• 沒有找到結果。

在光纖上利用鎖模雷射傳遞微波頻率標準,我們可以做到經過光纜傳遞微波 頻率標準,在積分時間為 1 秒時頻率不穩定度大約為 2.0x10-13,相較於光梳頻雷 射輸出的微波頻率標準而言,經過 3 km光纜導致頻率不穩定度大約為 10-14(積分 時間為 1 秒時),由於現在頻率標準做到 10-13已經是很好的,所以這個變化對於 現階段的頻率標準量測來講影響不是很大。但在傳遞微波頻率標準的實驗中我們 遇到了一個困難,由於頻率計數器是非常靈敏的電子儀器,所以只要實驗室整體 環境的突然改變或者因為外界聲音的干擾以及電磁波的影響,往往會造成計數的 值會有所誤差,所以每次實驗即使在光梳頻雷射的輸出設定都是一樣的情況下進

行, 有

所不同,在傳遞微波頻率 實驗重複過好幾次後,

測量到的最佳值。

在光纖上利用鎖模雷射傳遞光波頻率標準,我們可以做到經過光纜傳遞光波 率標準,在積分時間為 1 秒時頻率穩定度大約為 7.5x10-15,這個傳遞光波頻率 準的穩定度可以達到和發表過的文獻中[11]直接利用連續波雷射傳遞光波頻率 準的穩定度幾乎一樣佳。而經過 3 km光纜傳遞光波頻率標準所導致的頻率不 定度,在積分時間為 1 秒時,約為 5x10-15。一樣在傳遞光波頻率標準的實驗中 們遇到了一個困難,即是外腔式二極體雷射的穩頻,由於拍頻的大小要超過 30 B以上,才能將外腔式二極體雷射穩頻,由於我們是利用經過光纜傳回的光梳

外腔式二極體雷射輸出光的拍頻,來作外腔式二極體雷射的穩頻,但由於經過 纖後,光極化方向(polarization)會一直改變,以致於拍頻訊號可能會減小,若 頻的大小無法超過 30 dB時,會使得外腔式二極體雷射失去穩頻,也是因為這 原因使得我們無法如同傳遞微波頻率標準一樣,在時域上去做長時間的量測。

為了達到良好的光纖傳輸品質,必須應用色散補償(Dispersion compensation) 術。用 1550-nm 波帶信號作傳輸光源之優點為: (1)在一般單模光纖(SMF)傳

仍然會因為上述的影響使得每次實驗量測的值對應到的Allan deviation會 標準的實驗中所陳述的值,都是

頻 標 標 穩 我 d 與 光 拍 個

播時,有最低的光傳輸 器在此頻帶使用,

可直接放大光信號或補償光纖傳輸損耗。因 1550-nm 波帶信號遠離零色散點的 1310-nm,信號在單模光纖傳送時,因色散效應而變寬(Pulse broaden),造成信 號失真(distortion),適當的色散補償可減低脈衝寬度變寬之現象,達到長距離傳 輸之功能,如此可以使信號波形品質恢復和原先輸入端差不多。可以利用以下 2 種色散補償技術來減低經過光纖後傳回的脈衝寬度變寬之現象。(1)色散移位光 纖(Dispersion-Shifted Fiber;DSF),其特點為利用材料特性,在製造光纖時,使 零色散點由 1310-nm 移至最低光損失之 1550-nm 附近,則光纖可兼具低損失與 零色散兩個優點。(2)色散補償光纖(Dispersion Compensation Fiber;DCF),其 特點為利用材料特性,在製造光纖時,使其在 1550-nm 附近之 85 ps/nm/km),為一般單模光纖(+17 ps/nm/km)之 5 倍大左右。在系統傳輸時,交 錯使用單模光纖及色散補償光纖(總長度比約為 5:1),使其總色散值約為零,交 錯使用單模光纖及色散補償光纖,可得到較之於將所有色散補償光纖置於系統前 端或後端稍佳之傳輸特性。因為色散補償光纖通常至於實驗室,並不隨光纜放於 兩個目的地之間,故如果以 5 km 傳輸來說,即是包含 5 km 的單模光纖及 1 km 左右的色散補償光纖,則必須耗用額外的掺鉺光纖放大器(erbium-doped fiber amplifier;EDFA),去補償色散補償光纖所造成之光傳輸損耗。

另一方面,可以去做主動消除雜訊(active noise cancellation)的動作,先偵測 纖造成的相位雜訊,藉由在光纜前加上一個聲光調制器(Acousto-Optic Modulators;AOM),反向輸入一個相位雜訊主動去消除光纖造成的雜訊,在發 表過的文獻[40]中指出,可以因此而讓頻率不穩定度降低。

使用更好的微波頻率標準或更穩定的光波頻率標準,可以去改善量測系統所 能量測到頻率穩定度的極限,或許傳遞微波及光波頻率標準的頻率穩定度可以量 測到更佳的值。

損耗(~0.2 dB/km)。(2)摻鉺光纖光放大

色散值為負值(~

-到光

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