第四章 研究結果
第四節 研究限制與對未來研究的建議
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利進入入睡階段,且尚能維持某種程度的睡眠。此一主、客觀的差異現象或許便 是與失眠患者睡前容易有高估自己的激發狀態有關。
綜合上述,失眠患者雖然需要累積更大的睡眠趨力以進到睡眠狀態,但再加 上其在睡前可能會有高估自身的激發狀態,進而產生低估其客觀的睡眠情形,此 或許可解釋臨床上何以失眠患者常會出現有高估其入睡時間,低估其睡眠時間與 睡眠品質之現象,以及常有難以入眠、淺眠、睡眠品質不佳等主觀抱怨之產生。
第四節 研究限制與對未來研究的建議
本研究透過入睡歷程的睡眠腦波頻譜分析,結果亦支持 Perlis 等人所提出的
「失眠神經認知模式」,顯示失眠患者不僅在睡眠時內在認知運作仍處於過活躍 狀態,在入睡歷程中亦呈現出過度激發狀態與較難以降低生理激發的現象,使得 失眠患者不論在主觀或客觀的睡眠上,都難以獲得較佳的睡眠。進一步檢視失眠 患者在入睡歷程的頻譜分析結果,可發現失眠患者在入睡歷程中,因其過度激發 狀態而須累積更多的睡眠趨力,以使失眠患者進入睡眠當中,反映出失眠患者在 入睡歷程中較難以入眠的病因機制,或許應非肇因於「睡眠能力」的損壞或喪失 功能,而是導因於失眠患者在入睡歷程中難以降低的生理激發,進而可能造成失 眠患者在主觀的睡眠感受上會有難以入睡、睡眠較淺眠與難以維持睡眠之感受,
以及客觀上的較多入睡後醒來時數與較差的睡眠品質。本研究不僅支持失眠神經 認知模式的病因理論,亦進一步澄清失眠患者的病因機制,揭示失眠的主要成因 或許是來自於失眠患者在睡前無法累積足夠的睡眠恆定機制,以抑制過度激發狀 態,進而能順利入睡並維持睡眠。意即失眠患者的睡眠恆定機制若要能在入睡歷 程中發揮作用,便需要累積更多的睡眠趨力,以及降低其過度激發狀態。將之應 用在臨床對於失眠患者的處預上,本研究能提供給失眠患者客觀之證據,讓失眠
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頻譜分析)皆來自該晚的 PSG 記錄。過去研究顯示在正常睡眠者身上會有初夜 效應,如增加清醒時間以及減少總睡眠時數、睡眠效率與 REM 睡眠;而在腦波 的頻譜分析上,研究顯示明顯的初夜效應是發生在 REM 睡眠階段(Toussaint, et al., 1997)。因此,根據上述的研究結果來看,本研究在比較失眠患者與一般正常睡 眠者的 PSG 睡眠相關參數上,仍可能會有初夜效應的影響。而在探討失眠患者 與一般正常睡眠者兩組的腦波頻譜分析上,因為本研究主要是以探討入睡歷程階 段,而非包含 REM 睡眠階段,因此本研究之結果似乎可排除初夜效應的影響,
但此一證據目前僅有上述的一篇研究加以探討揭示,若要更確定本研究結果可排 除初夜效應之干擾,後續仍須有更多的相關研究來加以支持驗證。
綜合上述本研究限制之討論,研究者建議後續的研究可按照原發性失眠患者 的主觀睡眠抱怨進行分組探討,進一步釐清是否在不同主觀睡眠抱怨的失眠患者 族群上,存有不同的失眠病因機制。而在實驗前對參與者的睡眠作息監控上,可 加入活動腕表(actigraph),以作為客觀監測指標,並增加研究適應階段(如增 加成連續 3 晚的 PSG 記錄,並以第 3 晚的 PSG 資料作為分析之用),或輔以居 家式 PSG 檢測記錄,以排除參與者刻意隱瞞而有不規律作息所造成的混淆,以 及初夜效應與反初夜效應可能之干擾,亦可獲得更貼近參與者真實情境下的睡眠 情形,而獲得失眠患者現象背後病因機制的更清楚探討。
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附錄三 篩選問卷
姓名: 性別: 年齡:
(一) 睡眠狀況
1. 過去或現在是否曾有連續超過一個月失眠(以下症狀任一:入睡困難、睡眠 中斷難再入睡或早醒,且一週至少有三天)的經驗
是 否
2. 睡覺時大聲打呼的現象(可以是自己觀察或別人回饋)
是 否 (若偶爾有此現象且並未伴隨有呼吸中斷或中止則可接受)
3. 睡覺時呼吸中止的現象(可以是自己觀察或別人回饋)
是 否 (若偶爾有此現象或因受惡夢所驚嚇所致則可接受)
4. 睡覺時腿部抽動或抽蓄(可以是自己觀察或別人回饋)
是 否 (若偶爾有此現象或是單純腳抽筋則可接受)
(二) 現在狀況
1.
目前是否為輪班工作者? 是 否
2. 目前是否有服用任何藥物?
是 否
3. 過去或現在是否有酒精或藥物濫用?
是 否
(三) 過去病史
1. 過去或現在是否曾有至精神科門診看病的經驗
是 否
2. 過去或現在是否曾經在就醫時,經醫師診斷為任何精神/心理相關疾患