Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Introduction on Paiwan
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Here, I explain why I use the name ‘North Jinfeng Township’. First, the dialects spoken in sinapayan, kaʔaluan and sapulju are generally the same or belonging to the same dialect group (see Section 1.5.1). Second, rulakes, one of the south Jinfeng villages, speaks a quite different dialect, due to its entirely different sources of migration compared with other four Jinfeng villages (see Section 1.6.1). Therefore, I use ‘North Jinfeng Paiwan’ to roughly refer to the dialect. Actually, another south Jinfeng village, djumulj, also speaks the same dialect, since there is close family relationship between djumulj and sapulju for historical reasons (see Section 1.6.1).
1.3 Organization of this thesis
This section presents the organization of this thesis. Section 1.4 to Section 1.6 provides introductory information. Chapter 2 gives a grammatical profile and includes an overview of phonology, morphology, word class, nominal affixes, verbal affixes and grammatical
relations. Chapter 3 deals with classifications of nouns and verbs, complements of nominal and verbal heads and the structure of noun and verb phrase. Chapter 4 presents deictic
expressions, including personal pronouns, demonstrative and spatiotemporal expressions. The final chapter makes a conclusion and gives suggestions for future research.
1.4 Introduction on Paiwan
The people of Paiwan are distributed mainly in the east side of Pingtung County and central and southern Taitung County in the south of Taiwan. According to statistics from Council of Indigenous Peoples (原住民族委員會) of Taiwan, in May 2018, the population of Paiwan is 100,775, which is second only to Amis (population: 209,668) among the
indigenous population.
Following the anthropological classification of Utsurikawa et al. (1935), there are two
‧
subgroups of Paiwan: ravar (拉瓦爾) and vuculj (布曹爾).4 The residence of ravar is mainly in Sandimen Township and is close to that of Rukai. Therefore, their customs and habits are influenced by each other (e.g. the wear of lily). Different from vuculj (except paqaluqalu) who refer to kavulungan or tjagaraus ‘Dawu Mountain (大武山)’5 as the most sacred place where the souls of ancestors have returned to, the supreme place for ravar is tjaivuvu
‘Damumu Mountain (大母母山)’ (Bima, 2002; Tan, 2007).
Vuculj make up more than 90% of the total Paiwan population. Their distribution range is much wider than that of ravar, since they have migrated around for several times. In the process of migration, the contact with different groups such as Chimo (箕模族)6, Puyuma, Rukai, Makatao, Amis, and some other aborigines living in the plains made the high internal ethnical complexity of vuculj. The cultural characteristics and language have changed.
Therefore, the subgrouping of vuculj is a troublesome issue, where the boundary between some subgroups are quite blurred. In general, the most frequently mentioned subdivisions of vuculj are paumaumaq, caupupulj, paljizaljizav, and paqaluqalu among most literature (Bima, 2002; Kadrangian, 2014; National Development Initiatives Institute, 2006; Tan, 2007;
Yah, 2013). Since the subgroups have been widely discussed in the abovementioned
ethnological studies, I do not discuss all of them in my thesis. This thesis investigates Paiwan spoken in Jinfeng Township, and I only discuss the eastern subgroups.
In most literature, the paqaluqalu refers to all Paiwan people who live in Taitung County. However, according to Pan (2017:51) and my informants, paqaluqalu is rarely used by most eastern Paiwan people. Instead, they use seqaluqalu to refer to the subgroup which
4 In some literature, ravar is spelled as Raval, and vuculj as Butsul.
5 Moth kavulungan and tjagaraus refer to Dawu Mountain. The former means ‘the real residence of ancestors’
(the root vulung means ‘old’), while the latter is name of a god also used to indicate Dawu Mountain out of its sanctity.
6 According to Li (1956:58), The ethnic group of Chimo resided in central Pingtung County, north to the region of Linbian River (林邊溪) and south to the region of Fenggang River (楓港溪). Some of them might have migrated to Taitung County. Nowadays, they are almost Paiwanized and are regarded as Paiwan people in general.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
has close contact with the katripulr (知本) Puyuma and use sezayazaya to call other subgroups.7
Long ago, the katripulr Puyuma migrated southward and ruled the people of vuculj who migrated from the west, Amis and Makatao. Their reigning territory was once widespread throughout almost the entirety of Taitung County and southeastern Hengchun Peninsula before. Most of them gradually blended in with the vuculj society and spoken the language of Paiwan.
The seqaluqalu, staying in northern Taimali Township, have especially close contact with the southward-migrating Puyuma. The customs of seqaluqalu exhibit a mixture of Paiwan and katripulr Puyuma (Pan, 2017). Some of them believe that they are originated from luvuqan (陸發案) rather than kavulungan.8
The Puyuma influence on the sezayazaya, who inhabit in southern Taimali Township, Jinfeng Township, Daren Township and Dawu Township, is not as great as that on the
seqaluqalu. Like western vuculj, the sezayazaya believe that their origin is from kavulungan.
Besides, there were some Rukai emigrating southward from present-day Wutai Township (霧 台鄉) to Jinfeng Township.
7 In some literature, paqaluqalu is spelled as paqaroqaro, and seqaluqalu as seqaroqaro.
8 Luvuqan (陸發案) is located in the eastern coastline in northern Taimali Township.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Map 1.2
The approximate distribution of the subgroups of Paiwan9
9 Inspired by Yah (2013:36), I drew this map. The star marks indicate the center of the tribes or traditional territories as possible. Some of the locations indicated by the star marks are no longer inhabited.
‧
This section gives a description of existing research on subjects central to this thesis.
Section 1.5.1 discusses Paiwan dialects. Section 1.5.2 lists the previous works of descriptive grammar of Paiwan. Section 1.5.3 presents typological sketch of Paiwan morphosyntax from previous studies.
1.5.1 Dialectology
According to most official classifications10, there are four dialects of Paiwan: North Paiwan, Central Paiwan, South Paiwan and East Paiwan. The territory of North Paiwan roughly includes Sandimen Township (三地門鄉), Majia Township (瑪家鄉) and northern Taiwu Township (泰武鄉); that of Central Paiwan roughly includes southern Taiwu Township (泰武鄉), Laiyi Township (來義鄉) and northern Chunri Township (春日鄉); that of
Southern Paiwan roughly includes southern Chunri Township (春日鄉), Shizi Township (獅 子鄉), Mudan Township (牡丹鄉) and Manzhou Township (滿洲鄉); and that of East Paiwan includes all the Paiwan-populated townships in Taitung County (Bima, 2002; National
Development Initiatives Institute, 2006:85). The main problem of this classification is that each of the demarcated dialect group sweepingly include various dialects. In the following, we discuss some recent studies on the classification of Paiwan dialects. As far, there is still no consensus in the classification of Paiwan dialects. However, there have been considerable results in recent years.
Ho (1978) compares five dialects of Paiwan and tries to reconstruct Proto-Paiwan. His selected locations for the five dialects are: stimur (地磨兒), payuan (筏灣/排灣), butanglu (丹路), tjavualji (大王/太麻里) and tjuabar (土坂). Ho divides Paiwan into two dialectal branches: Northwest and Southeast. The palatal phonemes, tj /c/ and dj /ɟ/, have dentalized to
10 See http://lokahsu.org.tw. Accreditation of the Aboriginal Languages Proficiency (原住民族語言能力認證測 驗).