第二節 第二節 研究建議 研究建議 研究建議 研究建議
對於多層次憲政主義而言，多層次憲政主義的發展仍屬於早期開發 的階段。內部的多項理論內涵不夠充實，無具體研究架構等缺失，還有 待進一步發展。本論文對於多層次憲政主義的後續研究建議，列舉如下：
173 Iceland sees rift over EU membership,
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6bae1468-a6ac-11dd-95be-000077b07658.html?nclick_check=1, 2009/1/9.
1.
尋找更有利的理論證據，強化層次內「人民」的論證。尤其在 於相異層次內政治社會化過程的描述，研究相異層次與單一人 民的連結。2.
更多使用多層次憲政主義的實例分析。例如：全球層次的政治 機構的分析，如聯合國、WTO 等；或其餘有初步區域整合成 果的區域，如東協加三。3.
多層次憲政主義底下，憲法、法系統互動、基本權利保護、司 法審查，是多層次憲政主義的研究最有具體成果之處。多層次 憲政主義內含古典憲政主義，負司法救濟功能和憲政原則反身 性作用等。本論文對於基本權利保護之說明，僅說明少許有關 司法救濟與憲法司法審查部分。然而，統合內的司法審查應是 憲政主義具體研究的指標。學者 Mark Tushnet 歸納的強勢和弱 勢司法審查類型，提供一個適切的研究參考。相較於美國的強 勢司法審查類型，加拿大的弱勢司法審查具備法條違憲後，立 法者再行同類立法的可能。此類立法對於司法的作為，學者形 容 為 「 當 面 」（ on-your-face ） 的 情 況 。 174 文 中 學 者Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 也提供另一個角度，是二者混合的體
制，是以強化立法與司法的對話管道，卻不失法系統的穩定性。175此類情形可為目前未有完備司法審查能力的歐洲統合，提供
174 Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter（2003）, ”Weak and Strong Judicial Review.” Law and Philosophy 22:
381-392, p. 381.
175 Ibid. pp. 383-385.
適當和有趣的一個研究切入角度。
4.
多層次憲政主義解釋的相異層次互動關係，如何從個別領域內 的互動，進而影響其他領域。例如，本論文研究說明歐盟目前 各項統合，實際上是個別，非全面的統合，學者稱為「不等速 的統合」。研究個別的統合成果相互影響的關係，是多層次憲政 主義仍須努力之處。多層次憲政主義由於內容含括範圍極廣，上述各項研究僅是本論文 提供的初步研究建議。憲政主義、憲法國際化和國際法憲法化、區域整 合、司法體系整合皆是多層次憲政主義可能的研究課題，亦為本論文研 究缺省之處，值得進一步研究。
參考資料 參考資料 參考資料 參考資料
中文參考資料 中文參考資料 中文參考資料 中文參考資料
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陳勁（2008），〈歐盟特性研究：關於歐盟做為一種文事力量、軍事力量 和規範性力量〉，《全球政治評論》，第 23 期，頁 101-136。
陳麗娟（1996），《歐洲共同體法導論》，臺北：五南。
黃偉峰（2003），〈歐洲議會〉，《歐洲聯盟的組織與運作》，臺北：五南。
葉俊榮（2003），《民主轉型與憲法變遷》，臺北：元照。
葛祥林譯（2008），Militello, Vincenzo（2008），〈歐洲人權法院之判決對 於義大利刑法秩序之影響〉，臺北：《月旦法學》，第 157 期，頁
172-181。
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之實踐〉，《歐洲聯盟人權保障》，臺北：中央研究院歐美研究所。
劉明德譯（2006），Wagner, Helmut（2006），〈歐盟的法律地位－尋找歐 盟的定義〉，《問題與研究》，第 45 卷第 4 期，頁 123-133。
盧倩儀（2004），〈審議式超國家主義〉，《問題與研究》第 43 卷第 6 期，
頁 53-67。
藍玉春（2005），〈歐盟多層次治理：論點與現象〉，《政治科學論叢》，第
24 期，頁 49-76。
蘇宏達（2001），〈「以憲政主權建造」概念解釋歐洲統合之發展〉，《歐美 研究》，第 31 卷第 4 期，頁 629-687。
蘇宏達（2003），〈歐盟理事會〉，《歐洲聯盟的組織與運作》，臺北：五南。
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蘇宏達（2007），〈論歐洲憲法的優位性〉，《歐盟憲法》，臺北：中央研究 院歐美研究所。
外文參考資料 外文參考資料 外文參考資料 外文參考資料
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Coles, Joanne（2003）, Law of the European Union, 4ed, Old Bailey Press.
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205-230.
Pernice, Ingolf & Kanitz, Rolf（2004）, “Fundamental Rights and Multilevel Constitutionalism in European.” WHI Paper 7/04, Berlin. pp. 1-20.
Pernice, Ingolf（2002）, “Multilevel constitutionalism in the European Union.” European Law Review. Oct. Sweet & Maxwell and Contributors. Vol 27. pp. 511-529.
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and Philosophy Vol. 22, pp. 381-392.Walker, Neil（2006）, “EU Constitutionalism in the State Constitutional Tradition.” European University Institute Law Working Paper No.
2006/21. pp. 1-30.
附錄 附錄 附錄 附錄
附錄 1 歐盟憲法第四部分條文綱要整理
部 分 （ PA RT ） 條 文 綱 要 內 容 要 點
第四部分（PART
IV）
歐盟中國家議會的角色（protocol on the role of
national parliaments in the European Union）
輔助原則暨比例原則的使用（protocol on the
application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality）
歐洲法院地位（protocol on the statue of the Court
of Justice of the European Union）
歐洲央行與其銀行系統（Protocol on the Statue of
the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank）
歐洲投資銀行（Protocol on the Statue of the
European Investment Bank）
歐盟組織、機構、部門和辦事處地點（protocol on
the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies, offices, agencies and departments of the European Union）
歐盟權限與豁免（protocol on the privileges and
immunities of the European Union）
條約和條款牽涉丹麥、愛爾蘭和英國和北愛爾 蘭、希臘、西班牙和葡萄牙、澳大利、芬蘭和瑞 典（protocol on the Treaties and Acts of Accession
of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern of Ireland, of the Hellenic Republic, of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic, and of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden）
條約和條款牽涉捷克、愛沙尼亞、賽普勒斯、拉 托尼亞、立陶宛、匈牙利、馬爾他、波蘭、斯洛 維尼亞和斯洛伐克（protocol on the Treaties and
Acts of Accession of the Czech Republic, the
Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the
Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the
Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic）
極端財政赤字作業（protocol on the excessive
deficit procedure）
物價標準（protocol on the convergence criteria）
歐元經濟社群（protocol on the Euro Group）
英國和北愛爾蘭相關的經濟金融聯盟的部分規 定（protocol on certain provisions relating to the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as regards economic and monetary union）
丹麥相關經濟金融聯盟的部分規定（protocol on
certain provisions relating to Denmark as regards economic and monetary union）
丹麥國家銀行任務（protocol on certain tasks of
National Bank of Denmark）
申根協定整合歐盟架構（protocol on the
Schengen acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union）
憲法第 III-130 條對英國與愛爾蘭相關面向的應 用（protocol on the application of certain aspects of
Article III-130 of the Constitution to the United Kingdom and Ireland）
英國與愛爾蘭在邊境控管、庇護和移民、民事上 司法合作暨警察合作的政策地位（protocol on the
position of the United Kingdom and Ireland on policies in respect of border controls, asylum and immigration, judicial cooperation in civil matters and police cooperation）
丹麥的地位（protocol on the position of Denmark）
跨國界會員國涉外關係（protocol on external
relations of the Member States with regard to the crossing of external borders）
會員國國家庇護（protocol on asylum for nationals
of Member State）
憲法第 I-41 條第 6 項和憲法第 III-312 條建立的 長久合作架構（protocol on permanent structured
cooperation established by Article I-41（6） and Article III-312 of the Constitution）
憲法第 I-41 條第 2 項（protocol on Article I-41（2）
of the Constitution）
關於歐盟進口荷蘭安地列斯群島精鍊的石油商 品（protocol concerning imports into the European
Union of petroleum products refined in the
Netherlands Antilles）
丹麥的財產取得（protocol on the acquisition of
property in Denmark）
會員國公共傳播系統（protocol on the system of
public broadcasting in the Member States）
憲法第 III-214 條（protocol concerning Article
III-214 of the Constitution）
經濟、社會和疆域的內聚發展（protocol on
economic, social and territorial cohesion）
格陵蘭的特別安排（protocol on special
arrangements for Greenland）
愛爾蘭憲法第 40.3.3 條（protocol on Article 40.3.3
of the Constitution of Ireland）
關於憲法第 I-9 條第 2 項連結聯盟和歐洲人權暨 基本自由保護公約之規定（protocol relating to
Article I-9（2）of the Constitution on the accession of the Union to the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms）
添加或修改共同體條約和歐盟條約的條款和條 約（protocol on the Acts and Treaties which have
supplemented or amended the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union）
過渡條款關於聯盟的機構和組織（protocol on the
transitional provisions relating to the institutions
and bodies of the Union）
歐洲煤鋼共同體和煤鋼研究基金條約期滿後的 財政處置（protocol on the financial consequences
of the expiry of the Treaty establishing the
European Coal and Steel Community and on the Research Fund for Coal and Steel）
條約修改歐洲原子能共同體（protocol amending
the Treaty establishing the European Atomic
Energy Community）
憲法第 III-226 條相關列表（List referred to in
Article III-216 of the Constitution）
，此項性質為附 件（annexes）。憲法第三部分第四篇關於海外國家與領土的使 用（Overseas countries and territories to which
Title IV of Part III of the Constitution applies）
，此 項性質為附件（annexes）。資料來源：作者整理
附錄 2 歐盟憲法重要條文摘錄
Article I-1 Establishment of the Union
1. Reflecting the will of the citizens and States of Europe to build a common future, this Constitution establishes the European Union, on which the Member States confer competences to attain objectives they have in common. The Union shall coordinate the policies by which the Member States aim to achieve these objectives, and shall exercise on a Community basis the competences they confer on it.
2. The Union shall be open to all European States which respect its values and are committed topromoting them together.
Article I-2 The Union's values
The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.
Article I-5 Relations between the Union and the Member States
1. The union shall respect the equality of Member States before the constitution as well as their national identities, inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, inclusive of regional and local self-government. it shall respect their essential State functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security.
2. Pursuant to the principle of sincere cooperation, the Union and the Member States shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Constitution.
The Member States shall take any appropriate measure, general or particular, to
the acts of the institutions of the Union.
The Member States shall facilitate the achievement of the Union's tasks and refrain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the Union's objectives.
Article I-6 Union law
The Constitution and law adopted by the institutions of the Union in exercising competences conferred on it shall have primacy over the law of the Member States.
Article I-9 Fundamental rights
1. The Union shall recognise the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights which constitutes Part II.
2. The Union shall accede to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Such accession shall not affect the Union's competences as defined in the Constitution.
3. Fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, shall constitute general principles of the Union's law.
Article I-10 Citizenship of the Union
1. Every national of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to national citizenship and shall not replace it.
2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties provided for in the Constitution. They shall have:
(a) the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States;
(b) the right to vote and to stand as candidates in elections to the European Parliament and in municipal elections in their Member State of residence, under the same conditions as nationals of that State;
(c) the right to enjoy, in the territory of a third country in which the Member State of which they are nationals is not represented, the protection of the diplomatic and
that State;
(d) the right to petition the European Parliament, to apply to the European Ombudsman, and to address the institutions and advisory bodies of the Union in any of the Constitution's languages and to obtain a reply in the same language.
These rights shall be exercised in accordance with the conditions and limits defined by the Constitution and by the measures adopted thereunder.
Article I-13 Areas of exclusive competence
1. The Union shall have exclusive competence in the following areas:
(a) customs union;
(b) the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market;
(c) monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the euro;
(d) the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy; Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe 21
(e) common commercial policy.
2. The Union shall also have exclusive competence for the conclusion of an international agreement when its conclusion is provided for in a legislative act of the Union or is necessary to enable the Union to exercise its internal competence, or insofar as its conclusion may affect common rules or alter their scope.
Article I-14 Areas of shared competence
1. The Union shall share competence with the Member States where the Constitution confers on it a competence which does not relate to the areas referred to in Articles I-13 and I-17.
2. Shared competence between the Union and the Member States applies in the following principal areas:
(a) internal market;
(b) social policy, for the aspects defined in Part III;
(c) economic, social and territorial cohesion;
(d) agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological
(d) agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological