利用栽培技術防治瓜類作物土壤傳播性病害
討 論
在防治策略的擬定當中,利用栽培技術防治作物病害是最符合節能減 碳的考量,因為利用栽培技術防治作物病害必須先考量病害發生的條件與 環境,再運用種種耕作策略而達防治病害或逃避病害的防治效果。如發生 在嫁接絲瓜砧之苦瓜苗苗期的三種病害,一旦了解發病的適溫,不用任何 的藥劑處理或策略,只要將蔓穗頂劈嫁接苗改為 1:1 頂劈嫁接苗,並放在 20℃的生長條件下保濕處理,即可避免苗枯病、立枯病與日燒症的發生。
又如絲瓜在二月底(低溫環境)定植於本田後會嚴重發生絲瓜萎凋病之第 一階段苗期病徵,只需採取晚植避開低溫環境,即可逃避本苗期病害。而 嫁接則可快速獲得抗/耐病品種,而且防治病害的效果明顯。所謂嫁接乃是 將兩個或以上的獨立植株個體,分別切取部分組織部位,將其在維管束組 織部位組合,當該處癒合後成為一單獨的植株個體,即為嫁接株(12)。由此 可知,嫁接的原理其實很簡單,乃是利用作物受傷後的自我修復機制與作 物間的嫁接親合性,將兩個獨立的個體組合成一個個體,而品種系越接近 者,嫁接成活率也越高,如絲瓜與絲瓜共砧,嫁接成活率定高於絲瓜砧頂 劈嫁接苦瓜。此外,嫁接法亦會影響嫁接成活率,如舌狀靠接的嫁接成活 率必定高於頂劈嫁接法。因此不同的根砧與嫁接法的選用,則需視研究的 目的而定,如防治苦瓜萎凋病時需採用抗病根砧絲瓜,不能選用苦瓜共砧,
嫁接法的選用則需以割裂靠接與頂劈接,不能選用舌狀靠接或割裂根靠接
(表一),使苦瓜的根部完全離開帶有病原菌的土壤,不會遭受危害。而 絲瓜萎凋病則由於病原菌可能有生理小種的存在,因此可以選擇同為絲瓜 的菱角絲瓜或圓筒型絲瓜為共砧,一方面增加嫁接苗成活率與減少嫁接不 親和的發生;另一方面亦可達防治病害的效果(表三)。然而,由於洋香 瓜具有在口感與風味有特殊需求的特性,因此在黑點根腐病的防治上,則 果實鮮食的品質必需列為優先考慮,一般說來,頂劈嫁接的根砧效應應該 高於舌狀靠接,因此選用舌狀靠接一面可減少根砧效應影響,另一方面亦 可增加嫁接株的成活率。唯需特別注意,所選用的根砧必須為耐病根砧,
一旦病原菌濃度高於其臨界濃度時,洋香瓜黑點根腐病亦會嚴重發生。
表五、洋香瓜舌狀根靠接株在西港鄉田間由黑點根腐病所致之萎凋率與根腐指數1 Table 5. The wilt rate and root rot index of muskmelon tongue root inarching grafts due to
root rot/vine decline at Sigang field 1 Wilt rate (%) weeks
after transplanting
Root number (Percentage)
1 One hundred and sixty plants of each treatment were assayed. The seeding date was at 7 August 2007 and grafting was done the next 2-3 weeks. The harvesting date was 6 and 9 November 2007.
2 After harvest, all of the roots were collected for determining the root rot index, based on a scale of 0-4: 0=Healthy; 1=Red lesion; 2=Necrotic spot; 3=Root rot; and 4=Perithecia formed on root surface.
3 Values followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different at p=
0.05, according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
4 “-”= No data.
表六、不同根砧對洋香瓜舌狀根靠接株洋香瓜產量的影響(2007)1
Table 6. Effect of different rootstocks on yield of muskmelon tongue root inarching grafts (2007) 1
1. One hundred and sixty plants of each treatment were assayed. The seeding date was at 7 August 2007 and grafting was done the next 2-3 weeks. The harvesting date was 6 and 9 November 2007.
2. Values followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different at p=
0.05, according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
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