的生產與消費之間,中國最終脫離了自己的產品,而在喪失此 一核心後,中國對歐洲瓷器貿易漸走下坡,當歐洲為自己燒製瓷器時,瓷 器上已不復見中國。儘管如此,中國並未真正的消失,每當提起「瓷器」
時,依舊使人遙指千里之外的東方。
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(三) 期刊論文
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價值〉,《行政》,72(澳門:2006.06),537-546。4. 馬未都,〈瓷器外銷 東風西漸-外銷瓷的魅力〉,《歷史月刊》,
257(臺北:2009.06),4-10。
5. 施靜菲,〈白地藍花的全球品牌-14 到 17 世紀亞洲青花瓷生產的 擴張〉,《典藏古美術》,203(臺北:2009.08),54-63。
6. 施靜菲,〈絢爛華麗的魅力—「在巴黎盛開的古伊萬里花朵:日本 外銷歐洲瓷器 350 週年」特展〉,《典藏古美術》,218(臺北:
2010.11),206-215。
7. 施靜菲、王淑律、彭盈真,〈伊斯蘭陶瓷的主流發展與一些有關交 流的發想〉,《故宮文物月刊》,283(臺北:2006.10),78-88。
8. 施靜菲,〈元代景德鎮青花瓷在國內市場中的角色和性質〉,《美術 史研究集刊》,8(臺北:臺大藝術史研究所,2000),137-189。
9. 陳玉秀,〈以紋識意-從阿拉伯文紋飾談正德時期伊斯蘭教的意 涵〉,《故宮文物月刊》,284(臺北,2006.11):78- 91。
10. 施靜菲、王淑律、彭盈真,〈錫釉陶的故事〉,《故宮文物月刊》, 285(臺北:2006),96-105。
11. 張省卿,〈十七、十八世紀中國京城圖像在歐洲〉,《國立臺北藝術 大學美術學報》,2(臺北:2008.09),67-11。
英文
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