第五章 討論與建議
第二節 理論貢獻與管理意涵
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
60
為基礎衝突未有顯著預測效果，如表 10 模式二所示，β 值達到-.25 ( p > .05 )，對 時間基礎衝突亦沒有顯著預測效果，如表 8 模式二所示，β 值達到-.18 ( p > .05 )，
顯示在概念上，個體進行邊界管理的結果，可能影響的層面也不盡相同，因而未 能在行為方面造成影響，導致調節效果未能顯著。
第二節 理論貢獻與管理意涵 一、理論貢獻
由於過去研究主要關注前瞻性行為於工作場域的作用，因此本研究透過實徵 資料的收集，探討工作場域的前瞻性行為，外溢至其他情境可能造成的效果差異，
並以家庭場域為例，以完整的構念探討前瞻性行為與工作-家庭衝突的關聯，研 究結果發現，前瞻性行為不僅讓個體在工作場域中得到許多正向結果(Grant &
Ashford, 2008)，若是外溢至家庭場域中，也能減少行為基礎的衝突，讓個體較 不會把工作上有效，但對家庭不利的行為帶回家庭，顯示在工作上展現前瞻性行 為的個體，不僅是在工作上未來性的思考，也能將這樣的行動模式有效的帶回家 庭場域，全面性的思量個人工作、家庭的規劃，是與過去文獻截然不同的發現。
再者，本研究為以華人為樣本，應用邊界理論的框架，探討個體科技使用、
家庭邊界強度的調節效果，結果發現個體在下班時間收到工作訊息的狀況，會對 於家庭邊界強度強、工作與家庭界限分明的個體造成較大的影響，即工作的訊息 衝擊了個體工作、家庭各自為政的狀態，因而使工作上展現較多前瞻性行為的個 體，產生較多的時間基礎衝突，相較之下，家庭邊界強度弱的個體，工作與家庭 本就沒有明顯界限，來自工作的訊息造成的影響相對就較小，本研究的發現，不 僅呼應了邊界理論中，對於邊界強度的觀點，也對於個體家庭邊界強度的影響，
有更進一步的理解。
‧
& Crant, 1993)，以期能選用在工作上積極進取，亦同時能維繫美滿家庭的個體，
達到組織與員工的雙贏，對於在職的員工，亦能透過前瞻性行為相關的訓練課程，
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
62
另外在科技使用的測量工具上，是採用參考過去文獻題項擴寫而成的量表，
雖能觀察大致的影響趨勢，但在概念上，卻未能依內容區分出不同類型的工作訊 息，由於不同的訊息內容可能導致不同的影響，以現有量表的概念深度，並不能 釐清這些差異，因此有混淆變項存在的可能，有待未來研究進一步探討。
施測上，本研究雖採取兩階段的方式做問卷施測，但仍是以便利性取樣的方 式進行資料收集，除了對於參與者的產業類別難以控制外，樣本年齡層偏低、較 少有子女的狀況，也可能造成混淆變項的存在，建議後續研究可以針對特定產業、
公司屬性做更深入的探討，例如對資訊科技業，科技使用的狀況可能更為普遍，
因此較能充分反映科技使用對於其他變項的影響。
二、未來研究方向
由於本研究結果發現之前瞻性行為與工作-家庭衝突的關聯，與過去研究發 現並不一致，顯示其中可能有其他影響因素存在，建議未來研究可以針對其他可 能的調節變項進行探討，以釐清目前發現與文獻不同之原因，包含東西方文化差 異、家庭屬性、個體家庭觀等等，皆是可能探討的方向。同時，本研究結果發現 前瞻性行為在家庭場域存在正向影響的可能，建議未來研究可以嘗詴探討前瞻性 行為在家庭場域的正向作用，並深入理解其影響機制或其它正向結果，如：家庭 滿意度、家庭承諾、工作家庭增益(work-family enrichment)等等。
另一方面，由於對於收到工作訊息之文獻較為缺乏，因此本研究並未能將人 際交流的訊息，與工作要求的訊息進行區分，建議未來研究可以嘗詴將此概念進 一步發展，將工作訊息依照不同內容、收到時間等進行分類，方能對科技使用的 影響，有更深入的了解。
最後，本研究雖探討個體家庭邊界強度，對於前瞻性行為與工作-家庭關聯 的調節效果，但對於影響家庭邊界強度的因素，以及其影響的歷程，並未多做探 討，建議未來研究可以針對可能影響個體邊界的變項進行探討，如主管、配偶等
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
63
重要他人的支持或價值觀等等(Clark, 2000)，進一步釐清影響家庭邊界強度之前 因，以對個體的工作-家庭邊界，有更完整的了解。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
64
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
65
參考文獻
行政院主計處（2013）。性別專題分析。取自：
http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=35734&ctNode=3245&mp=1
利翠珊、蕭英玲 (2008)。華人婚姻品質的維繫：衝突與忍讓的中介效果。本土 心理學研究，29，77-116。
李良哲 (1999)。維繫婚姻關係重要因素的成人期差異初探。教育與心理研究，
22，145-160。
林惠彥、高旭繁、馮輝棋 (2013)。同酬也要同工：組織公平知覺對國小教師的 職家衝突與後果之調節。商略學報，5(2)，137-152。
許碧芬、蕭文玲 (2000)。 高科技業從業人員上司支持與工作-家庭衝突關係之研 究。科技管理學刊，5，39-56。
陳文良、王怡涵、邱雅萍 (2013)。台灣工作家庭衝突研究之回顧與展望。 人力 資源管理學報，13(4)， 79-106。
黃宗堅、葉光輝、謝雨生 (2004)。夫妻關係中權力與情感的運作模式：以衝突 因應策略為例。本土心理學研究，21，3-48。
Adkins, C. L., Farmville, V. A., Premeaux, S. A., & Rock, L. (2014). The Use of Communication Technology to Manage Work-Home Boundaries. Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 15(2), 82-100
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, London, Sage.
Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of vocational behavior, 58(3), 414-435.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review and agenda for future
‧
research. Journal of occupational health psychology, 5(2), 278-308.
Allen, T. D., Cho, E., & Meier, L. L. (2014). Work–Family Boundary Dynamics.Annu.
Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 1(1), 99-121.
Ammons, S. K. (2013). Work-family boundary strategies: Stability and alignment between preferred and enacted boundaries. Journal of Vocational
Behavior,82(1), 49-58.
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of occupational health psychology, 16(2), 151-169.
Ashford, S. J., Blatt, R., & Walle, D. V. (2003). Reflections on the looking glass: A review of research on feedback-seeking behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 29(6), 773-799.
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management review, 25(3), 472-491.
Ashford, S. J., & Tsui, A. S. (1991). Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking. Academy of Management Journal, 34(2), 251-280.
Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of organizational Behavior, 24(1), 45-68.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action (pp. 5-107). Prentice Hall.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory.Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Barnett, K. A., Del Campo, R. L., Del Campo, D. S., & Steiner, R. L. (2003). Work and family balance among dual-earner working-class Mexican-Americans:
‧
Implications for therapists. Contemporary Family Therapy, 25(4), 353-366.
Batemen, T. S., & Grant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-18.
Belschak, F. D., & Hartog, D. N. (2010). Pro‐self, prosocial, and pro‐organizational foci of proactive behaviour: Differential antecedents and
consequences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 475-498.
Belschak, F. D., Hartog, D. N., & Fay, D. (2010). Exploring positive, negative and context‐dependent aspects of proactive behaviours at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 267-273.
Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior:
the relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740-748.
Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Niehoff, B. P. (2004). The other side of the story:
Reexamining prevailing assumptions about organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 14(2), 229-246.
Bruck, C. S., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2002). The relation between work–family conflict and job satisfaction: A finer-grained analysis. Journal of vocational Behavior, 60(3), 336-353.
Bulger, C. A., Matthews, R. A., & Hoffman, M. E. (2007). Work and personal life boundary management: boundary strength, work/personal life balance, and the segmentation-integration continuum. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 12(4), 365-375.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169-198.
Campbell, D. J. (2000). The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. The
‧
Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 52-66.
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249-276.
Casper, W. J., Martin, J. A., Buffardi, L. C., & Erdwins, C. J. (2002). Work-family conflict, perceived organizational support, and organizational commitment among employed mothers. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7(2), 99-108.
Chang, A., McDonald, P., & Burton, P. (2010). Methodological choices in work-life balance research 1987 to 2006: a critical review. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(13), 2381-2413.
Chesley, N. (2005). Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family,67(5), 1237-1248.
Chiaburu, D. S., & Baker, V. L. (2006). Extra-role behaviors challenging the status-quo: Validity and antecedents of taking charge behaviors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 620-637.
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human relations, 53(6), 747-770.
Clark, S. C. (2002). Communicating across the work/home border. Community, Work
& Family, 5(1), 23-48.
Chan, D. (2006). Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 475-481.
Champoux, J. E. (1978). Perceptions of work and nonwork A reexamination of the compensatory and spillover models. Work and Occupations, 5(4), 402-422.
‧
Crant, J. M. (1995). The Proactive Personality Scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 532-537.
Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of anagement, 26(3), 435-462.
Cunningham, C. J., & De La Rosa, G. M. (2008). The interactive effects of proactive personality and work-family interference on well-being. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 13(3), 271-282.
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 1-19.
Dierdorff, E. C., & Ellington, J. K. (2008). It's the nature of the work: examining behavior-based sources of work-family conflict across occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 883-892.
Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., Smart, R., & Stevenson, M. (2013). Mobile Technology and Boundary Permeability. British Journal of Management, 25(3), 570-588.
Eagle, B. W., Miles, E. W., & Icenogle, M. L. (1997). Interrole conflicts and the permeability of work and family domains: Are there gender
differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 168-184.
Eckenrode, J., & Gore, S. (1990). Stress and coping at the boundary of work and family. In Stress between work and family (pp. 1-16). Springer US.
Edwards, J. R. (1995). Alternatives to difference scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64(3), 307-324.
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family:
Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178-199.
Fay, D., & Sonnentag, S. (2010). A look back to move ahead: New directions for
‧
research on proactive performance and other discretionary work behaviours.
Applied Psychology, 59(1), 1-20.
Fenner, G. H., & Renn, R. W. (2004). Technology‐assisted supplemental work:
Construct definition and a research framework. Human Resource Management,43(2‐3), 179-200.
Fenner, G. H., & Renn, R. W. (2009). Technology-assisted supplemental work and work-to-family conflict: The role of instrumentality beliefs, organizational expectations and time management. Human relations, 63(1), 63-82.
Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in organizational behavior, 23(4), 133-187.
Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German
samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139-161.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of applied psychology, 77(1), 65-78.
Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in organizational behavior, 28, 3-34.
Grawitch, M. J., Maloney, P. W., Barber, L. K., & Mooshegian, S. E. (2013).
Examining the nomological network of satisfaction with work–life balance.
Journal of occupational health psychology, 18(3), 276-284.
Golden, A. G., & Geisler, C. (2007). Work–life boundary management and the personal digital assistant. Human Relations, 60(3), 519-551.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88.
‧
Hall, D. T., & Richter, J. (1988). Balancing work life and home life: what can organizations do to help?. The Academy of Management Executive, 2(3), 213-223.
Harvey, S., Blouin, C., & Stout, D. (2006). Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and individual differences, 40(5), 1063-1074.
Hecht, T. D., & Allen, N. J. (2009). A longitudinal examination of the work–nonwork boundary strength construct. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 839-862.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Huang, A. H., & Yen, D. C. (2003). Usefulness of instant messaging among young users: Social vs. work perspective. Human Systems Management, 22(2), 63.
Jiang, J. J., Hsu, M. K., Klein, G., & Lin, B. (2000). E-commerce user behavior model:
an empirical study. Human Systems Management, 19(4), 265-276.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964).
Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. p. 1–470. New York.
Kakihara, M. and C. Sørensen (2002) Post-Modern Professionals' Work and Mobile Technology. in Proceedings of the Paper presented at the New Ways of Working in IS: 25th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia
~(IRIS25), ed.), pps. Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.
Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of applied psychology, 67(3), 341-349.
Karahanna, E., Straub, D. W., & Chervany, N. L. (1999). Information technology adoption across time: a cross-sectional comparison of pre-adoption and
‧
post-adoption beliefs. MIS quarterly, 183-213.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York:
Wiley.
Kaufman-Scarborough, C. (2006). Time Use and the Impact of Technology Examining workspaces in the home. Time & Society, 15(1), 57-80.
Kickul, J., & Gundry, L. (2002). Prospecting for strategic advantage: the proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 85-97.
Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management journal,42(1), 58-74.
Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work–family conflict, policies, and the job–life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational
behavior–human resources research. Journal of applied psychology, 83(2), 139-149.
Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., & Hannum, K. M. (2012).
Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach.
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 112-128.
Kreiner, G. E. (2006). Consequences of work‐home segmentation or integration: a person‐environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational
Behavior, 27(4), 485-507.
Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., & Sheep, M. L. (2009). Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics.
Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 704-730.
Lambert, S. J. (1990). Processes linking work and family: A critical review and research agenda. Human relations, 43(3), 239-257.
‧
Lewis, W., Agarwal, R., & Sambamurthy, V. (2003). Sources of influence on beliefs about information technology use: an empirical study of knowledge
workers. MIS quarterly, 657-678.
Lou, H., Chau, P. Y., & Li, D. (2005). Understanding individual adoption of instant messaging: An empirical investigation. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 6(4), 102-129.
Lu, J., Yao, J. E., & Yu, C. S. (2005). Personal innovativeness, social influences and adoption of wireless Internet services via mobile technology. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 14(3), 245-268.
Lu, L., Kao, S., Cooper, C.L., Allen, T.D., Lapierre, L.M., O’Driscoll, M., Poelmans,
Lu, L., Kao, S., Cooper, C.L., Allen, T.D., Lapierre, L.M., O’Driscoll, M., Poelmans,