第四章 研究結果與分析
第三節 書目對主題歸類結果
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL19: Rehabilitation education(22)
1 1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL20:Prescriptive learning (18)
‧
1 community:18.8321, social:16.5234, virtual:9.8359, e-learning:9.3233, online:9.1534
2 e-learning:13.2505, web-based:12.5799, learn environment:11.0061, system:10.2659, web-based learn:10.0325 3 cognitive:6.2761, prompt:5.5172, environment:5.4652, problem:5.0940, solv:5.0650
4 nurs:6.7715, baccalaureate:6.0000, nurs student:5.1333, nurse:4.5026, faculty:4.0098 5 e-learning:2.2544, professional:2.2009, health:1.6566, nurse:1.4925, feasibility:1.2833
6 distance:4.9315, distance learn:3.3824, education:2.8943, distance education:2.3410, student:2.1855 7 mobile:11.7104, mobile learn:4.8389, english:2.5667, device:2.3510, ubiquitous:2.1634
8 corba:2.0959, educational research:2.0959, personalisation:1.3973, e-training:1.3973, domotic:1.3973 9 conceptual change:3.4932, scientific:2.2380, scientific conceptual change and scientific:2.0959, retain:1.3973,
non-science:1.3973
10 metaphor:2.0959, catalogue:2.0959, enhancement:2.0000, rethink:1.3973, manifesto:1.3973
11 construction technology:2.0959, direct-instruction:2.0959, textual:1.3973, telepointer:1.3973, adaptive technology for e-learning:1.3973
12 motivation:2.7718, high school:2.0959, script:2.0959, seed:2.0959, incorporate:1.6130 13 game:1.6454, upper:1.3973, music:1.3973, cohort-blended:1.3973, engineer education:1.3973 14 promotion:2.0959, gerontology:1.9024, distance education:1.8220, electronic:1.5068, sample:1.4268 15 click:2.0959, citizenship:2.0959, retail:2.0959, spell:1.3973, citizenship in higher education:1.3973
從數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對將主題歸類為較合適的 15 個主題類
community, social, virtual
CL01-01 (83) :, e-learning, online
Computer mediated conferencing
social, asynchronous, computer-mediated, interaction, online
CL01-02 (137)
Communities
community, university, constructivist, action, e-learning CL01-03
(25)
Video conference
participation, online, conference, reflection, issue CL01-04
693 : 19
Computer mediated communication
Cmc(computer mediated communication), experiment, university, face-to-face, student
CL01-05 (23)
Policy
policy, student, identity, e-learning,social CL01-06
(31)
Language
language, oral, analyze, grammar, english
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e-learning environment e-learning, web-based,learn environment, system,
CL02-01 (69) web-based learn
Learn style
style, web-based, learn, student, educational
CL02-02 (129)
e-learning
acceptance, e-learning, intention, empirical, adoption CL02-03
(44)
Design principles
approaches, student, higher, distance, communication CL02-04
(48) C13-2
Environment
learn environment, web-based learn, self-efficacy, belief, internet-based
CL02-05 (21)
Evaluation
evaluation, web-based, paradigm, system, education CL03 , prompt,environment,
problem, solve
Cognitive
computer-based, load, cognitive load, effect, computer-based learn:
CL03-02 (33)
WWW-based course-support systems
self-regulated, self-regulated learn, solve, environment, problem
CL03-03 (19)
Usability
development, empirical, material, e-learning, engineer,usability
CL03-04 (14)
Instructor training and support
self-instructed, alfanet, library-user, language learn, german and spanish
CL06 (74)
Distance education distance,distance learn, education, distance education
CL06-01 (30) , student
Distance learning
distance learn, education, difference, effectiveness, distance education
CL06-02 (33)
Instruction
work, instruction, education, graduate, distance education CL06-03
(11)
Virtual learning environment
typology, dropout, typology in taiwan, contact and communication in the virtual classroom, typology of college student perception on institutional e-learning CL08
( 32)
collaborative
collaborative, educational research, personalization
CL08-01 (9) , e-training, dmotic
Collaborative learning
collaborative, bandwidth, corba paradigm, e-training, domotic
CL08-02 (23)
personalization
educational research, personalization, quantify, tourism, synthesis
CL10 (31)
Competency management metaphor, catalogue, enhancement, rethink
CL10-01 (9) , manifesto
Gender studies and special populations
competitive, delone and mclean model, good, self-efficacy and gender, perform
CL10-02 196 : 22
Training
train:, metaphor, rethink, manifesto, catalogue student CL12(29) Motivation
motivation, high school
CL12-01 (16) , script, seed,
incorporate
Science
science, motivation, teacher, school, instructional
CL12-02 (13)
web-based collaborative
autonomy, script, sex, web-based collaborative, seed CL04 , baccalaureate, nurse student,
nurse, faculty
Nurse
nurse, midwifery education, nurse, nurse student, web-enhanced
CL04-02 (14)
rehabilitation education
rehabilitation, practicum, rehabilitation education, peer review of online, distance education
CL04-03 (13)
WWW-based course-support systems
baccalaureate, nurse practitioner, run-to-bsn, information technology, important
CL05 (38)
Health
e-learning, professional, health
CL05-01 (12) , nurse, feasibility
Professional
humanitarian, direct, humanitarian professional, canadian, intersect
CL05-02 (13)
Lecture
lecture, mental health, administration,hyperlearn, medication administration
CL05-03 (11)
telehealth
culture on-line, cultural sensitivity, major, position, telehealth
CL13 (29)
Games
game, upper, music, cohort-blended,
CL13-01 (12) engineer education
Music of technology
music, cohort-blended, nano-bio, industry, engineer
CL13-02 Virtual learning environment
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Mobile learning
mobile,mobile learn, english, device,
CL07-01 (26) ubiquitous
m-learning
mobile, mobile learn, technology, device, interactivity
CL07-02 (12)
Virtual reality
mobile, virtual online classroom, compliant, cube, research and development of web-based virtual online classroom CL07-03
(20)
Personalized learning
item,item response theory, petri , net, personalize e-learning system
CL09 (23)
conceptual change, scientific, scientific conceptual change and scientific, retain:, non-science:
CL09-01 (12)
conceptual change, scientific conceptual change and scientific, curricula, retain, technology-integrated
CL09-02
(11) analyze, stoichiometry, worker, get set, non-science CL11
(29)
CMI (computer-managed instruction) construction
technology, direct-instruction, textual, telepointer,
CL11-01 (17) adaptive technology for
e-learning
WWW-based course sites & learning resources direct-instruction, textual, telepointer, respect, direct-instruction model
CL11-02 (12)
Virtual reality
construction technology, adaptive technology for
e-learning, environment in construction technology, virtual construction site, virtual reality
CL14 (20)
promotion, gerontology CL14-01
(10) , distance
education, electronic, sample
Team working
sample, electronic discussion, international collaboration, geographer, adjustment
CL14-02 (10)
health promotion
gerontology, promotion, reach, health promotion, graduate distance education in family
CL15 (21)
click, citizenship, retail, spell,
CL15-01 (10) citizenship in higher education
Standards
constructive, egyptian, standardize, click, stimulate
CL15-02 (11)
retail, citizenship, spell, citizenship in higher education, design and delivery of a retail simulation
表 4-21 基於書目對主題歸類之主題樹架構，可以視覺化呈現之主題地圖呈 現，如圖 4-14 所示。圖 4-14 右邊之 S3 有 58 個類群，經由高階合併歸類為圖 4-11 左邊之 S4 有 15 個類群，其中 CL07, CL09, CL11, CL14 和 CL15 為離群主題 (outlier)。
ALL_BC_S4- 15 clusters
Outlier：S4 –CL07、CL09、CL11、CL14、CL15
ALL_BC_S3-58 clusters
Outlier：S3-CL09、CL20、CL25、CL3、CL39、
CL42、CL43、CL45、CL47、CL48、CL52、CL54、
CL55、CL56、CL58
圖 4- 11 數位學習領域期刊文獻書目對歸類主題概念圖
接下來分別就數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對主題歸類年代分佈、共現
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
字主題歸類國家排序，與共現字主題歸類作者排序結果進行說明。
壹、數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對主題歸類年代分佈
表 4-23 為數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對歸類年代分佈狀況，結果顯示 主題 CL01 有 318 篇、主題 CL02 有 311 篇、主題 CL03 有 143 篇，分居發表篇 數前三高之主題類別。
表 4- 23 數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對歸類年代分佈
主題 CL01 CL02 CL03 CL04 CL05 CL06 CL07 CL08 CL09 CL10 CL11 CL12 CL13 CL14 CL15
年代/篇 318 311 143 71 38 74 58 32 23 31 29 29. 29 20 21
2000 13 5 3 6 1 7 1 5 0 4 3 0 1 1 1
2001 14 19 6 10 2 6 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1
2002 10 13 7 6 4 5 1 3 2 0 3 1 2 0 2
2003 25 18 11 8 0 12 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 4 4
2004 23 22 9 6 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 1
2005 29 33 22 9 6 9 3 1 1 4 3 2 3 3 2
2006 30 16 17 3 3 8 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 3
2007 48 49 17 7 4 6 9 6 2 3 6 9 4 3 0
2008 73 71 23 6 11 7 20 5 5 6 3 6 7 3 3
2009 53 65 28 10 3 9 19 4 7 5 3 7 8 2 4
slp 5.96 6.6 2.58 0.01 0.56 0.13 2 0.16 0.68 0.3 0.21 1.04 0.75 0.22 0.18
此外，主題 CL01、CL02、CL03 文章數量於 2002 年開始穩定增加，而主題 CL05 之主題文章篇數卻有逐年減少之狀況。
貳、數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對主題歸類國家排序
表 4-24 為數位學習領域期刊文獻書目對歸類國家排序，其中 CL01 主題之 多樣性指標 1/HHI=6.85，表示該主題主要集中於 6.85 個國家研究人員的發表，
其餘類推。
表 4- 24 數位學習領域 SSCI 期刊文獻書目對歸類國家排序
主題/
排名
Total Herfindahl
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CL01 318 HHI 1/HHI USA UK AUSTRALIA CANADA TAIWAN NETHERLANDS SWEDEN SOUTH AFRICA
0.15 6.85 89 88 23 17 16 12 11 10
CL02 311 HHI 1/HHI TAIWAN USA UK AUSTRALIA CANADA CHINA GREECE SOUTH KOREA
0.16 6.4 99 66 48 21 15 14 8 8
CL03 143 HHI 1/HHI USA NETHERLANDS GERMANY UK AUSTRALIA TAIWAN BELGIUM CANADA
0.18 5.64 50 22 17 11 9 8 8 5
CL04 71 HHI 1/HHI USA CANADA AUSTRALIA TAIWAN UK
0.46 2.19 45 7 6 6 5
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此外，依據表 4-24 排序結果顯示，美國在 CL01、CL03、CL04、CL06、CL09、
CL10、CL11、CL12、CL14 主題類別所發表文章數量皆為最多；英國則分別於 CL05、CL08、CL13、CL15 等主題類別之發表文章數量，排名第一；台灣 則在 CL02、
CL07 等主題類別之發表文章數量，排名第一。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
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CL10 Cronje, JC 5
CL11 Yang, CH Bowling, SR Khasawneh, MT Hwang, KA
2 2 2 2
CL12 Liaw, SS 3 CL13 Menchaca,
MP Gilmore, S Sinclair, M Dorrian, J Corrigan, P Gong, SH Mcpherson, MA
Macdonald,
CJ Muller, H Martinez-ortiz, I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CL14 Deloach,
SB Solem, M Greenlaw, SA Piercy, KW
2 2 2 2
CL15 Sosabowski,
M Gonzalez, MJ Shoham, S O'shea, J Perry, M Wiseman, TL Sancho, P Langford, J Schofield, I Tolson, D
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
以下就表 4-23 書目對歸類作者排序結果，分別以 CL02、CL07、CL12 主題 類別為例，進行說明：
CL02 之主題名稱為：e-learning environment；代表性的關鍵詞彙為 e-learning,
web-based, learn environment, system, web-based，該主題類別發表最多的前三位 作者分別為：台灣的蔡今中(Tsai, CC)，發表 23 篇；英國的 Richardson, JTE 發表 14 篇；台灣的陳德懷(Chan, TW) 發表 7 篇。CL07 之主題名稱為：Mobile learning；代表性的關鍵詞彙為 mobile, mobile
learn, english, device, ubiquitous，該主題類別發表最多的前三位作者分別為台灣 的黃悅民(Huang, YM)，發表 6 篇；台灣的陳志銘(Chen, CM)，發表 5 篇；台灣 的陳國棟(Chen, GD)，發表 4 篇。CL12 之主題名稱為：Motivation；代表性的關鍵詞彙為 motivation, high school,
script, seed, incorporate，台灣的廖述盛(Liaw, SS)發表 3 篇。顯示台灣作者於上述 三個主題之研究特別卓越。肆、小結
一、數位學習領域期刊文獻書目對主題歸類分析結果
本研究在參考 Computers & Education 期刊投稿論文主題架構、BJET 期刊關 鍵詞彙與 American Society for Training & Development (ASTD)之 e-learning glossary 進行人工解讀後，歸納出各主題類別之名稱，得到數位學習領域期刊文 獻共現字主題歸類分析結果，如表 4-26 所示。
‧
cluster 書目對(S3-S4)歸類主題類別分析 Country Author
CL01
CL01:Communities(318)
CL01-01: Computer mediated comferencing( 83) CL01-02:Communities(137)
CL01-03: Video conference(25)
CL01-04:Computer mediated communication (19) CL01-05:Policy(23)
CL02: e-learning environment(311)
CL02-01: Learn style (69) CL02-02:e-learning(129) CL02-03: Design principles(44) CL02-04: Enviroments (48) CL02-05: Evaluation(21)
1.TAIWAN : 99
CL03: cognitive(143)
CL03-01:Cognitive(77)
CL03-02:WWW-based course-support systems(33) CL03-03:Usability / user studies(19)
CL03-04:Instructor trainning and support(14)
1.USA : 50 2.Van merrienboer,
JJG : 6
CL04: Nurse(41)
CL04-01:Nurse(44)
CL04-02: rehabilitation education(14)
CL04-03: WWW-based course-support systems(13)
1.USA : 45
CL05: Health(38)
CL05-01: Professional(12) CL05-02: Lecture(11) CL05-03: telehealth(13)
1.UK : 15
CL06: Distance education(74)
CL06-01:Distance learning(30) CL06-02:Instruction(33)
CL06-03: Virtual learning enviroment(11)
1.USA : 38
CL07:Mobile learning(58)
CL07-01: m-learning(26) CL07-02: Virtual reality(12) CL07-03: Personalized learning(20)
1.TAIWAN : 28
CL08-01:Collaborative learning (9) CL08-02: personalisation (23)
1.UK : 13
CL 09:conceptual change, scientific, scientific conceptual change and scientific(23)
CL09-01: conceptual change, scientific conceptual change and scientific, curricula, retain, technology-integrated (12)
CL09-02: analyze, stoichiometry, worker, get set, non-science (11)
1.USA : 7
CL10:Competency management(31)
CL10-01:Gender studies and special populations(9) CL10-02: Training(22)
USA : 10
SOUTH AFRICA : 6 TAIWAN : 3
1.Cronje, JC : 5
CL11
CL11:CMI (computer-managed instruction)(29)
CL11-01: WWW-based course sites & learning resources(17)
1.USA : 9
‧
cluster 書目對(S3-S4)歸類主題類別分析 Country Author
CL11-02:Virtual reality(12) 4.Hwang, KA : 2
CL12
CL12:Motivation(29)
CL12-01: Science(16)
CL12-02: web-based collaborative(13)
1.USA : 9
CL13: Games(29)
CL13-01: Music of technology(12) CL13-02: Virtual learning enviroment(17)
1.UK : 8
CL14:promotion, gerontology, distance education(20)
CL14-01: Team working(10) CL14-02: health promotion(10)
1.USA : 19 1.Deloach, SB : 2 2.Solem, M : 2 3.Greenlaw, SA : 2 4.Piercy, KW : 2
CL15
CL15:citizenship , citizenship in higher education(21 )
CL15-01:Standards
constructive, egyptian, standardize, click, stimulate (10) CL15-02: retail, citizenship, spell, citizenship in higher education
1.UK : 7 2.USA : 4
, design and delivery of a retail simulation (11)
1.Sosabowski, M : 1 2.Gonzalez, MJ : 1 3.Shoham, S : 1 (其餘省略)
二、數位學習領域期刊文獻書目對主題歸類剖析之主題特性與發展趨勢
從表 4-26 之主題類別與國家、作者間的關係可看出，CL01、CL02、CL03 為多數國家與研究者投入的研究議題，再由主題地圖觀察出主題 CL01、CL02、
CL03 彼此具有高度相關，就書目對研究主題的歸納結果而言，其代表性主題分 別敘述如下：
主題 CL01: Communities 為探討社群、非同步、虛擬線上數位學習與電腦多 媒體視訊會議相關研究；美國發表 89 篇，英國發表 88 篇，澳洲發表 23 篇；最 有生產力前三位作者分別為美國 Kazmer, MM、台灣 陳國棟(Chen, GD)、澳洲 Ellis, RA。
主題 CL02: e-learning environment 為探討數位學習環境、網路學習系統、學 習風格和自我學習成效相關研究；台灣發表 99 篇，美國發表 66 篇，英國發表 48 篇；最具生產力前三位作者分別為台灣蔡今中、英國 Richardson, JTE、台灣 陳德懷。
主題 CL03: Cognitive 為研究學習環境中認知負荷、教學者培訓與支援的自 我調整之相關主題；美國發表 50 篇，荷蘭發表 22 篇，德國發表 17 篇；最有生 產力前三位作者分別為美國 Mayer, RE、荷蘭 van Merrienboer, JJG、澳洲 Kalyuga,
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
主題 CL04: Nurse 在探討護理、助產、康復教育、遠距教育與資訊技術；美 國發表 50 篇，加拿大發表 22 篇，澳洲發表 17 篇；最有生產力前三位作者分別 為美國 Connors, HR、美國 Skiba, DJ、台灣 Yu, Shu Chen(陽明大學)。
主題 CL05: Health 則跟健康、專業演講、心理健康、遠程醫療、用葯管理和 超學習(hyper learn)；英國發表 15 篇，美國發表 11 篇，加拿大發表 3 篇；最有 生產力前三位作者分別為英國 Moneta, GB、美國 Smith, GG、英國 Gresty, K。
主題 CL06: Distance education 為遠距學習、遠距教育相關研究；美國發表 38 篇，英國發表 8 篇，以色列發表 5 篇；最具生產力前三位作者分別為以色列 Gorsky, P、美國 Petracchi, HE、以色列 Caspi, A。
主題 CL07: Mobile learning 主要研究行動學習、無所不在、互動式載具、虛 擬教室線上學習以及個人化學習相關主題；台灣發表 28 篇，美國發表 12 篇，中 國發表 7 篇；最有生產力前三位作者分別為台灣黃悅民、陳志銘及陳國棟。
主題CL08: Collaborative learning在探討合作學習與個人化學習之教育研究；
英國發表13篇，西班牙發表4篇，愛爾蘭發表3篇；最具生產力作者為西班牙 Verdejo, MF。
主題 CL09: Conceptual change, scientific, scientific conceptual change and scientific；美國發表 7 篇，台灣發表 5 篇，英國發表 4 篇；最有生產力作者分別 為美國 Recker, MM、台灣佘曉清(交通大學)。
CL10: Competency management 則為探討性別差異、能力管理訓練之自我效 能；美國發表 10 篇，南非發表 6 篇，台灣發表 3 篇；最具生產力作者為南非 Cronje, JC。
主題 CL11: CMI (computer-managed instruction)與數位學習的適性技術、虛擬 實境及網站課程學習資源有關；美國發表 9 篇，台灣發表 8 篇，英國發表 4 篇；
‧
Khasawneh, MT。主題 CL12: Motivation 主要研究高中科學教育、網路合作學習的自主性與動 機相關主題；美國發表 9 篇，台灣發表 7 篇，荷蘭發表 3 篇；最具生產力作者為 台灣廖述盛。
主題 CL13: Game 主要以遊戲為主，並應用音樂技術與虛擬學習環境，英國 發表 8 篇，加拿大發表 4 篇，美國發表 4 篇；最有生產力前三位作者分別為美國 Menchaca, MP、英國 Gilmore, S、加拿大 Sinclair, M。
主題 CL14: Promotion, gerontology, distance education；美國發表 19 篇；最具 生產力前三位作者皆為美國學者，分別是 Deloach, SB、Solem, M、Greenlaw, SA。
主題 CL15: Citizenship , citizenship in higher education；英國發表 7 篇，美國 發表 4 篇；最有生產力前三位作者為英國 Sosabowski, M、西班牙 Gonzalez, MJ、
以色列 Shoham, S。
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL01:Communities(318)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL02: e-learning environment(311)
3 6 7 11
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL03: Cognitive(143)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL04: Nurse(41)
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 T05: Health(38)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 T06: Distance education(74)
1 2 1 1 1 3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL07:Mobile learning(58)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL08:Collaborative learning(32)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 T09:conceptual change and
scientific(23)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL10:Competency management(31)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL11: Computer-managed instruction
(CMI)(29)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL12:Motivation(29)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL13: Games(29)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CL14:promotion, gerontology, distance
education(20)
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立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
圖 4- 12 書目對歸類代表性研究主題與年代之發展趨勢圖 第四節 C&E 專家知識主題分類架構
綜合第二、三節分別以共現字與書目對歸納之主題分析架構，本研究發現共 現字歸類主題 CL01: Environment, instructional (843 篇)、CL02: Health (224 篇)、
CL15:Collaborative learning(18 篇)、CL16:M-learning(23 篇)與書目對歸類主題 CL02: E-learning environment(311 篇 ) 、 CL05: Health(38 篇 ) 、 CL07:Mobile learning(58 篇)、CL08:Collaborative(32 篇)具有共同對應關係，但各主題類別所含 括的文獻篇數則具有明顯的差異，其餘基於共現字與書目對之主題分析結果則無
CL15:Collaborative learning(18 篇)、CL16:M-learning(23 篇)與書目對歸類主題 CL02: E-learning environment(311 篇 ) 、 CL05: Health(38 篇 ) 、 CL07:Mobile learning(58 篇)、CL08:Collaborative(32 篇)具有共同對應關係，但各主題類別所含 括的文獻篇數則具有明顯的差異，其餘基於共現字與書目對之主題分析結果則無