（International Trade Organization，ITO）之階段。聯合國經濟社會理事會（United Nations Economic and Social Council）於 1946 年設立，在其首次會議中，美國提 出 ITO 草擬章程，以作為嗣後關稅談判之基礎7。雖然 ITO 最後因美國未批准而 PROCUREMENT 32 (Bernard Hoekman & Petros Mavroidis eds., 1997).
8 羅昌發，前揭註 1，頁 390。
9 Blank & Marceau, supra note 7, at 32; 廖宗聖，「WTO 架構下政府採購協定適用範圍之研究─兼 論我國政府採購法相關規定」，頁 6，世新大學法學院碩士論文，2002.07.09。
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“With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation or exportation, and with respect to all matters relating to internal taxation or regulation referred to in Article 9, and advantage, favor, privilege or immunity granted by any Member country to any product originating in or destined for any other country, shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for all other Member countries.
The principle underlying this paragraph shall also extend to the awarding by Members of governmental contracts for public works, in respect of which Member shall accord fair and equitable treatment to the commerce of the other Members.”
11 US Draft Charter for the ITO, Article 9:
“The products of any Member country imported into any other Member country shall be exempt from internal taxes and other internal charges higher than those imposed on like products of national origin, and shall be accorded treatment no less favorable than that accorded like products of national origin in respect of all internal laws, regulations or requirements affecting their sale, transportation or distribution or affecting their mixing, processing, exhibition or other use, including laws and regulations governing the procurement by governmental agencies of supplies for public use other than by or for the military establishment…”
12 Annet Blank & Gabrielle Marceau, The History of the Government Procurement Negotiations Since 1945, in THE WTO AND GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT 3 (Simon J. Evenett & Bernard Hoekman eds., 2006); Annet Blank & Gabrielle Marceau, supra note 7, at 31-32.
13 羅昌發，前揭註 1，頁 391。
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1964 年，OECD 設立工作小組以處理政府採購之公帄性議題，而該小組並於 1967 年提出採購準則之草案，但美國因懷疑該準則不能確保各國開放政府採購市場而 將其「政府採購政策、程序及措施文件（OECD Draft Instrument on Government Purchasing Policies, Procedures and Practices）」送交 GATT，由各國在 GATT 之中
14 Blank & Marceau, supra note 7, at 37.
15 Id. at 38.
16 Morton Pomeranz, Towards a New International Order in Government Procurement, 11 L.&POL’Y INT’L BUS. 1263, 1270-73 (1979).
17 Blank & Marceau, supra note 7, at 38.
18 Id.
19 Id. at 38-39.
20 Id. at 38.
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Declaration）」之後正式展開。1976 年 7 月，GATT 成立政府採購小組，兼採前 述 OECD 提交之「政府採購政策、程序及措施文件」與 GATT 秘書處於 1977 年 提出之「政府採購談判整合版本草案（Draft Integrated Text for Negotiations on Government Procurement）」作為談判基礎。經過 18 個月的協商之後，於 1979 年 4 月，各國正式簽署政府採購協定23，並於 1981 年初生效24。該版本基本上與 OECD23 Tokyo Round Government Procurement Agreement (Code)。有稱為東京回合政府採購法典。當年 簽署之國家有：奧地利、加拿大、歐體、以色列、芬蘭、香港、日本、挪威、新加坡、瑞典、瑞 士、美國。
24 Blank & Marceau, supra note 7, at 42.
25 羅昌發，前揭註 1，頁 392。
26 Tokyo Round Government Procurement Code, Article I.2
The Parties shall inform their entities not covered by this Agreement and the regional and governments and authorities within their territories of the objectives, principles and rules of this Agreement, in particular the rules on national treatment and non-discrimination, and draw their attention to the overall benefits of liberalization of government procurement.
27 羅昌發，前揭註 1，頁 392。
28 依東京回合政府採購協定第 9 條第 6 項(b)款，會員國應討論擴大（broadening）適用該協定之 政府機關，改進（improving）協定文本之不足，並要求政府採購委員會研究擴張（expanding）
協定適用至服務契約之可行性。
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1988 年非正式工作小組（Informal Working Group）32同意未來政府採購協定涵蓋 範圍之架構與標準33，為 1996 GPA 奠下基礎。其架構安排如下：
各締約國將機關分成四類以探討 GPA 適用之可能性：
Group A: 中央政府機關，包括設在區域或地方的中央政府機關 Group B: 區域或地方政府機關
29 GATT, Basic Instrument and Selected Documents, 34S, at 178-179.
30 ARROWSMITH, supra note 22, at 36.
31 Bernard Hoekman & Petros Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization‟s Agreement on Government Procurement: Expanding Disciplines, Declining Membership? 2, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (1995).
32 正式工作小組於 1985 年東京回合談判後之再談判會議中成立，主要目的乃在對政府採購中爭
議性較低的問題進行草案草擬，並致力於降低各締約國對條文內容之歧見。廖宗聖，前揭註 9, 頁 14，註 36。
33 Blank & Marceau, supra note 12, at 36.
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拉圭回合最終草案（Draft Final Act of the Uruguay Round）被時任秘書長之 Arthur Dunkel 提出時，非正式工作小組的主席也接著提出完整版政府採購協定草案36。 不對等38。1993 年歐盟之公用採購指令（Utilities Directive）生效，片面優惠歐盟 內部之供應商，美國為了報復則揚言將歧視歐盟供應商39。雙方經過數次磋商之 後簽署瞭解備忘錄（Memorandum of Understanding），才推動延宕許久之政府採 購協定談判。美歐雙方並於 1994 年達成雙邊協定，對雙方政府之採購範圍大幅38 Craig Pouncey & Adrian Brown, Expanding the International Market for Public Procurement: The WTO‟s Agreement on Government Procurement, 1(3) INT.T.L.R. 69, 70 (1995).
39 Id. at 48.
40 Gerard De Graaf & Matthew King, Towards a More Global Government Procurement Market: The