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5. 結論
本文針對台灣農牧生產較具規模的二十個行政區,取其自民國 88 年至 105 年共 18 年的農牧業生產相關資料,提列 6 種糧食與特作物、14 種蔬菜作物、11 種水果,及 8 種畜產品共 39 種農牧業產品,並以產值與直接價指數計算實質產 量作為農產品及畜產品的兩種產出,再納入土地、人力,及農機作為投入,以 DEA 方法及 Färe-Primont TFP index 分析並比較觀察期間各行政區的農牧業生產情形。
根據上述資料及方法,利用軟體 DPIN Version 3.0 計算評估各行政區之農牧 業生產效率,以下僅依序將實證結果章節中各小節的結果歸納如後。
1. 各行政區平均 TFPE 及其拆解項的比較:
三種生產效率中,各縣市差距最大的是 ROSE、OTE 次之,最穩定的為 OME,意即在生產規模的選擇是造成生產效率差距的主要原因,技術使用方 面次之,產品組合則因各縣市表現皆屬良好故較無明顯差異。平均效率表現 最佳的前三個行政區為雲林縣、苗栗縣、彰化縣,且表現優良縣市集中於中 南部。除少數縣市如台北市、台東縣、新竹市存在嚴重短期管理能力問題外,
大部分縣市於農牧業生產的問題為生產規模的中長期規劃能力。
2. 行政區與各期間 TFPI 狀況:
嘉義市為成長最穩定且幅度最大之縣市,台北市平均 TFPE 變動雖顯有 進步,但因觀察期間的前期與後期變動方向不同,實際上屬於退步,新竹市 與基隆市二者的生產表現於整個觀察期間均呈現退步。三種效率項中 OME 的變異程度最小,更可證明個縣市在產品組合選擇上相對穩定。
從 TFPI 的時間趨勢看來,現今農牧業生產技術與觀察初期相比確實有 進步,在 104 與 105 年即使面對嚴重天災亦能保持一定的技術水準。
3. 效率值與效率排名的交叉比較:
兩種計算均呈現相同結果的縣市如台中市、高雄市等確實存在 TFPE 的 退步,而效率值表現優秀的雲林縣在效率排名部分則略有不同,雖然效率值
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僅有微幅退步,但效率排名的名次卻因其他縣市的進步顯得落後許多,這個 觀察結果也印證了效率的相對概念。
4. 生產力、技術與效率關係:
藉由技術變動與效率變動的顯著關係可以發現,農牧業生產存在技術進 步與效率改善之間的落差,故為了使生產力得到更大的成長,必須加快技術 進步後生產策略的調整速度,而這對決策者是一大挑戰,政府可藉由加強教 育訓練進行輔助。
5. 純農業部門狀況:
與農牧業相比,純農業表現優良的集中度高上許多,觀察期間有九次的 最佳表現都是嘉義市,再加上農/畜產品產量比與耕地/畜牧用地面積比的差 距過大,導致其他縣市純農業的生產效率低下,由此可發現生產農產品所需 的土地是較畜產品要多的,故畜產品才可在使用少量土地的情況下達到大量 產出。在技術與效率關係的部分,純農業與農牧業有著同樣的結果,兩者均 呈現反向變動。
以上為本文觀察到的實證結果,但在收集資料階段其實尚有可惜之處,導致 此次研究受到了限制。如農業生產的重要投入「肥料」則因政策修改,無法強制 從業人員公佈詳細使用資料,故此次無法將其加入投入變數;又如無法將投入變 數中的土地等級劃分出來,在農業生產中,無論是土壤肥沃度、地形,甚至是氣 候等都會影響種植的決策,在做生產力與效率分析時將這些因素納入考量才是最 為嚴謹的,惟以上資料取得不易,是本次研究的一大遺憾。
在模型設定上本文採用相對簡單的 DEA 模型,然而台灣農業的南北部差異 確實存在,如稻米生產在北部為一年二收,南部則為一年三收,這種差異會導致 同樣投入的情況下,南部的產量會大於北部,放在一起比較對北部較不利,因此 更為嚴謹模型應為 meta-frontier 的 DEA,但受限於軟體權限,本文並無採用,
是另一個可惜之處。
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