• 沒有找到結果。

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第五章、結論與建議

不論在過去十級累進稅制甚或單一稅率下,遺產稅佔整體稅賦比例一直不 高,僅有前 4 至 5% 的人才須承擔稅負,即使超過免稅門檻,真正負擔的有效稅 率也相當低,平均約 3% 至 6%。在個人追求極小化稅負的目標下,從合法的租 稅規避與非法的租稅逃漏研究個人的行為,分別討論扣除額稅盾效果以及影響逃 漏行為的因素。依實證結果顯示,未償債務、農業用地、公共設施保留地扣除額 均具有稅盾效果,當適用稅率愈高,扣除額的節稅效果愈好,然而富有者卻具有 較多的債務,反映虛構債務,或是透過舉債購買資產的情況,因此以扣除額的方 式將被繼承人生前債務予以扣除,將扭曲以現金或舉債購買資產的選擇;農業用 地扣除額的立法目的在於維持農業的繼續經營,農業使用的認定以及列管期間是 否繼續作農業使用等事項須倚賴相關稽查人員作後續的監管,而五年的列管期間 目的雖在防止承受人於享有免稅後將農地廢耕或移轉,實則宣告五年後可將農業 用地另作他用,尤其在民國 89 年開放農業用地自由買賣後,未限制農業用地承 受人是否具農民身分,導致農業用地租稅減免的用意大打折扣;公共設施保留地 扣除額則是考量土地使用受到限制而給予補償,具有免稅又可抵繳遺產稅款的好 處,民國 99 年為避免低價買進公共設施保留地抵繳遺產稅款,修法改為比例抵 繳,再加上實物抵繳僅能就現金或銀行存款不足繳納部分為範圍,持有過多現金 或存款則會影響抵稅效果,因此近年公共設施保留地節稅利益已大幅降低。

政府多透過扣除額的方式鼓勵特定行為或補償特定對象,不僅破壞稅制的完 整性,且對於適用稅率低甚或不須繳稅的低財富者,扣除額對其沒有任何效果,

真正能享受扣除額好處的卻是富有者,富有者有能力向金融機構融資,以貸款方 式購買免稅資產享有雙重節稅利益;能夠向老農民、原地主購買農業用地或公共 設施保留地作為節稅的管道,如此看來,政府提供租稅減免反而造成「反補貼」

的現象,破壞遺產稅平均社會財富的功能,若是考量被繼承人生前留有債務的負 擔,或是保障債權人債權的行使、確保農業用地的繼續經營、補償公共設施保留

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地原地主的損失,給予定額的扣抵稅額 (tax credit) 也能達到相同的目的,且與 扣除額不同的是,扣抵稅額不會受到稅率高低的影響,更能確保租稅減免實際用 於真正需要的人,而非成為富有者節稅的工具。

Feldman and Slemrod (2007) 認為納稅人必須隱藏財產、投入更多資源以從 事租稅逃漏,更造成誠實申報與逃漏租稅者之間的不公平,稽徵機關加強查核也 使得稽徵成本增加,不論就效率面或公平面,租稅逃漏行為對社會產生額外的成 本。再加上遺產稅係針對死亡時一切有價值的財產與權利課稅,不同的財產種類 須倚賴稽徵機關分別評價,容易產生逃漏的空間,在人力與資源有限下,於選案 查核時可以針對持有較多投資、其他財產者優先查核;從未償債務扣除額以及不 計入項目的申報情況也能反映逃漏的傾向,支持 Eller et al. (2000) 的論述,合法 的租稅規避提供逃漏的公開途徑,但也可能提供更多逃漏機會,導致租稅逃漏行 為的惡化;在分析被繼承人生前贈與情況後,兩年前贈與對逃漏行為有正向影 響,若能觀察到死亡前幾年的財產移轉狀況,其進行租稅規避或逃漏的可能性愈 高。與過去文獻不同的是,本文首次考慮稅制變動的影響,扣除額的稅盾效果在 修法後減少,透過合法租稅規避管道節稅的效益減少,而修法也明顯對於是否逃 漏與逃漏多寡兩項決策有負向影響,換言之,調降稅率的確能有效提升租稅順 從。除此之外,考慮到逃漏與否為負責申報之繼承人所選擇的行為,而逃漏行為 存在負的自我選擇因素,過去文獻未考慮此項影響將使估計結果高估。

本文限制在於逃漏認定係依據稽徵機關查核,可能有逃漏卻未被查核的情 況,因此本文分析的結果可視為對逃漏行為的保守估計,再加上從稅務申報資料 無法分辨有查核未逃漏與未查核的樣本,無法得知稽徵機關選案查核的行為,而 逃漏稅理論中也會考慮稽徵機關查核機率對個人逃漏決策的影響,Alm et al.

(1993) 指出選案查核同樣為選擇後的結果,若能控制稽徵機關與個人選擇的因 素後,再估計逃漏多寡,則能更完整估計個人逃漏決策。

租稅減免存在特定的政策目的,而給予減免的同時也造成資產種類之間存在 不同租稅待遇,導致納稅人選擇「租稅偏好」的項目,不僅產生資產配置上的扭

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曲,也提供更多租稅逃漏的管道,民國 106 年 4 月底已經通過將遺產及贈與稅率 改為三級累進制,在不動 1,200 萬元免稅額的情況下,對於原本財富水準不高者 不受影響,但超過 5,000 萬元以上者必須面對稅率 15% 或 20%,雖然仍不及過 去十級累進的最高稅率 50%,此次修正仍增加財富水準高者的租稅負擔,在稅負 加重之下,勢必增加進行租稅規避與逃漏的誘因,在提高稅率以期望增加稅收的 同時,如何減少稅基漏洞、降低順從成本,並提升稽徵機關查核效率,在未來進 行稅制修正時也須一併考慮,才能確保有穩健的遺產及贈與稅收挹注國庫。

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60

附錄

附表 1、各國租稅負擔率 (不含社會安全捐)

單位:百分比

中華民國 法國 德國 冰島 義大利 日本 韓國 荷蘭 挪威 西班牙 瑞士 英國 美國

2001 12.4 27.2 21.1 31.7 28.8 17.0 17.8 22.8 33.0 21.2 20.0 28.8 20.5 2002 11.5 26.5 20.5 31.5 28.1 15.9 17.8 22.7 32.6 21.6 20.4 27.6 18.3 2003 11.4 26.2 20.6 32.6 28.2 15.5 18.2 22.0 32.0 21.5 19.9 26.9 17.9 2004 11.9 26.5 20.1 33.6 27.5 16.2 17.4 21.9 33.2 22.5 20.0 27.1 18.1 2005 13.0 26.9 20.4 36.3 27.1 17.2 17.8 23.8 33.8 23.5 20.1 27.4 19.5 2006 12.7 27.1 21.3 37.2 28.6 17.8 18.6 23.3 34.3 24.3 20.1 28.1 20.3 2007 12.9 26.7 22.1 35.8 29.2 18.1 19.6 23.5 33.4 24.7 20.0 27.8 20.4 2008 13.4 26.4 22.5 32.4 28.8 17.4 19.3 23.0 32.8 20.5 20.5 27.5 18.9 2009 11.8 25.1 22.2 29.1 28.9 15.9 18.2 22.6 31.6 18.1 20.6 25.9 16.7 2010 11.5 25.5 21.3 29.4 28.8 16.2 17.9 23.0 32.5 18.1 20.2 26.5 17.0 2011 12.3 26.6 21.9 30.5 29.0 16.7 18.4 22.1 32.8 19.6 20.4 27.3 18.1 2012 12.2 27.6 22.5 31.5 30.8 17.2 18.7 21.4 32.2 20.7 20.2 26.7 18.6 2013 12.0 28.3 22.6 32.2 30.8 17.9 17.9 21.7 31.0 21.4 20.1 26.7 19.3 2014 12.3 28.2 22.1 35.0 30.5 18.0 29.2 21.8 19.9 26.5 19.8 2015 12.7 28.6 22.9 33.5 30.3 18.5 23.5 27.6 22.5 21.0 30.3 20.1 平均 12.3 26.9 21.6 32.8 29.0 16.8 18.3 22.7 32.1 21.5 20.2 27.4 18.9

註:「-」表示未有資料。

資料來源:中華民國財政統計年報 (歷年);OECD, Revenue Statistics (2017)。

[0.00334] [0.00620] [0.00343] [0.00493] [0.00236] [0.00395]

房屋 -0.00322 -0.00704* -0.00377 -0.00632* -0.00301* -0.00635**

[0.00196] [0.00358] [0.00217] [0.00312] [0.00145] [0.00239]

存款 0.00612** 0.0117*** -0.00116 -0.0122*** 0.00372* 0.000651 [0.00196] [0.00344] [0.00229] [0.00312] [0.00148] [0.00234]

投資 0.0123*** 0.0225*** 0.00834*** 0.0121*** 0.0104*** 0.0168***

[0.00177] [0.00333] [0.00184] [0.00261] [0.00126] [0.00211]

其他 0.0230*** 0.0588*** 0.0234*** 0.0363*** 0.0230*** 0.0462***

[0.00159] [0.00299] [0.00173] [0.00237] [0.00116] [0.00190]

未償債務扣除額 0.0244*** 0.0654*** 0.0257*** 0.0632*** 0.0245*** 0.0649***

[0.00194] [0.00416] [0.00221] [0.00377] [0.00145] [0.00283]

農業用地扣除額 0.00737*** 0.0131*** 0.00987***

[0.00170] [0.00178] [0.00122]

公共設施保留地扣除額 0.0125*** 0.0112*** 0.0119***

[0.00165] [0.00176] [0.00119]

不計入項目 0.0143*** 0.0199*** 0.0168***

[0.00207] [0.00197] [0.00141]

兩年內贈與次數 0.0320 -0.102** -0.0573*

[0.00334] [0.00758] [0.00343] [0.00641] [0.00236] [0.00496]

房屋 -0.00322 -0.00418 -0.00377 -0.00814* -0.00301* -0.00548 [0.00196] [0.00438] [0.00217] [0.00406] [0.00145] [0.00300]

存款 0.00612** 0.0214*** -0.00116 -0.00953* 0.00372* 0.00720* [0.00196] [0.00421] [0.00229] [0.00406] [0.00148] [0.00293]

投資 0.0123*** 0.0469*** 0.00834*** 0.0179*** 0.0104*** 0.0314***

[0.00177] [0.00407] [0.00184] [0.00339] [0.00126] [0.00265]

其他 0.0230*** 0.0737*** 0.0234*** 0.0513*** 0.0230*** 0.0607***

[0.00159] [0.00365] [0.00173] [0.00309] [0.00116] [0.00239]

未償債務扣除額 0.0244*** 0.0874*** 0.0257*** 0.0782*** 0.0245*** 0.0839***

[0.00194] [0.00508] [0.00221] [0.00491] [0.00145] [0.00355]

農業用地扣除額 0.00737*** 0.0131*** 0.00987***

[0.00170] [0.00178] [0.00122]

公共設施保留地扣除額 0.0125*** 0.0112*** 0.0119***

[0.00165] [0.00176] [0.00119]

不計入項目 0.0143*** 0.0199*** 0.0168***

[0.00207] [0.00197] [0.00141]

兩年內贈與次數 0.0320 -0.102** -0.0573*

[0.00120] [0.00259] [0.00106] [0.00148] [0.000612] [0.00136]

投資比例 0.357*** 0.793*** 0.301*** 0.535*** 0.323*** 0.648***

[0.00202] [0.00192] [0.00138]

兩年內贈與次數 0.0267 -0.0933** -0.0508*

[0.00120] [0.00316] [0.00106] [0.00193] [0.000612] [0.00170]

投資比例 0.357*** 1.141*** 0.301*** 0.839*** 0.323*** 0.962***

[0.00202] [0.00192] [0.00138]

兩年內贈與次數 0.0267 -0.0933** -0.0508*

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