199 Lamy Notes Rising Interest in WTO Government Procurement Agreement, supra note 178.
200 WTO, Committee on Government Procurement, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 10 February 2010 (on file with author) [hereinafter Summary of 10 February 2010 Discussion].
201 WTO 秘書長針對此波金融暨經濟危機及貿易措施之發展向貿易政策檢討機制（Trade Policy Review Body）提交一份報告，其附件即針對各國之貿易措施與財政刺激措施作一整理。請參閱 WTO Director-General, Report to the TPRB from the WTO Director-General on the Financial and Economic Crisis and Trade-Related Developments, Mar. 26, 2009, http:// www.wto.org/english/
news_e/news09_e/trdev_dg_report_14apr09_e.doc;有論者則將各國因應此次危機之措施大致區分 為三種類型：(1)為提高金融服務機構穩定之措施 (2)指示金融機構對其他經濟部門提供信用 (3) 針對特定策略性產業之措施或財政刺激方案, See Anne van Aaken & Jürgen Kurtz, Prudence or Discrimination? Emergency Measures, The Global Financial Crisis and International Economic Law, 12 J.INT’L ECON.L. 859, 862 (2009).
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203 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, available at http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/
The_Act.aspx.
204 另外 35%的預算用於減稅計畫。Ted Barrett, Dana Bash, Lisa Desjardins, Evan Glass, Mark Preston and Deirdre Walsh, Stimulus Package en Route to Obama's Desk, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html (last visited July 11, 2010).
205 Recovery.gov, About-The Act, http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx.
206 Id.
207 事實上，Buy American 條款可追溯至 1933 年之「購買美國產品法案（Buy American Act）」。
該案可謂經濟大蕭條下之產物，要求美國政府的支出必頇購買美國製造的產品。ARRA 法案當中 之 Buy American 條款，其精神與「購買美國產品法案」一致。關於購買美國貨法案之介紹與討 論，請參閱 MCCRUDDEN, 前揭註 190, 與其相關內文。
208 ARRA, BUY AMERICAN: 1605. 'Use of American Iron, Steel and Manufactured Goods.
(a) None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act may be used for a project for the construction, alteration, maintenance, or repair of a public building or public work unless all of the iron, steel, and manufactured goods used in the project are produced in the United States.
(b) Subsection (a) shall not apply in any case or category of cases in which the head of the Federal department or agency involved finds that--(1) applying subsection (a) would be inconsistent with the public interest; (2) iron, steel and the relevant manufactured goods are not produced in the United States in sufficient and reasonably available quantities and of a satisfactory quality; or (3) inclusion of iron, steel, and manufactured goods produced in the United States will increase the cost of the overall project by more than 25 percent.
(c) If the head of a Federal department or agency determines that it is necessary to waive the application of subsection (a) based on a finding under subsection (b), the head of the department or agency shall publish in the Federal Register a detailed written justification as to why the provision is being waived.
(d) This section shall be applied in a manner consistent with United States obligations under
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Procurement, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 13 May 2009;Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 14 July 2009, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 7 October 2009; Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 9 December 2009 (on file with author).
210 European Communities, Questions for the United States Regarding the Buy America(n) Provisions in the US Economic Stimulus Package, WTO Doc. GPA/W/303 (Mar. 24, 2009); European Communities, Questions for the United States Regarding the Buy America(n) Provisions in the US Economic Stimulus Package, WTO Doc. GPA/W/305 (July 3, 2009).
211 United States, Responses of the United States to Questions of the European Communities With Respect to the Buy American Provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, WTO Doc. GPA/W/304 (Apr. 27, 2009); United States, Responses of the United States to Additional Questions of the European Communities regarding the “Buy American” Provisions in the US Economic Stimulus Package, WTO Doc. GPA/W/307 (Oct. 1, 2009).
212 有學者針對該措施與政府採購協定之適法性作出初步分析，請參閱 Anne van Aaken & Jürgen Kurtz, Prudence or Discrimination? Emergency Measures, The Global Financial Crisis and International Economic Law, 12 J.INT’L ECON.L. 859, 880-81 (2009). 關於如何符合 ARRA 法案之 規定與美國對該法案之管制架構，請參閱 Gordon Eng, Complying with the Buy American Provisions
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available at http://people.uleth.ca/~geoffrey.hale/3850%20Buy%20American%20case%20study.pdf (last visited July 20, 2010).214 Id.
215 Id.
216 John Ivison, U.S. Stimulus Stifling Canada, NATIONAL POST, Apr. 30, 2009, A1, http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1547338.
217 Tom Barkley & Henry J. Pulizzi, U.S., Canada Set Deal on „Buy America‟, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Feb. 5, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870389430457504
7282403176858.html.
218 Geoffrey Hale, supra note 213, at 5. 過去加拿大中央政府對於省政府之採購缺乏憲法上之管制 權力，且由於其省政府與地方政府慣用優惠措施作為政策，故該層級之政府採購市場一直未適用 任何國際協定，包括 NAFTA 或任何加拿大與其他國家簽署之 FTA。
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採購協定（Agreement between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of Canada on Government Procurement）219，根據該協定第 12 條，此協定於今年 2 月 16 日生效220。其內容可分成三部分，A 部分係雙方在政府採 購協定之下互相交換附件二機關（Mutual Exchange Concerning Annex 2 Entities under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement）；B 部分為雙方暫時增加 適用之範圍（Temporary Agreement on Enhanced Coverage）；C 部分為最終條款
（Final Provisions）。除了協定文本之外並有三個附件（Appendix）：附件 A 係加 拿大將通知政府採購委員會關於其修改之附件內容，包括其於附件二開放之省政 Canada on Government Procurement, available at http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/1638 (last visited July 12, 2010).
220 Id. art. 12.
221 Id. art. 1.（關於雙方開放之實質內容，請參閱第叁章第二節第二項，加拿大之修改回應與美
國第二次修改回應的部分）。
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Notes no. 6: With the exception of the United States of America, the offer by Canada with respect to goods and services (including construction) in Annex 2 is subject to negotiation of mutually acceptable commitments (including thresholds) with other Parties.224 Id. art. 4.
225 Id. art. 6.
226 US Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Services, water and waste disposal programs;
US Department of Agriculture, Rural Housing Service, community facilities program;
US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants;
US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, State Energy Program;
US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Planning Development, Community Development Block Grants Recovery;
US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Public and Indian Housing, Public Housing Capital Fund;
US Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds
227 Agreement between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of Canada on Government Procurement, art. 7.
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同條第 2 項，雙方設置快速諮商（expedited consultation）的機制，任一方若請求 尌政府採購事項進行快速諮商，另一方頇在 10 天之內與之開始進行諮商231。協 Canada on Government Procurement, Appendix B (Modification to Appendix I of the United States), Annex 3, Notes to Annex 3 no. 4: The United States is prepared to amend Note 3 to apply the commitments therein to any other GPA Party’s iron, steel or manufactured goods, subject to the negotiation of mutually acceptable commitments.229 Agreement between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of Canada on Government Procurement, art. 8.
230 Id. art. 9.1.
231 Id. art. 9.2.
232 Id. art. 10.
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235。此外，由於美國地方之市政府（municipality）並未涵括於 GPA 承諾之中，
故加拿大廠商亦無法參與 ARRA 資助地方之市政府所執行之政府採購案236。 JOURNAL, Feb. 5, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870389430457504
7282403176858.html.
235 Scott Sinclair, Opening Remarks, Canada-U.S. Procurement Agreement, Canada Centre for Policy Alternatives, Mar. 16, 2010.
236 Brian Scheid, U.S. Canada Announce Buy American Deal, Provinces to Sign GPA, INSIDE U.S.
TRADE, Vol. 27, No. 6 (Feb. 12, 2010).
237 Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Questions and Answers: US Stimulus Recovery Act-Buy American, Q8 (on file with author).