• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第二節 建議

二、 英文部分

Araujo,L.(2000).Traversing home/school,English/Portuguese: Young learners path to literacy learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation ,University of Delaware, Delaware.

Babyak, A. E., Koorland, M., & Mathes, P. G. (2000). The effects of story mapping instruction on the reading comprehension of students with behavioral disorders.

Behavioral Disorders, 25(3), 239-258.

Bender, W.N.(2001) .Learning disabilities: Characteristics , identification, and teaching strategies. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Blachman, B.A. (1994). What we have learned from longitudinal studies of phonological processing and reading, and some unanswered questions: A response to Torgesen, Wagner and Rashotte. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 287-291.

Boulineau, T., Fore, C., Hagan-Burke, S., & Burke, M. D. (2004). Use of story-mapping to increase the story-grammar text comprehension of elementary students with

learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27(2), 105-121.

Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1985). Categorizing sounds and learning to read—A casual connection. Nature, 301, 419-421.

Calderon,Slavin & Hert-Lazarowitz. (1998). Effects of bilingual cooperative integrated reading and composition on students making the transition from Spanish to English reading. The Elementary School Journal,99(2),153-165.

Davies, P., Shanks, B., & Davies, K. (2004). Improving narrative skill in young children with delayed language development. Educational Review, 56(3),271-286.

Denyse, H.R. & Phyllis,S.R.(2000) . Effectiveness of teaching story grammar knowledge to pre-school children with language impairment. An exploratory study.Child

Language Teaching and Therapy, 16(3), 255-284.

Dimino, J. A., Gersten, R., Carnine, D. & Blake, G. (1990). Story grammar: An approach

for promoting at-risk secondary students’ comprehension of literature. Elementary School Journal, 91(1), 19-32.

Dimino,J.A.,Gersten,R.,Carnine,D.,&Blake,G.(1990).Story grammar: An approach for promoting at-risk secondary students’ comprehension of literature .Elementary School Jounal , 91, 19-32.

Donahue, P.L., Voekl, K.E., Campbell , J.R. & Mazzeo ,J .(1999). The NAEP 1998 reading report card for the nation and the states. Washington , DC:National Center for Education Statistics .

Ekwall,E. & Shanker, J. (1988) . Diagnosis and remediation of the disabled reader

(3rded.) . Boston :Al lyn & Bacon .

Fitzgerald, J. & Teasley, A. B. (1986). Effects of instruction in narrative structure on children’s writing. Journal of Education Psychology, 78(6), 424-432.

Gagné, E.D.(1985). The cognitive psychology of school learning. Boston:Little,Brown.

Gagné,E.D., Yekovich,C.W., & Yekovich.F.R.(1993). The cognitive psychology of schoollearning(2nd ed.).New York,NY:HarperCollins College Publishers.

Gambrell, L.B., & Chasen, S.P. (1991). Explicit story structure instruction and the narrative writing of fourth-and fifth-grade below-average readers.Reading Resreach

& Instruction, 31(1), 54-62.

Gardill, M. C., & Jitendra, A. K. (1999). Advanced story map instruction: Effects on the reading comprehension of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Special Education, 33(1), 2-17.

Goodman, K. S. (1967). Behind the eye: What happens in reading. In K.S. Goodman &

O.S. Niles (Eds), Reading: Process and program.Champaign. IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

Gough, P. B. (1976). One second of reading. In H. Singer & R. Ruddell (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading , (2nd ed.) , 509-535. Newark, DE:

International Reading Association.

Gough, P.B., & Tunmer, W.E. (1986). Decoding, reading and reading disability.

Remedial and Special Education,7(1),6-10.

Gunning, T. G. (2002). Assessing and correcting reading and writing difficulties. (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Gurmey, D., Gersten, R., Dimino, J., & Carnine, D. (1990). Story grammar: Effective literature instruction for high school students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23(6), 335-342.

Hayward, D.& Schneider, P. (2000). Effectiveness of teaching story grammar knowledge to pre-school children with language impairment. An exploratory study. Child

Language Teaching & Therapy, 16(3), 255-284.

Huang, H.S., & Hanley, J, R.(1995). Phonologicail awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English .Cognition, 54, 73-98.

Idol, L. (1987): Group Story Mapping: A comprehension strategy for both skilled and unskilled readers.Journal of Learning Disbilities,20(4).196-205.

Idol,L.,& Croll ,V.J.(1987) Story-mapping training as a means of improving reading comprehension .Learning Disability Quarterly ,10,124-299.

Joshi, R. M., & Aaron, P. G.(2000). The component model of reading:Simple view of reading made a little more complex. Reading Psychology, 21, 85-97.

Juel, C. (1998). Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), 437-447.

Klean-Aker, J. (1993). An intervention programme for improving story-telling:a case study. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 9,105-115.

Kuldanek, K. (1998). The effect of using a combination of story frames and retelling strategies with learning disabled students to build their comprehension ability. (ERIC document reproduction serveric NO. ED 416469).

Laberge, D. & Samuels, S. J.(1974).Toward a theory of automatic information processing inreading.Cognitive psychology,6,283-323.

Lorch,E.P.,Sanchez,R.P.,Broek,P.v.d., & Milich,R.(1999).The relation of story structure properties to recall of television stories in young children with attention-deficit

hyperactivity disorder and nonreferred peers.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,27(4),293-309.

Lederer, J . M . (2000) . Reciprocal teaching of social studies ininclusive elementary classrooms . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33(1),91-106.

Lerner, J . W. (2000) . Learningdisabilities:Theories, diagnosis ,and teaching strategies

(8th ed.). Boston ,MA: Houghton Mjfflin Co .

Li,Daqi.(2007).Story Mapping and Its Effects on the writing Fluency and Word Diversity of students with Learning Disabilities. Learning Disabilities:A Contemporary

Journal.5(1),77-93.

Lyon, R., & Moats, L. C. (1997). Critical conceptual and methodological considerations in reading intervention research. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30(6), 578-588.

Mastropieri,M.A., & Scruggs,T.E. (1997). Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities.Remedial & Special Education, 18, 197-216.

McGregor, K. K. (2000). The development and enhancement of narrative skills in a preschool classroom:towards a solution to clinician-client mismatch.American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9, 55-71.

Pearson,P.D.& Johnson,D.D.(1978).Teaching reading omprehension .NY:Holt,Rinehart and Winston.

Roth,F.P. (2000).Narrative writing:Development and teaching with children with writing difficulties. Topics in Language Disorders,20(4),15-27.

Rumelhart,D.E. (1977).Notes on a schema for stories.In Bobrow,D.G.&Collins,A.M.

(Eds).Representation and understanding:Studies in cognitive science.New York:

Academic Press.

Schirmer, B. R., & Bond, W. L. (1990). Enhancing the hearing impaired child’s

knowledge of story structure to improve comprehension of narrative text. Reading Improvement, 27(4), 242-254.

Staal, Laura, A. (2000).The Story Face:An adaptation of story mapping that incorporates visualization and discovery learning to enhance reading and writing.The Reading

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Stevenson, K. E., Stigler, J. W., Lucker, G. W., Lee , S.Y.,

Hsu, C. C.& Kitamura, S.(1982). Readingdisabilities : The case of Chinese, Japanese and English. Child Development , 53 , 1164-1181.

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Williams, J. P. (1998). Improving comprehension of disabled readers. Annals of Dyslexia, 48, 213-238.

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Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33,322-324.

附錄一 家長同意書

家長同意書

親愛的家長:

您好! 我是我是國立台東附小資源班教師鄭慧芬,目前是國立台東大學特殊教育學 系碩士班研究生。在劉明松教授的指導下,正在進行一項閱讀理解的教學研究,希望 透過教學研究的實施,提升貴子弟的閱讀動機及閱讀理解方面的能力。此項教學計畫 主要是配合學生到資源班上課的時間進行,誠摯地邀請貴子弟參與此項實驗教學,若 您同意貴子弟參加教學,煩請簽寫此份同意書,衷心感謝您的支持! 若你對此項教 學有任何疑問,請隨時與我聯繫,我很樂意為您說明。

敬祝 事事如意

臺東大學特殊教育學系碩士班研究生 鄭慧芬 敬上 聯絡電話: 089 - 322047 轉866。

. . . .. . . ………... . . .

家長同意書(回條)

( )年( ) 班 學生:( )

□ 同意 參加計畫

□ 不同意 參加此計畫

家長簽章:

中 華 民 國 年 月 日

附錄二 實驗教學及評量教材

A基線期 B1示範期 B2引導練習期

編號 故事名稱 編號 故事名稱 編號 故事名稱 測驗1 坐捷運 教學1 王羲之的故事 教學1 歧路亡羊

測驗2 探訪原生植物園 教學2 油炸鬼 教學2 名醫李時珍 測驗3 誰救了我 教學3 生命吸管 教學3 忘了咒語的巫婆 測驗4 麵包裡的銀幣 教學4 蟋蟀黃金 教學4 幽默的蘇格拉底 測驗5 難忘的經驗 測驗1 只要我長大 測驗1 名醫李時珍 測驗6 勇敢的巨人 測驗2 口蜜腹劍 測驗2 忘了咒語的巫婆 測驗7 永遠的譚爸爸 測驗3 賽夏族的矮靈祭 測驗3 幽默的蘇格拉底 測驗8 舊愛變新歡義賣活動 測驗4 志明的夢 測驗4 鱷魚得了皮膚病

B3獨立練習期 A´維持期

測驗1 烏桕巷的故事 測驗1 快樂志工 測驗2 風雨交加的夜晚 測驗2 宜蘭童玩節 測驗3 山中傳奇—達娜伊谷 測驗3 參觀恐龍展 測驗4 參觀宜蘭傳統藝術中

測驗4 綠色森林毒氣事件 測驗5 慰問卡 測驗5 黃鶯阿吉

測驗6 關鍵的一球 測驗6 普羅米修斯的故事 測驗7 帶來歡笑的迪士尼 測驗7 府城遊記

測驗8 幫小狗找新家 測驗8 咚咚的大噴嚏

教材範例: 故事編號:1

坐捷運

星期天,姑姑帶我坐捷運到淡水。她說:「台北的捷運,淡水線路程最長,

共二十二個車站,全程分為地下、地面、高架三段。走,我帶你去感受一下吧

!」

我們從台北車站開始搭乘,跟著大家排隊搭電扶梯下樓。我覺得這個地下 車站好像一個大廣場,不但通風良好,而且燈光明亮,一走進去,就對她留下 很好的印象。

姑姑拿出一張台北捷運悠遊卡給我,教我將悠遊卡輕觸閘門上的感應區,

我們就通過閘門,進入月台。在月台上等不到五分鐘,一列掛著長長車廂的電 車就到站了。車廂裡乾淨明亮,坐著、站著,都覺得很舒適。姑姑說方便快速 的捷運,不但解決台北都會區長期以來的交通問題,更難能可貴的是,在大家 的努力下,台北已成為一個有禮貌又有文化的城市。剛開始,列車緩緩地前進

,離站後,速度才逐漸加快。起初經過的幾占因為是在地下,窗外沒什麼可看 的;但是每一靠站,就會令人眼睛一亮,那些車站的牆上,都裝設有照明燈的 精采廣告,非常美觀。

車程的中段,列車開始由地下開上高架軌道。平日,我們習慣在地上仰望 高樓,現在卻是從高處俯瞰街景。那些平時看慣的街樹、花園、人行道、沿著 軌道不斷的向前延伸,竟有一種說不出的美感。過了北投站列車由高架駛向地 面。車窗外,銀光閃閃的淡水河、美麗的關渡大橋、充滿綠意的紅樹林,像一 張張的風景明信片呈現在眼前。列車抵達淡水站時,姑姑指著月台上的中說:

「真快,只花了三十五分鐘!」她看我一副捨不得離開的樣子,笑著說:「別發 呆了,還有回程呢!快跟我到淡水走走吧!」

附錄三 專家效度名單

專家效度名單(按姓氏筆畫排列)

分類 姓名 職稱

學者、專家 劉明松 國立台東大學 特殊教育學系副教授

兼特教系主任

學者、專家 魏俊華 國立台東大學 特殊教育學系教授 實務工作者 李育文 國立台東大學資源班教師

高純萍 國立台東大學資源班教師

附錄四 文章結構理解測驗內容效度評鑑專家之請託函

老師鈞鑑:

百忙之中打擾,懇請見諒。

這份評量是為在進行的故事結構教學策略對國小學習障礙學生閱讀理解成效之 探討所自編的測驗題目,為考驗測驗之內容效度,特擬商請對此頗有研判心得的您撥 冗賜教指正。填寫的方式,煩請您逐一閱讀測驗中各向度內的題目,就專業考量決定。

ㄧ、題目若可採用,請依測驗編號及題號在空格中打「」

二、題目若可採用,但措辭不宜時請在題目上直接修改。

再次感謝您熱心的協助,並在此致上由衷的感謝。謝謝您!

敬頌 教安

國立台東大學特殊教育學系碩士班研究生 鄭慧芬敬上 指導教授 劉明松

中 華 民 國 一 O 二 年 一 月

附錄五 文章結構理解測驗(範例1)

姓名: 測驗:1A

故事名稱:坐捷運

※請依照剛剛閱讀的文章內容,回答下面問題:

1.故事中的主角是誰?其他配角有誰?

2.他們在哪一個城市?這件事情事發生在什麼時間呢?

3.他們打算做什麼事情?

4.他們經了那些重要的事情?

5.故事最後的結果如何?

6.作者的感覺如何?

附錄六 文章結構理解測驗評分表

文章結構理解測驗評分表

研究參與學生: 測驗1A:

評分者:

作答摘錄 評量結果

1. 主角

0 1 2

2. 文章背景

0 1 2

3. 問題

0 1 2

4. 主角反應

0 1 2

5. 事件經過

0 1 2

6. 事件結果

0 1 2

作答記錄:完全正確:2 部分正確:1分 回答錯誤或未回答:0分

附錄七 文章內涵理解測驗(範例)

姓名: 測驗:1B

故事名稱:坐捷運

※請依照剛剛閱讀的文章內容,回答下面問題:

( )1.作者的姑姑帶作者坐捷運到哪裡?

(①北投②淡水③新店④內湖)

( )2.坐捷運時,我們拿什麼卡輕觸捷運站閘門的感應區就可以通過閘門?

(①信用卡②金融卡③悠遊卡④提款卡)

( )3.坐淡水線捷運看不到下列哪一個風景?

(①關渡大橋②101 大樓③淡水河④劍潭)

( )4.從課文中我們可以知道,從臺北站到淡水站需要花多久的時間?

(①三十五分鐘②二十五分鐘③四十五分鐘④五十五分鐘)

( )5.下列哪一個選項不是作者對臺北車站留下良好印象的原因?(①因為臺北 車站燈光明亮②因為臺北車站通風良好③因為臺北車站有美食街④因為臺 北車站建築新穎)

( )6.作者把淡水和美麗的景色形容成什麼?

(① 一幅風景畫②一張張風景明信片③一張地圖④一張潑水畫)

( )7.捷運對台北沒有那些貢獻?(①解決交通擁擠的問題②提升觀光人數③使

( )7.捷運對台北沒有那些貢獻?(①解決交通擁擠的問題②提升觀光人數③使

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