Chapter 5 Conclusions
5.4 Conclusion
148
5.4 Conclusion
This naturalistic case study compliments existing research on interpretation quality
by developing a multi-dimensional, heterogeneous and holistic perspective for
researchers to understand users’ quality perception in a social media setting. Interpreting
quality is a very complex and multi-dimensional construct. This study serves as an
open-ended vehicle that gathers a wide array of interpreting quality-related user
comments in a most candid and natural setting. Because all users’ responses were
anonymous and unsolicited, this research was able to unveil issues that were more
difficult to obtain through traditional survey or interview instruments. The quality
perceptions mentioned by users also were not confined by existing quality criteria. In
many previous studies, many quality criteria surveys asked respondents to think in
abstract terms about a good, ideal interpretation. But this naturalistic setting offered a
rare opportunity for the researcher to capture real user comments about an actual
simultaneous interpretation event. Studying these real user comments, this research
concludes that interpreting quality should not only be constructed through narrowly
defined quality criteria, but should be understood in a broader context. Highly
interactive interpreting events, one that resembles media or dialogue interpreting,
149
deserve much attention when studying interpreting quality as they form context-based
user-quality perceptions. Finally, the role of technology and its impact on the
interpretation profession should not be absent in the discussion of interpreting quality.
150
References
AIIC (2012). Draft checklist for interpretation over the Internet. Retrieved from
http://aiic.net/page/887/draft-checklist-for-interpretation-over-the-internet/lang/1 Alexieva, B. (1997). A Typology of Interpreter-Mediated Events. The Translator, 3(2),
22.
Altman, J. (1994). Error analysis in the teaching of simultaneous interpretation: A pilot study. In S. Lambert & B. Moser-Mercer (Eds.), Bridging the gap: Empirical research in simultaneous interpretation (pp. 25-38). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Barik, H. C. (1994). A description of various types of omissions, additions and errors of translation encountered in simultaneous interpretation. In S. Lambert & B.
Moser-Mercer (Eds.), Bridging the gap: Empirical research in simultaneous interpretation (pp. 121-137). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Bühler, H. (1986). Linguistic (semantic) and extra-linguistic (pragmatic) criteria for the evaluation of conference interpretation and interpreters. Multilingua, 5(4), 231-236. doi: 10.1515/mult.1986.5.4.231
Chang, C. & Wu, M. (2009). Address form shifts in interpreted Q&A sessions.
Interpreting, 11(2), 164-189. doi: 10.1075/intp.11.2.04cha
Cheung, A. (2013). Non-native accents and simultaneous interpreting quality perceptions. Interpreting, 15(1), 25-47. doi: 10.1075/intp.15.1.02che
151
Chiaro, D., & Nocella, G. (2004). Interpreters’ Perception of Linguistic and
Nonlinguistic Factors Affecting Quality: A survey through the World Wide Web.
Meta: Translators' Journal, 49(2), 16. doi: 10.7202/009351ar
Déjean Le Féal, K. (1990). Some Thoughts on the Evaluation of Simultaneous
Interpretation. In D. Bowen & M. Bowen (Eds.), Interpreting Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (pp. 154-160). Binghamton, NY: SUNY.
Garzone, G. (2002). Quality and norms in interpretation. In G. Garzone & M. Viezzi (Eds.), Interpreting in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities : Selected Papers from the 1st Forlì Conference on Interpreting Studies, 9-11 November 2000 (pp. 117-130). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Gerver, D. (1969). The effects of source language presentation rate on the performance of simultaneous conference interpreters. In E. Foulfce (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second Louisville Conference on Rate and/or Frequency Controlled Speech (pp.
162-184). Louisville, KY: Center for Rate-Controlled Recordings, University of Louisville.
Gerver, D. (1975). A psychological approach to simultaneous interpretation. Meta:
Translators' Journal, 20(2), 119–128. doi: 10.7202/002885ar
Gile, D. (1991). A Communication-Oriented Analysis of Quality in Nonliterary Translation and Interpretation. In M.L. Larson (Ed.), Translation: Theory and Practice. Tension and Interdependence (pp. 188-200). Binghamton, NY: SUNY.
Hutchby, I. (1995). Aspects of Recipient Design in Expert Advice-Giving on Call-in-Radio. Discourse Processes, 19, 219-238.
152
Jones, R. (1998). Conference Interpreting Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Kahane, E. (2000). Thoughts on the quality of interpretation. Retrieved 10/12, 2013, from http://aiic.net/page/197
Kalina, S. (2002). Quality in interpreting and its prerequisites. In G. Garzone & M.
Viezzi (Eds.), Interpreting in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities : Selected Papers from the 1st Forlì Conference on Interpreting Studies, 9-11 November 2000 (pp. 131-140). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kalina, S. (2005). Quality Assurance for Interpreting Process. Meta: Translators' Journal, 50(2), 768-784. doi: 10.7202/011017ar
Kellett Bidoli, C. J. (2000). Quality Assessment in Conference Interpreting: an Overview. Miscellanea, 4, 105-145.
Kopczyński, A. (1994). Quality in Conference Interpreting: Some Pragmatic Problems.
In M. Snell-Hornby & K. Kaindl (Eds.), Translation Studies: An interdiscipline (pp. 189-198). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kurz, I. (1993). Conference Interpretation: Expectations of Different User Groups. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 5, 13-21.
Kurz, I. (1997). Getting the message across--Simultaneous interpreting for the media. In M. Snell-Hornby, Z. Jettmarová & K. Kaindl (Eds.), Translation as Intercultural Communication: Selected papers from the EST Congress, Prague 1995 (pp.
195-205). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kurz, I. (2001). Conference Interpreting: Quality in the Ears of the User. Meta:
153
Translators' Journal, 46(2), 394-409. doi: 10.7202/003364ar
Kurz I. (2002). Physiological stress responses during media and conference interpreting.
In G. Garzone & M. Viezzi (Eds.), Interpreting in the 21st Century. Challenges and Opportunities: Selected Papers from the 1st Forlì Conference on
Interpreting Studies, 9-11 November 2000 (pp. 195-202). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kurz I., & Pöchhacker, F. (1995). Quality in TV interpreting. Translatio, 14(3-4), 350-358.
Li, C. (2010). Coping Strategies for Fast Delivery in Simultaneous Interpretation. The Journal of Specialized Translation, 13, 19-25. Retrieved from
http://www.jostrans.org/issue13/issue13_toc.php
Mack, G. (2002). New perspectives and challenges for interpretation: the example of television. In G. Garzone & M. Viezzi (Eds.), Interpreting in the 21st Century.
Challenges and Opportunities: Selected Papers from the 1st Forlì Conference on Interpreting Studies, 9-11 November 2000 (pp. 203-213). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Macías, M. P. (2006). Probing quality criteria in simultaneous interpreting. Interpreting, 8(1), 25-43.
Marrone, S. (1993). Quality: A shared objective. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 5, 35-41.
Moser, P. (1995). Survey on expectations of users of conference interpretation.
Retrieved November 20, 2014, from
http://www.aiic.net/ViewPage.cfm?page_id=736
154
Moser, P. (1996). Expectations of users of conference interpretation. Interpreting 1(2), 145-178.
Moser-Mercer, B. (1996). Quality in Interpreting: Some Methodological Issues. The Interpreters’ Newsletter, 7, 43-55.
Moser-Mercer, B. (2009). Construct-ing quality. In G. Hansen, A. Chesterman, & H.
Gerzymisch-Arbogast (Eds.), Efforts and Models in Interpreting and
Translation Research: A Tribute to Daniel Gile (pp. 153-166). Philadelphia:
John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Moser-Mercer, B., Künzli, A., & Korac, M. (1998). Effects on quality, physiological and psychological stress (Pilot study). Interpreting, 3(1), 47-64. doi:
0.1075/intp.3.1.03mos
Olsen, B. S. (2012). Interpreting 2.0. The AIIC Webzine. Retrieved from http://aiic.net/page/6336/interpreting-2-0/lang/1
Pignataro, C. (2011). Skilled-based and knowledge-based strategies in Television Interpreting. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 16, 81-98.
Pignataro, C. & Velardi, S. (2011). The Quest for Quality Assessment Criteria in Media Interpreting. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on
Interpreting Quality, Granada, Spain.
Pöchhacker, F. (1997). “Clinton speaks German”: A case study of live broadcast simultaneous interpreting. In M. Snell-Hornby, Z. Jettmarová & K. Kaindl (Eds.), Translation as Intercultural Communication: Selected papers from the EST Congress, Prague 1995 (pp. 217-226). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
155
Pöchhacker, F. (2001). Quality Assessent in Conference and Community Interpreting.
Meta: Translators' Journal, 46(2), 16. doi: 10.7202/003364ar
Pöchhacker, F. (2002). Researching interpreting quality: Models and methods. In G.
Garzone & M. Viezzi (Eds.), Interpreting in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities : Selected Papers from the 1st Forlì Conference on Interpreting Studies, 9-11 November 2000 (pp. 95-106). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Pöchhacker, F. (2010). Media Interpreting. In Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies (Vol. 1, pp. 224-226). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Pöchhacker, F. (2011). Researching TV interpreting: Selected studies of US presidential material. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 16, 21-36.
Pöchhacker, F., & Zwischenberger, C. (2010). Survey on quality and role: Conference interpreters’ expectations and self-perceptions. Retrieved 10/12, 2013, from http://aiic.net/page/3405/survey-on-quality-and-role-conference-interpreters-exp ectations-and-self-perceptions/lang/1
Ru, M. L. (1996). Exploring Interpreting Quality and Role of Interpreters from Users’
Perspective (Unpublished Master's Thesis) [從使用者觀點探討口譯品質與口
譯員之角色 (碩士論文)]. New Taipei City: Fu-Jen Catholic University.
Shlesinger, M. (1997). Quality in Simultaneous Interpreting. In Y. Gambier, D. Gile &
C. Taylor (Eds.), Conference Interpreting: Current Trends in Research (Vol. 23, pp. 123-131). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
156
Snelling, D. (1997). On media and court interpreting. In Y. Gambier, D. Gile & C.
Taylor (Eds.), Conference Interpreting: Current trends in research. Proceedings of the International Conference on “Interpreting: What do we know and how?”
Turku, August 25-27, 1994 (pp. 187-206). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Straniero-Sergio, F. (2003). Norms and quality in media interpreting: The case of Formula One press conferences. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 12, 135-174.
Zwischenberger, C. (2010). Quality criteria in simultaneous interpreting: an
international vs. a national view. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 15, 127-142.
Taiwan Public Television Service (2012, December 11). What Money Can’t Buy (錢買 不到的東西) [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SZCa4LEYf
157
Appendix Appendix A: Lectur e T ranscription Segment Starting time Time length SpeakerInter- preterSource text Target text 1 0:10:300:12:42 Sandel M Thank you, thank you, thank you very much. Ni hao ma? Jia ba bue? Thank you for welcoming me here. This is, this is an amazing gathering. This is my first visit to Taiwan. And already I feel at home. It is, I've been here now just for three days, and already I am grateful for so many things. I love the warmth of the Taiwanese people, I love Taiwanese food, and I am deeply grateful for the astonishing, overwhelming response by Taiwanese readers to my book, justice, and now to my new book, what money can't buy. The subject I teach and write about is philosophy, moral and political philosophy. And often, when we think of philosophy, we think of a subject that really resides in the clouds. A subject that is all about abstract ideas that the philosophers discuss and debate, far removed from the world in which we live. But I've never viewed philosophy this way. From the time I was young, I was interested in politics, in campaigns and elections, in political arguments and 謝謝大家。非常感謝各位。你好嗎，吃飽了 嗎，呷飽未。感謝大家邀請我來這邊，真的 這麼多人，這是我第一次來臺灣，這是我來 臺灣的第一次，我已經感覺到，像家的感覺 一樣，我才來三天而已。然後到現在呢，我 已經感覺到好多東西我都深懷感激，我非常 愛臺灣人的熱情，我非常喜歡臺灣的食物， 我深深的感激這一切大家對我的歡迎，我的 讀者。正義這本書，還有最新的這本<錢買 不到的東西>這一本書，我非常非常地感 激，從打從內心深處的感激各位，我教的科 目呢，也，以及我寫的這些，課，課題就是 哲學，主要是在政治哲學。常常來說，當我 們一講到哲學，就想到了一門科目它是它好 像是在雲端的一個科目一樣，這個科目都在 講一些這種抽象的概念，哲學家們他們講的 討論，爭論的這種抽象的概念，跟世界好像 脫節一般。但是我從來不這麼看哲學。我從 很小的時候，年輕的時候，我就很，對政治
158
debates. I found it fascinating. When I graduated from college, how many of you here are still in college, by the way? How many are college students? Quite a few, wow. Well when I graduated from college, I didn't know what I wanted to do when I grew up. I thought maybe I could become a political journalist, maybe become a politician and run for office. And the idea of being a professor that was not my first idea. And then I had the chance to read and study some more and to travel. And I became fascinated by what the philosophers of the past had to say about justice, and political community, and the common good. And before I knew it, I was captured by the project of philosophy and I wound up a teacher of philosophy. But I always wanted to retain some connection between the kind of philosophy that I did and the world in which we live. Philosophical problems and debates, especially ethical debates are difficult and controversial. And the philosophers themselves, whether Plato and Aristotle or Confucius, or John Stuart Mill, the philosophers themselves disagree about what justice means, about what a just society looks like. They disagreed; they were arguing with one another. And so, you might wonder, if these great thinkers can't agree on the meaning of justice and the common good, how can we possibly aspire to do better? And doesn't this show that philosophy is impossible. Well, in a way, it may be. And yet, philosophy is also inescapable because these big questions about justice and virtue and the common good, these big questions are at 很感興趣，在這個政治的辯論，在政治選 舉，政治的辯論裡面，我覺得非常有趣，我 從大學畢業之後，誒，大家這邊大學生舉手 一下好嗎？大學生，哇好多人啊。我大學畢 業的時候，其實當時我不知道要幹什麼，我 之後要幹嘛我不太清楚，我想說，誒，也許 我可以當政治記者啊，也許可以當一個政治 家，或者是參加選舉，那，當教授這件事情， 我當時不是我的第一個選項。後來我有一個 機會去讀更多的一些東西去旅遊旅行，然後 我就開始對哲學家們他們講的，過去的，古 代的哲學家講到的一些概念，對正義的相關 的概念，對政治社群以及眾人的利益這些議 題感到，深深感到興趣。接著，我就深深的 陷入了，這一個，哲學這個東西。最後呢 開 始教哲學。但是我一直想要保留的一種連 結，也就是一種我之前讀的那些哲學，還有 現在我們生活的這個世界。我希望這兩個東 西是連在一起，各種的這種爭論，哲學的爭 論，倫理道德的爭論，很難去回答而且會造 成許多的爭議，哲學家們，他們不管是柏拉 圖還是亞里士多德、還是孔子、還是John Stewart Miller Miller他們這些哲學家都沒有 統一的，統一的意見，到底正義這個東西是 什麼呢？什麼才是公平正義的社會？他們 都沒有同意的，同樣的意見，他們之間都互 相爭論着，所以你可能會去想，如果這些偉 大的思想家都沒有辦法同意他們正義的定 義，還有眾人的利益，那麼他們都沒辦法同 意，我們怎麼還能夠做得更好呢？那麼這樣 子不就是說哲學就是一件很不可能的事
159
stake in our everyday lives, and our personal lives, and also in our public life. And so tonight, I would like to engage you in a discussion. You thought you were coming to a lecture. But, it's not the kind of lecture where the professor stands at a podium and reads from a text and gives you the answers about big ideas. Philosophy is exciting because it really is less a list of answers than an invitation to reason together about things that matter in our lives. And so I would like tonight, in this small intimate gathering, to invite you to discuss some of the big questions that face all of us in our societies. I am going to give you some examples, some stories, that really raise hard questions about what is the right thing to do. And I want to invite you to tell me what you think, and to listen to one another, and to say whether you agree or disagree with what your friends and colleagues had to say. So does that sound reasonable? Are you ready to participate even you way back in the balcony? Are you ready? Yes? Alright. (pause; subject change) The general question I would like to pose is the subject of my new book What Money Can't Buy; and the question is this, what should be the role of money and markets in a good society? Today, there are very few things that money can't buy. I'll give you one or two examples from my society. There's a city in California that offers prisoners a choice, if you're sentenced to a jail term in this California town and if you don't like the standard accommodations, you can buy a prison cell upgrade. It's true. For how much do 情，在某種方面來講，是可以這麼說，但是 哲學也是沒有辦法，我們沒有辦法去避免哲 學，因為我們講到正義，這些大的問題或者 是倫理或者是，眾人的利益，這些大的問 題，因為每天我們都要面對這些大問題，個 人的生活中，還有在公眾的生活中都會遇 到。所以今天晚上，我想要跟所有的人來討 論，你們以為是來聽演講的嘛，但是，並不 是這種講課就是教授講在這邊講課，然後讀 教，讀課本，然後告訴你，告訴你所有的解 答，這些大的概念的解答，我不會給你這個 答案，哲學很讓人興奮，因為它，其實它就 是，不，不是一大堆的解答。其實哲學更像 是邀請你來閱讀一些重要的，生命中重要的 事物，所以今天晚上我希望的就是，在這個 很小的一個群眾中呢跟大家邀請大家一起 來討論這些所謂的大問題，每個人都會面對 的問題，在社會中所面對的問題，我會給大 家舉一些例子，一些故事，這些故事呢都會 提出一些重要的問題。很難回答的問題，來 問你說到底什麼樣才是對的事情，還有我要 邀請大家告訴我你們怎麼想，你們要互相傾 聽對方，看看你們同不同意對方講的話，你 的朋友、你的同事，他們講的話，同不同意 呢？那大家聽我這樣建議合理嗎？你們，就 算上面的那個，你準備好了嗎？你準備好參 與了嗎？是，我先要問大家一個，很大的一 個問題，就是，那也就是我在新書<錢買不 到的東西>裡面講到的一個問題就是，也就 是，錢的角色、市場的角色，在一個美好的 社會中，在今天這個社會中，其實有很少的