Almeida, A.A., Farah, A., Silva, D.A., Nunan, E.A., and Gloria, M.B. (2006). Antibacterial activity of coffee extracts and selected coffee chemical compounds against enterobacteria. J Agric Food Chem 54, 8738-8743.
Bae, J.Y., Choi, J.S., Choi, Y.J., Shin, S.Y., Kang, S.W., Han, S.J., and Kang, Y.H. (2008).
(-)Epigallocatechin gallate hampers collagen destruction and collagenase activation in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts: involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Food Chem Toxicol 46, 1298-1307.
Barnhill, and L., R. (2004). Textbook of dermatopathology (McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division).
Baxter, R.A. (2008). Anti-aging properties of resveratrol: review and report of a potent new antioxidant skin care formulation. J Cosmet Dermatol 7, 2-7.
Bizot-Foulon, V., Bouchard, B., Hornebeck, W., Dubertret, L., and Bertaux, B. (1995).
Uncoordinate expressions of type I and III collagens, collagenase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 along in vitro proliferative life span of human skin fibroblasts.
Regulation by all-trans retinoic acid. Cell Biol Int 19, 129-135.
Bornstein, P. (1996). Regulation of expression of the alpha 1 (I) collagen gene: a critical appraisal of the role of the first intron. Matrix Biol 15, 3-10.
Brenneisen, P., Sies, H., and Scharffetter-Kochanek, K. (2002). Ultraviolet-B irradiation and matrix metalloproteinases: from induction via signaling to initial events. Ann N Y Acad Sci 973, 31-43.
Burke, K.E. (2007). Interaction of vitamins C and E as better cosmeceuticals. Dermatol Ther 20, 314-321.
Chaqour, B., Bellon, G., Seite, S., Borel, J.P., and Fourtanier, A. (1997). All-trans-retinoic acid enhances collagen gene expression in irradiated and non-irradiated hairless mouse skin. J Photochem Photobiol B 37, 52-59.
Cho, Y.H., Kim, J.H., Sim, G.S., Lee, B.C., Pyo, H.B., and Park, H.D. (2006). Inhibitory effects of antioxidant constituents from Melothria heterophylla on matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. J Cosmet Sci 57, 279-289.
Choi, M.S., Yoo, M.S., Son, D.J., Jung, H.Y., Lee, S.H., Jung, J.K., Lee, B.C., Yun, Y.P., Pyo,
of the TGF-beta signaling and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in UVB-irradiated human fibroblast. J Dermatol Sci 46, 127-137.
Chung, J.H. (2003). Photoaging in Asians. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 19, 109-121.
Chung, J.H., Kang, S., Varani, J., Lin, J., Fisher, G.J., and Voorhees, J.J. (2000). Decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase activities in aged human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 115, 177-182.
Chung, K.Y., Agarwal, A., Uitto, J., and Mauviel, A. (1996). An AP-1 binding sequence is essential for regulation of the human alpha2(I) collagen (COL1A2) promoter activity by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 271, 3272-3278.
Colven, R.M., and Pinnell, S.R. (1996). Topical vitamin C in aging. Clin Dermatol 14, 227-234.
Deng, S., West, B.J., Palu, A.K., Zhou, B.N., and Jensen, C.J. (2007). Noni as an anxiolytic and sedative: a mechanism involving its gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects.
Phytomedicine 14, 517-522.
Dong, K.K., Damaghi, N., Picart, S.D., Markova, N.G., Obayashi, K., Okano, Y., Masaki, H., Grether-Beck, S., Krutmann, J., Smiles, K.A., et al. (2008). UV-induced DNA damage initiates release of MMP-1 in human skin. Exp Dermatol.
dos Santos, M.D., Almeida, M.C., Lopes, N.P., and de Souza, G.E. (2006). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the natural polyphenol chlorogenic acid. Biol Pharm Bull 29, 2236-2240.
Dumas, M., Chaudagne, C., Bonte, F., and Meybeck, A. (1996). Age-related response of human dermal fibroblasts to L-ascorbic acid: study of type I and III collagen synthesis. C R Acad Sci III 319, 1127-1132.
Duncan, M.R., Frazier, K.S., Abramson, S., Williams, S., Klapper, H., Huang, X., and Grotendorst, G.R. (1999). Connective tissue growth factor mediates transforming growth factor beta-induced collagen synthesis: down-regulation by cAMP. FASEB J 13, 1774-1786.
Fisher, G.J., Datta, S., Wang, Z., Li, X.Y., Quan, T., Chung, J.H., Kang, S., and Voorhees, J.J.
(2000). c-Jun-dependent inhibition of cutaneous procollagen transcription following ultraviolet irradiation is reversed by all-trans retinoic acid. J Clin Invest 106, 663-670.
Fisher, G.J., Datta, S.C., Talwar, H.S., Wang, Z.Q., Varani, J., Kang, S., and Voorhees, J.J.
(1996). Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism.
Nature 379, 335-339.
Fisher, G.J., Talwar, H.S., Lin, J., Lin, P., McPhillips, F., Wang, Z., Li, X., Wan, Y., Kang, S., and Voorhees, J.J. (1998). Retinoic acid inhibits induction of c-Jun protein by ultraviolet radiation that occurs subsequent to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in human skin in vivo. J Clin Invest 101, 1432-1440.
Fisher, G.J., Wang, Z.Q., Datta, S.C., Varani, J., Kang, S., and Voorhees, J.J. (1997).
Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light. N Engl J Med 337, 1419-1428.
Gambichler, T., Skrygan, M., Tomi, N.S., Breuksch, S., Altmeyer, P., and Kreuter, A. (2007).
Significant downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta signal transducers in human skin following ultraviolet-A1 irradiation. Br J Dermatol 156, 951-956.
Gelse, K., Poschl, E., and Aigner, T. (2003). Collagens--structure, function, and biosynthesis.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55, 1531-1546.
Getie, M., Schmelzer, C.E., and Neubert, R.H. (2005). Characterization of peptides resulting from digestion of human skin elastin with elastase. Proteins 61, 649-657.
Glaser, D.A. (2004). Anti-aging products and cosmeceuticals. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 12, 363-372, vii.
Hensley, K., and Floyd, R.A. (2002). Reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation in aging:
a look back, a look ahead. Arch Biochem Biophys 397, 377-383.
Ho, J.N., Lee, Y.H., Lee, Y.D., Jun, W.J., Kim, H.K., Hong, B.S., Shin, D.H., and Cho, H.Y.
(2005). Inhibitory effect of Aucubin isolated from Eucommia ulmoides against UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin fibroblasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69, 2227-2231.
Hosseinimehr, S.J., Zakaryaee, V., Ahmadi, A., and Akhlaghpoor, S. (2008). Radioprotective effects of chlorogenic acid against mortality induced by gamma-irradiation in mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 30, 13-16.
Hu, H.L., Forsey, R.J., Blades, T.J., Barratt, M.E., Parmar, P., and Powell, J.R. (2000).
Antioxidants may contribute in the fight against ageing: an in vitro model. Mech Ageing Dev 121, 217-230.
Ichihashi, M., Ueda, M., Budiyanto, A., Bito, T., Oka, M., Fukunaga, M., Tsuru, K., and
Horikawa, T. (2003). UV-induced skin damage. Toxicology 189, 21-39.
Jin, U.H., Lee, J.Y., Kang, S.K., Kim, J.K., Park, W.H., Kim, J.G., Moon, S.K., and Kim, C.H.
(2005). A phenolic compound, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), is a new type and strong matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor: isolation and identification from methanol extract of Euonymus alatus. Life Sci 77, 2760-2769.
Jinlian, L., Yingbin, Z., and Chunbo, W. (2007). p38 MAPK in regulating cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation. J Biomed Sci 14, 303-312.
Joe, M.J., Kim, S.N., Choi, H.Y., Shin, W.S., Park, G.M., Kang, D.W., and Kim, Y.K. (2006).
The inhibitory effects of eckol and dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 29, 1735-1739.
Kamiya, K., Hamabe, W., Harada, S., Murakami, R., Tokuyama, S., and Satake, T. (2008).
Chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia roots exhibit hypoglycemic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 31, 935-938.
Kamiya, K., Tanaka, Y., Endang, H., Umar, M., and Satake, T. (2004). Chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia fruits inhibit copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J Agric Food Chem 52, 5843-5848.
Karin, M., Liu, Z., and Zandi, E. (1997). AP-1 function and regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9, 240-246.
Katiyar, S.K. (2003). Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 3, 234-242.
Kim, D.H., Kim, J.H., Baek, S.H., Seo, J.H., Kho, Y.H., Oh, T.K., and Lee, C.H. (2004a).
Enhancement of tyrosinase inhibition of the extract of Veratrum patulum using cellulase.
Biotechnol Bioeng 87, 849-854.
Kim, H.H., Cho, S., Lee, S., Kim, K.H., Cho, K.H., Eun, H.C., and Chung, J.H. (2006a).
Photoprotective and anti-skin-aging effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in human skin in vivo. J Lipid Res 47, 921-930.
Kim, M.M., Ta, Q.V., Mendis, E., Rajapakse, N., Jung, W.K., Byun, H.G., Jeon, Y.J., and Kim, S.K. (2006b). Phlorotannins in Ecklonia cava extract inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity. Life Sci 79, 1436-1443.
Kim, S., and Chung, J.H. (2007). Berberine prevents UV-induced MMP-1 and reduction of type I procollagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Phytomedicine.
Kim, S.Y., Kim, S.J., Lee, J.Y., Kim, W.G., Park, W.S., Sim, Y.C., and Lee, S.J. (2004b).
Protective effects of dietary soy isoflavones against UV-induced skin-aging in hairless mouse model. J Am Coll Nutr 23, 157-162.
Kim, Y.H., Kim, K.S., Han, C.S., Yang, H.C., Park, S.H., Ko, K.I., Lee, S.H., Kim, K.H., Lee, N.H., Kim, J.M., et al. (2007). Inhibitory effects of natural plants of Jeju Island on elastase and MMP-1 expression. Int J Cosmet Sci 29, 487-488.
Kohen, R., and Gati, I. (2000). Skin low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in aging and in oxidative stress. Toxicology 148, 149-157.
Kothapalli, D., Frazier, K.S., Welply, A., Segarini, P.R., and Grotendorst, G.R. (1997).
Transforming growth factor beta induces anchorage-independent growth of NRK fibroblasts via a connective tissue growth factor-dependent signaling pathway. Cell Growth Differ 8, 61-68.
Labat-Robert, J., and Robert, L. (1988). Aging of the extracellular matrix and its pathology.
Exp Gerontol 23, 5-18.
Lee, B.C., Lee, S.Y., Lee, H.J., Sim, G.S., Kim, J.H., Cho, Y.H., Lee, D.H., Pyo, H.B., Choe, T.B., Moon, D.C., et al. (2007). Anti-oxidative and photo-protective effects of coumarins isolated from Fraxinus chinensis. Arch Pharm Res 30, 1293-1301.
Lee, C.W., Choi, H.J., Kim, H.S., Kim, D.H., Chang, I.S., Moon, H.T., Lee, S.Y., Oh, W.K., and Woo, E.R. (2008). Biflavonoids isolated from Selaginella tamariscina regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase in human skin fibroblasts. Bioorg Med Chem 16, 732-738.
Lee, K.K., and Choi, J.D. (1999). The effects of areca catechu L extract on anti-aging. Int J Cosmet Sci 21, 285-295.
Lee, K.K., Kim, J.H., Cho, J.J., and Choi, J.D. (1999). Inhibitory Effects of 150 Plant Extracts on Elastase Activity, and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects. Int J Cosmet Sci 21, 71-82.
Lee, W.J., and Zhu, B.T. (2006). Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 27, 269-277.
Leu, S.J., Lin, Y.P., Lin, R.D., Wen, C.L., Cheng, K.T., Hsu, F.L., and Lee, M.H. (2006).
Phenolic constituents of Malus doumeri var. formosana in the field of skin care. Biol Pharm Bull 29, 740-745.
Lim, H., and Kim, H.P. (2007). Inhibition of mammalian collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase-1, by naturally-occurring flavonoids. Planta Med 73, 1267-1274.
Luo, D., Lin, X.F., Min, W., Ma, Q.H., Gu, N., Jin, S.L., and Wang, D.G. (2007).
Photoprotection by tocopherol submicron emulsion against UV-mediated damage in HaCaT cells. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 29, 185-189.
Martin, R., Pierrard, C., Lejeune, F., Hilaire, P., Breton, L., and Bernerd, F. (2008).
Photoprotective effect of a water-soluble extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. against UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts and reconstructed skin.
Eur J Dermatol 18, 128-135.
Moon, H.I., Kwak, J.H., Zee, O.P., and Chung, J.H. (2005). Regulation effect of 2',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, 2 in ultraviolet-B irradiated primary cultured old aged human skin fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 28, 2173-2175.
Moriwaki, S., and Takahashi, Y. (2008). Photoaging and DNA repair. J Dermatol Sci 50, 169-176.
Namba, T., and Matsuse, T. (2002). [A historical study of coffee in Japanese and Asian countries: focusing the medicinal uses in Asian traditional medicines]. Yakushigaku Zasshi 37, 65-75.
Nayak, B.S., Isitor, G.N., Maxwell, A., Bhogadi, V., and Ramdath, D.D. (2007).
Wound-healing activity of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice on diabetes-induced rats. J Wound Care 16, 83-86.
Oba, A., and Edwards, C. (2006). Relationships between changes in mechanical properties of the skin, wrinkling, and destruction of dermal collagen fiber bundles caused by photoaging.
Skin Res Technol 12, 283-288.
Palu, A.K., Kim, A.H., West, B.J., Deng, S., Jensen, J., and White, L. (2008). The effects of Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) on the immune system: its molecular mechanisms of action. J Ethnopharmacol 115, 502-506.
Philips, N., Keller, T., Hendrix, C., Hamilton, S., Arena, R., Tuason, M., and Gonzalez, S.
(2007). Regulation of the extracellular matrix remodeling by lutein in dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 299, 373-379.
Pillai, S., Oresajo, C., and Hayward, J. (2005). Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: roles of
reactive oxygen species, inflammation and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation-induced matrix degradation - a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 27, 17-34.
Quan, T., He, T., Kang, S., Voorhees, J.J., and Fisher, G.J. (2002). Connective tissue growth factor: expression in human skin in vivo and inhibition by ultraviolet irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 118, 402-408.
Rabe, J.H., Mamelak, A.J., McElgunn, P.J., Morison, W.L., and Sauder, D.N. (2006).
Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. J Am Acad Dermatol 55, 1-19.
Raffetto, J.D., and Khalil, R.A. (2008). Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in vascular remodeling and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 75, 346-359.
Ramirez-Coronel, M.A., Marnet, N., Kolli, V.S., Roussos, S., Guyot, S., and Augur, C.
(2004). Characterization and estimation of proanthocyanidins and other phenolics in coffee pulp (Coffea arabica) by thiolysis-high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 52, 1344-1349.
Ranheim, T., and Halvorsen, B. (2005). Coffee consumption and human health--beneficial or detrimental?--Mechanisms for effects of coffee consumption on different risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Nutr Food Res 49, 274-284.
Reenstra, W.R., Yaar, M., and Gilchrest, B.A. (1996). Aging affects epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and traffic kinetics. Exp Cell Res 227, 252-255.
Reeve, V.E., Widyarini, S., Domanski, D., Chew, E., and Barnes, K. (2005). Protection against photoaging in the hairless mouse by the isoflavone equol. Photochem Photobiol 81, 1548-1553.
Rittie, L., and Fisher, G.J. (2002). UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Res Rev 1, 705-720.
Saludes, J.P., Garson, M.J., Franzblau, S.G., and Aguinaldo, A.M. (2002). Antitubercular constituents from the hexane fraction of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae). Phytother Res 16, 683-685.
Sang, S., Cheng, X., Zhu, N., Stark, R.E., Badmaev, V., Ghai, G., Rosen, R.T., and Ho, C.T.
(2001a). Flavonol glycosides and novel iridoid glycoside from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia. J Agric Food Chem 49, 4478-4481.
Sang, S., He, K., Liu, G., Zhu, N., Cheng, X., Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Dong, Z., Ghai, G., Rosen, R.T., et al. (2001b). A new unusual iridoid with inhibition of activator protein-1 (AP-1)
from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia L. Org Lett 3, 1307-1309.
Sang, S., Liu, G., He, K., Zhu, N., Dong, Z., Zheng, Q., Rosen, R.T., and Ho, C.T. (2003).
New unusual iridoids from the leaves of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) show inhibitory effect on ultraviolet B-induced transcriptional activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity. Bioorg Med Chem 11, 2499-2502.
Scharffetter-Kochanek, K., Brenneisen, P., Wenk, J., Herrmann, G., Ma, W., Kuhr, L., Meewes, C., and Wlaschek, M. (2000). Photoaging of the skin from phenotype to mechanisms. Exp Gerontol 35, 307-316.
Seite, S., Zucchi, H., Septier, D., Igondjo-Tchen, S., Senni, K., and Godeau, G. (2006).
Elastin changes during chronological and photo-ageing: the important role of lysozyme. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20, 980-987.
Sharma, S., and Kaur, I.P. (2006). Development and evaluation of sesamol as an antiaging agent. Int J Dermatol 45, 200-208.
Shibayama, H., Hisama, M., Matsuda, S., Ohtsuki, M., and Iwaki, M. (2008). Effect of a novel ascorbic derivative, disodium isostearyl 2-O-L-ascorbyl phosphate on human dermal fibroblasts: increased collagen synthesis and inhibition of MMP-1. Biol Pharm Bull 31, 563-568.
Sim, G.S., Lee, B.C., Cho, H.S., Lee, J.W., Kim, J.H., Lee, D.H., Pyo, H.B., Moon, D.C., Oh, K.W., Yun, Y.P. (2007). Structure activity relationship of antioxidative property of flavonoids and inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinase activity in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast. Arch Pharm Res 30, 290-298.
Staniforth, V., Chiu, L.T., and Yang, N.S. (2006). Caffeic acid suppresses UVB radiation-induced expression of interleukin-10 and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in mouse. Carcinogenesis 27, 1803-1811.
Stefanaki, C., Stratigos, A., and Katsambas, A. (2005). Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging. J Cosmet Dermatol 4, 130-134.
Sultana, Y., Kohli, K., Athar, M., Khar, R.K., and Aqil, M. (2007). Effect of pre-treatment of almond oil on ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous photoaging in mice. J Cosmet Dermatol 6, 14-19.
Svobodova, A., Walterova, D., and Vostalova, J. (2006). Ultraviolet light induced alteration to the skin. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 150, 25-38.
Svobodova, A., Zdarilova, A., Maliskova, J., Mikulkova, H., Walterova, D., and Vostalova, J.
(2007). Attenuation of UVA-induced damage to human keratinocytes by silymarin. J Dermatol Sci 46, 21-30.
Syed, D.N., Malik, A., Hadi, N., Sarfaraz, S., Afaq, F., and Mukhtar, H. (2006).
Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 82, 398-405.
Takahama, U., Ryu, K., and Hirota, S. (2007). Chlorogenic acid in coffee can prevent the formation of dinitrogen trioxide by scavenging nitrogen dioxide generated in the human oral cavity. J Agric Food Chem 55, 9251-9258.
Takashima, J., Ikeda, Y., Komiyama, K., Hayashi, M., Kishida, A., and Ohsaki, A. (2007).
New constituents from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 55, 343-345.
Tanaka, K., Hasegawa, J., Asamitsu, K., and Okamoto, T. (2007). Magnolia ovovata extract and its active component magnolol prevent skin photoaging via inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB. Eur J Pharmacol 565, 212-219.
Thom, E. (2007). The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people. J Int Med Res 35, 900-908.
Torras, H. (1996). Retinoids in aging. Clin Dermatol 14, 207-215.
Tsukahara, K., Nakagawa, H., Moriwaki, S., Takema, Y., Fujimura, T., and Imokawa, G.
(2006). Inhibition of ultraviolet-B-induced wrinkle formation by an elastase-inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase-associated wrinkles. Int J Dermatol 45, 460-468.
Uitto, J. (2008). The role of elastin and collagen in cutaneous aging: intrinsic aging versus photoexposure. J Drugs Dermatol 7, s12-16.
Utsunomiya, H., Ichinose, M., Uozaki, M., Tsujimoto, K., Yamasaki, H., and Koyama, A.H.
(2008). Antiviral activities of coffee extracts in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 46, 1919-1924.
Wang, M.Y., Nowicki, D., Anderson, G., Jensen, J., and West, B. (2008). Liver Protective Effects of Morinda citrifolia (Noni). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 63, 59-63.
Wilhelmus, K.R. (2001). The Draize eye test. Surv Ophthalmol 45, 493-515.
Wong, T.T., Sethi, C., Daniels, J.T., Limb, G.A., Murphy, G., and Khaw, P.T. (2002). Matrix metalloproteinases in disease and repair processes in the anterior segment. Surv Ophthalmol 47, 239-256.
Yamada, Y., Yasui, H., and Sakurai, H. (2006). Suppressive effect of caffeic acid and its derivatives on the generation of UVA-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin of hairless mice and pharmacokinetic analysis on organ distribution of caffeic acid in ddY mice.
Photochem Photobiol 82, 1668-1676.
Yusuf, N., Irby, C., Katiyar, S.K., and Elmets, C.A. (2007). Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 23, 48-56.
Zaid, M.A., Afaq, F., Syed, D.N., Dreher, M., and Mukhtar, H. (2007). Inhibition of UVB-mediated oxidative stress and markers of photoaging in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes by pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx. Photochem Photobiol 83, 882-888.
Zhao, Z., Shin, H.S., Satsu, H., Totsuka, M., and Shimizu, M. (2008). 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid down-regulate the oxidative stress- and TNF-alpha-induced secretion of interleukin-8 from Caco-2 cells. J Agric Food Chem 56, 3863-3868.
日本化粧品工業連合会 (2001). 化粧品の安全性評価に関する指針 2001 (薬事日報社).
光井武夫 (2004). 新化粧品學, 2 edn.
李幸祥 (2007). 藥草圖鑑事典 (旺文社股份有限公司).
張新湘 (1977). 實用皮膚科學.
郭昭麟 (2006). 常見藥用植物圖鑑 (行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會).
圖
Coffea arabica and its hydrolysates
PG DC 100 CA CAH1 CAH2 CAH3 CAH4
Michelia alba and its hydrolysates
(1000 μg/mL)
Morinda citrifolia and its Hydrolysates
***
*** ***
***
Caffeic acid & Chlorogenic acid
PG
Fig.1 The inhibition of Coffea arabica, Michelia alba and Morinda citrifolia extract and their hydrolysates on collagenase activity.
(a) Coffea arabica and its hydrolysates 1000 μg/mL (b) Coffea arabica 50-1000 μg/mL (c) Michelia alba and its hydrolysates 1000 μg/mL (d) Michelia alba 50-1000 μg/mL (e) Morinda citrifolia and its hydrolystaes 1000 μg/mL (f) Coffea
arabica (1000 μg/mL), chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid (100 μM)(Hydrolysate 1: hydrolyzed by 1.2 N HCl for 30 min; hydrolysate 2: 1.2 N HCl for
60 min; hydrolysate 3: 2.4 N HCl for 30min; hydrolysate 4: 2.4 N HCl for 60min)
(*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01; ***, P< 0.001)
caffea arabica
Fig. 2 The inhibition (%) of Coffea arabica extract and its hydrolysates on the activity of bacterial collagenase.
Michelia alba
Fig. 3 The inhibition (%) of Michelia alba extract and its hydrolysates on the activity of bacterial collagenase.
Michelia alba
Fig. 4 The inhibition (%) of Michelia alba extract and its hydrolysates on the activity of porcine elastase. (**, P< 0.01; ***, P< 0.001)
Coffea arabica
(μg/mL)
0 1 10 100 1000
Cell viability (% of control)
0
Fig. 5 Cell viability (%) of Coffea arabica extract and its hydrolysates on human foreskin fibroblast. (*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01; ***, P< 0.001)
Michelia alba
(μg/mL)
0 1 10 100 1000
Cell viability (% of control)
0
Fig. 6 Cell viability (%) of Michelia alba extract and its hydrolysates on human foreskin fibroblast. (*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01)
Chorogenic acid & caffeic acid
0 5 10 20 40 80 (μM)
Cell viability (% of control)
0
140 Chorogenic acid
Caffeic acid
Fig. 7 Cell viability (%) of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid on human foreskin fibroblast.
UV dose
(mJ/cm2 )
0 20 40 60 80 100
cell viability ( % of control )
0 20 40 60 80 100
***
Fig. 8 Cell viability (%) of various dose UVB irradiation on human foreskin fibroblast. (***, P< 0.001)
UV-induced Expression of MMPs and Procollagen
(mJ/cm )
0 20 40 60 80
Relative density ( of control)
0
Type I procollagen
2
UV-induced expression of MAP Kinase
( mJ/cm )
0 20 40 60 80
Relative density ( of control)
0
Fig. 9 UVB-induced expression of MMP-1, 3, 9, type I procollagen and MAP kinase. (**, P< 0.01; ***, P< 0.001)
(b)
Relative density ( of control)
0.0
Type I procollagen
** ** **
Fig. 10 Effect of Coffea arabica extract on the UVB-induced expression of MMP-1, 3 and 9 and type I procollagen in human fibroblast.
(*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01; ***, P< 0.001)
Coffea arabica
(μg/mL)
control UV 5 10 25
Relative density ( of control )
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
pJNK pERK pp38
* **
***
***
** ***
Fig. 11 Effect of Coffea arabica extract on the UVB-induced expression of MAP kinases in human fibroblast. (*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01; ***, P<
0.001).
Caffeic acid and Chlorogenic acid
( μM ) control UV 5 10 50 5 10 50
Relative density (of control)
0 1 2 3 4
MMP-1 MMP-3 MMP-9 Type I procollagen
Caffeic acid Chlorogenic acid
** **
*
*
* *
*
Fig. 12 Effect of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid on the UVB-induced expression of MMP-1, 3, 9 and type I procollagen in human fibroblast. (*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01).
( μg/mL )
control UV 5 10 25
Rel a ti ve density ( of control )
0
Type I procollagen
Michelia alba
*
Fig. 13 Effect of Michelia alba extract on the UVB-induced expression of MMP-1, 3, 9 and type I procollagen in human fibroblast. (*, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01; ***, P< 0.001).
Michelia alba
( μg/mL )
control UV 5 10 25
Relative density ( of control )
0 1 2 3 4
5 pJNK
pERK pp38
* **
**
**
Fig. 14 Effect of Michelia albaextract on the UVB-induced expression of MAP kinases in human fibroblast. ( *, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01).
Fig. 15 The primary skin irritation test of Coffea arabica extract in the rabbit. (a) Before treating with Coffea arabica extract (b) After applying to skin with 0.1 g and 0.5 g of Coffea arabica extract (c) After a 24 hour exposure (d) After a 72 hour exposure.
Fig. 16 The primary skin irritation test of Michelia alba extract in the rabbit. (a) Before treating with Michelia alba (b) After applying to skin with 0.1 g and 0.5 g of Michelia alba extract (c) After a 24 hour exposure (d) After a 72 hour exposure.
Fig. 17 The Draize eye test of Coffea arabica extract in the rabbit.
Fig. 18 The Draize eye test of Michelia alba extract in the rabbit.
表
Table 1 The inhibition rate of Coffea arabica and Michelia alba extract on bacterial collagenase by gelatin digestion assay
concentration (μg/mL)
Coffea arabica Michelia alba
50 52.7 ± 0.12 45.9 ± 0.52 100 97.7 ± 0.11 40.0 ± 0.54 500 101.7 ± 0.01 101.2 ± 0.03 1000 100.1 ± 0.03 97.6 ± 0.35Table 2 The inhibition rate of Coffea arabica, Michelia alba and Morinda
citrifolia extract and their hydrolysates on bacterial collagenase by gelatin
digestion assayCoffea arabica Michelia alba Morinda citrifolia
extract 100.0 ± 0.05 100.1 ± 0.03 74.3 ± 1.04 H1 99.5 ± 0.06 99.3 ± 0.13 -2.7 ± 2.11 H2 96.7 ± 0.08 99.1 ± 0.14 69.9 ± 1.26 H3 97.1 ± 0.07 99.2 ± 0.12 60.5 ± 17.80 H4 95.1 ± 0.23 93.7 ± 0.40 -3.3 ± 0.97 Hydrolysate 1: 1.2 N, 30 min; hydrolysate 2: 1.2 N, 60 min; hydrolysate 3:
2.4 N, 30min; hydrolysate 4: 2.4 N, 60min
Table 3 The inhibition rate of Coffea arabica extract and its hydrolysates on bacterial collagenase using fluorometric assay
concentration Hydrolysate 1: 1.2 N, 30 min; hydrolysate 2: 1.2 N, 60 min; hydrolysate 3:
2.4 N, 30min; hydrolysate 4: 2.4 N, 60min
Plant sample %
Table 4 The inhibition rate of Michelia alba extract on bacterial collagenase using fluorometric assay
concentration (μg/mL)
Michelia alba
extract H1 H2 H3 H4 10 92.7 ± 0.72 33.6 ± 1.46 36.2 ± 16.7 49.1 ± 5.95 47.1 ± 2.00
50 94.8 ± 0.53 55.6 ± 0.79 68.1 ± 2.23 74.3 ± 5.83 68.9 ± 0.81 100 99.9 ± 0.40 82.3 ± 0.23 91.0 ± 0.90 92.9 ± 0.15 83.1 ± 1.86 500 100.1 ± 0.37 96.0 ± 0.08 99.0 ± 0.07 96.6 ± 0.47 98.7 ± 1.14
Table 5 The inhibition rate of Michelia alba extract and its hydrolysates on porcine elastase
concentration (μg/mL)
Michelia alba
extract H1 H2 H3 H4 50
17.2 ± 0.7 15.5 ± 1.4 7.8 ± 6.7 9.9 ± 3.0 6.4 ± 1.5
100
17.4 ± 0.5 16.2 ± 0.0 8.4 ± 2.2 6.4 ± 3.8 7.4 ± 0.8
50017.0 ± 0.4 15.0 ± 0.2 6.6 ± 0.9 10.5 ± 0.2 11.4 ± 0.2
100029.3 ± 0.3 15.0 ± 0.1 24.8 ± 0.2 12.7 ± 0.5 12.4 ± 0.1
Table 6 The scores of primary skin irritation test of Coffea arabica extract at low dose (0.1 g) in the rabbit
Rat 1 2 3 4 Mean± SD
Time ( h) intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded 24 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 1.25 ± 1.30 48 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 0.25 ± 0.43
Table 7 The scores of primary skin irritation test of Coffea arabica extract at high dose (0.5 g) in the rabbit
Rat 1 2 3 4 Mean± SD
Time ( h) intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded 24 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 2.12 48 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.50
Table 8 The scores of primary skin irritation test of Michelia alba extract at low dose (0.1 g) in the rabbit
Rat 1 2 3 4 Mean± SD
Time ( h) intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Table 9 The scores of primary skin irritation test of Michelia alba extract at high dose (0.5 g) in the rabbit
Rat 1 2 3 4 Mean± SD
Time ( h) intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded intact abraded 24 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.50 48 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.00 ± 0.00 0.50 ± 0.50
Table 10 The scores of Draize eye test of Coffea arabica Rat
Time (h) 1 2 3 Mean± SD
1 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 24 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 48 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 72 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00
Table 11 The scores of Draize eye test of Michelia alba Rat
Time (h) 1 2 3 4 Mean± SD
1 0 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 24 0 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 48 0 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00 72 0 0 0 0 0.00 ± 0.00
附錄一 Draize evaluation of dermal reactions
SKIN REACTIONS SCORE
Erythema and Eschar Formation (Most severely affected area graded):
No erythema 0
Very slight erythema (barely perceptible) 1
Well-defined erythema 2
Well-defined erythema 2