• 沒有找到結果。

http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl147_e.htm (last visited July 13, 2010).

Road to the Government Procurement Agreement: Korea‟s Accession Experience, in OPTIONS FOR GLOBAL TRADE REFORM:AVIEW FROM THE ASIA-PACIFIC 253 (Will Martin et al. eds., 2003). 即便非 會員內國之採購規範與政府採購協定之規範相去不遠,仍可能有許多細節需要調整, See Arrowsmith, supra note 103, at 105.

Collateral Policy。ARROWSMITH, supra note 22, at 325.

185 Christopher R. Yukins & Steven L. Schooner, Incrementalism: Eroding the Impediments to a Global Public Procurement Market, 38 GEO.J.INTL L. 529, 545 (2007); Arrowsmith, supra note 103, at 105, n. 45(以印度為例); See also J. Linarelli, Corruption in Developing Countries and in Countries in Transition: Legal and Economic Perspectives, in PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: GLOBAL REVOLUTION 125-37(Sue Arrowsmith & Arwel Davies eds., 1998); see also ARROWSMITH, supra note 22, at 16-17 (“illegitimate practices”).

186 美國貿易代表署(USTR)於 2004 年針對政府採購協定市場開放談判徵求國內各界意見時,

國內一個公民團體 Public Citizen 即回覆 USTR 要求不得再開放任何採購市場,不得將任何未被 涵蓋的州納入開放範圍,原因係擔心政府利用政府採購完成某些政策的可能性被剝奪。其並認為 政府辦理採購所花費的是人民公帑,與私人企業花費自有資金不同;既然是國家財政,怎麼能夠 用來購買外國產品、創造國外的尌業機會,而非用來照顧本國人民?See Letter from Public Citizen to Jean Heilman Grier, Senior Procurement Negotiator, USTR Re Market Access Negotiation under GPA (on file with author).

187 MATSUSHITA ET AL., supra note 75, at 744; ARROWSMITH, supra note 22, at 23. 然而政府採購是否 為最有效之手段,似有討論空間。有論者指出政府採購往往係基於政治目的而動用,其潛在成本 相較於補貼或教育訓練較難被看見,且採購政策通常又不若租稅減免或管制政策頇受國會監督。

See Arrowsmith, supra note 103, at 116-17.

188 Martin Dischendorfer, The Existence and Development of Multilateral Rules on Government Procurement under the Framework of the WTO, 2000 P.P.L.R. 1, 26 (2000).

189 Id.

190 請參閱蘇明通,由韓國仁川國際機場採購爭端案看政府採購協定與諮商─評「『韓國政府採購

措施』乙案之評析」文,台灣在 WTO 規範下之經貿新頁(第一屆國際經貿法學發展研討會),

頁 407,楊光華主編(2001)。ARROWSMITH, supra note 22, at 325. 關於對殘障者之優惠措施與其 形成的歷史,請參閱 CHRISTOPHER MCCRUDDEN, BUYING SOCIAL JUSTICE 56-62 (2007)。關於美國 與歐盟立法要求資訊科技產品採購頇考量殘障人士之近用權,請參閱 Yukins & Schooner, supra note 190, at 545-47.

191 Dischendorfer, supra note 188, at 27.

192 關於政府採購與人權保障的議題,在 WTO 之下較著名的為美國麻州禁止與緬甸從事商業行

為之企業參與投標案,United States-Measures Affecting Government Procurement, WTO Doc. DS/88 DS/95 。 本案因美 國最高法 院禁止此 一法案 之執行而 告落幕 , 其背景 與相關介 紹,請參 閱

業,其透明度佳,或許是更好的方式。Valeria, supra note 100, at 74-75.

195 Council of the European Union, Council Conclusions on WTO GPA/SMEs, 2779th General Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels, 12 February 2007.

196 請參本文第叁章第二節第二項第一目、第二目。

197 請參本文第叁章第一節。

198 關於農業談判之各國勢力折衝,可參閱行政院農業委員會,WTO 杜哈回合農業談判最新進

展,http://www.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=12993 (last visited July 20, 2010) (其為 2006 年為止之進 展)。

199 Lamy Notes Rising Interest in WTO Government Procurement Agreement, supra note 178.

200 WTO, Committee on Government Procurement, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 10 February 2010 (on file with author) [hereinafter Summary of 10 February 2010 Discussion].

201 WTO 秘書長針對此波金融暨經濟危機及貿易措施之發展向貿易政策檢討機制(Trade Policy Review Body)提交一份報告,其附件即針對各國之貿易措施與財政刺激措施作一整理。請參閱 WTO Director-General, Report to the TPRB from the WTO Director-General on the Financial and Economic Crisis and Trade-Related Developments, Mar. 26, 2009, http:// www.wto.org/english/

news_e/news09_e/trdev_dg_report_14apr09_e.doc;有論者則將各國因應此次危機之措施大致區分 為三種類型:(1)為提高金融服務機構穩定之措施 (2)指示金融機構對其他經濟部門提供信用 (3) 針對特定策略性產業之措施或財政刺激方案, See Anne van Aaken & Jürgen Kurtz, Prudence or Discrimination? Emergency Measures, The Global Financial Crisis and International Economic Law, 12 J.INTL ECON.L. 859, 862 (2009).