Chapter 3: Noun and Verb Phrases
4.1 Personal pronouns
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Chapter 4: Deixis
This chapter investigates deictic markers and their relevant expressions in North Jinfeng Paiwan. Section 4.1 discusses the personal pronominal system, in which 10 bound forms and 21 free forms are attested. Section 4.2 deals with demonstratives, which consist of three forms: icu ‘(proximal)’ and z(u)a ‘(distal)’ and sa ‘(visible proximal)’. Section 4.3 investigates spatial and temporal expressions, which concern i- ‘(stative location)’, tja-
‘(specific location)’ and their interaction with spatial nouns, temporal nouns, the temporal markers ta- / ka- ‘(past)’, nu- ‘(irrealis)’ and tucu ‘now’ and their interaction with temporal nouns and ordinal numerals.
4.1 Personal pronouns
In North Jinfeng Paiwan, personal pronouns exhibit a three-way distinction on case (nominative vs. genitive vs. oblique), a three-way distinction on person (first person vs.
second person vs. third person) and a dichotomy on number (singular vs. plural). In addition, there are inclusive and exclusive forms on first person plural pronouns, and there are bound forms and free forms of the first and second person pronouns in nominative and genitive cases.
By observation, free forms are combinations of bound forms, case markers, the plural marker a- and the prefix nu-. In this thesis, I am not discussing why and how they are
constructed. The form of personal pronouns in Paiwan are usually involved in the discussion of PAn reconstructed pronominals in the literature (Zeitoun et al, 1999; Ross, 2006, 2013).
The bound forms are not functionally equivalent to the free forms. In first and second person pronouns, the bound forms are unmarked, whereas the free forms are either
topicalized elements or newly-introduced information.
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Nominative Genitive Oblique
1st person singular
3rd person singular ti-madju ni-madju tjay-madju
Inclusive 1st person plural =itjen ti-tjen tja= ni-tjen tja-nu-itjen Exclusive 1st person plural =amen ti-amen nia= ni-amen tja-nu-amen 2nd person plural =(e)mun ti-mun nu= ni-mun tja-nu-mun
3rd person plural ti-a-madju ni-a-madju tjay-a-madju
Now, we discuss the distinction by starting with the nominative personal pronouns. The bound forms of the first and second person nominative pronouns are shown in (4.1). They may serve as different semantic roles in clauses taking different voices. In (4.1a), =aken
‘(first person singular nominative pronoun)’ is an agent that takes an action to take the book.
In (4.1b), the first =sun ‘second person singular nominative pronoun’ is a theme that undergoes an inquiry and the second =sun is an agent. In (4.1c), =aken is a beneficiary that gets benefits from the mother. As shown by (4.1d) and (4.1e), the speaker is simultaneously a participant role when =itjen ‘first person plural inclusive nominative pronoun’ is used, while the speaker is excluded when using =amen ‘first person plural exclusive nominative
pronoun’.
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(4.1) Bound forms of nominative personal pronouns
a. m-alap=aken ta ʔadupu.
AV-take=NOM.1SG OBL.CMN book
‘I take the book.’ (sinapayan)
b. ku=kivadai-ai=sun, kasi-(i)nu=sun?
GEN.1SG=ask-OPT=NOM.2SG be.from-where=NOM.2SG
‘I ask you (excuse me), where are you from?’ (kaʔaluan)
c. s<in>i-veli=aken ni ʔina ta tuki.
UVC-bought=NOM.1SG GEN.PRL.SG mother OBL.CMN watch
‘Mother bought a watch for me.’ (kaʔaluan)
d. nu k<em>an=itjen ta ciʔav
IRR <AV>eat=NOM.1PL.INCL OBL.CMN fish
ma-pa-tja-liav a tja=tarivak-an.
ma-CAUS-COMP-many LIG GEN.1PL.INCL-healthy-NML
‘Eating fish gains our health.’ (sinapayan)
e. k<em>asi-tjavualji=amen sa pana-zaya
<AV>be.from-PR.place=NOM.1PL.EXCL then move.toward-north dj<em>aljun i-valangav.
<AV>arrive LOC-PR.place
‘We go north from Taimali to Taitung.’ (sinapayan)
The free forms of the first and second person nominative pronouns are used as
topicalized elements, as shown in (4.2). They are classified as ‘neutral pronouns’ in Zeitoun et al. (1999:176). There is punctuation between the topicalized elements and the main verb. In (4.2a), the topicalized subject is tiaken ‘[NOM.1SG]’. In addition, there may be compounding between a topicalized element and a noun, as tiamen a tapangaljan [NOM.1SG.EXCLLIG
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
class] ‘our class’ shown in (4.2b). Chang (2016:177) states that the topicalized free pronouns occur as left-dislocated NPs. In my database, topicalized free pronouns as right-dislocated NPs are also found. In (4.2c), timun ‘(second person plural nominative pronouns)’ is uttered deliberately in speech, after the imperative verb kelj-u ‘come [IMP.EXCL]’.
(4.2) Free forms of first and second person nominative pronouns a. tiaken, m-alap ta ʔadupu.
NOM.1SG AV-take OBL.CMN book
‘It’s I, who take the book.’ (sinapayan)
b. tiamen a tapangaljan, ma-tjelu=anga sinsi
NOM.1PL.EXCL LIG class CL.H-three=COS teacher a na=masa-se~vali~valit.
LIG PFV=RECP-take.over~RED~take.over
‘For our class, it has been taken over by three teachers.’ (sinapayan)
c. kelj-u, timun!
come-IMP.EXCL NOM.2PL
‘You, come!’ (sinapayan)
The free forms of third person nominative pronouns have both functions that free and bound forms of first person and second person nominative pronouns have. Examples are shown in (4.3). In (4.3a), timadju ‘(third person singular nominative pronoun)’ refers to the agent participant who swam. In (4.3b), tiamadju ‘(third person plural nominative pronoun)’ is a topicalized subject.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
(4.3) Free forms of third person nominative pronouns a. na=k<em>avakav timadju i-pana.
PFV=<AV>swim NOM.3SG LOC-river
‘He swam in the river’ (sinapayan)
b. tiamadju, pu-aljak tu ma-drusa ta
NOM.3PL give.birth.to OBL.CMN CL.H-two OBL.CMN
u~ʔalja~ʔaljay.
man~RED~man
‘As for them, they have (give birth to) two boys.’ (narrative1)
Next, we consider the genitive personal pronouns. The bound forms of genitive personal pronouns are shown in (4.4). A bound form of the genitive personal pronoun is either the agent in UV clause or the possessor in NP. In (4.4a), ku= ‘(first person singular genitive pronoun)’ serves as an agent who is going to eat the food, and nu= ‘[GEN.2PL]’ refers to the possessor of the food. In (4.4b), su= ‘(second person singular genitive pronoun)’ serves as an agent and tima ‘who [NOM]’ is the location-oriented undergoer. In (4.4c), tja= ‘(first person plural inclusive genitive pronoun)’ is an agent who build the house, and kasiv ‘wood’ and ljavia ‘sogon grass’ are the instruments to build the house.
(4.4) Bound forms of genitive personal pronouns
a. uri ku=kan-en=anga a za
IRR GEN.1SG=eat-UVP=COS NOM.CMN that nu=nema~nemanga i-tjalatj ta lukulj.
GEN.2PL=PL~stored.food LOC-interior OBL.CMN wooden.box
‘I will eat all those your food stored in the box.’ (narrative2)
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‘To whom did you give that banana?’ (sapulju)
c. manu kasiv manu ljavia a uri
or wood or sogon.grass LIG IRR
tja=si-san-umaq?
GEN.1PL.INCL=UVC-manufacture-house
‘How would we build the house, by using wood or sogon grass?’
(sinapayan)
(4.5) Free forms of genitive personal pronouns
a. p<in>-vavav ta cukui, niaʔen, a za
<UVP>put.in-top OBL.CMN table GEN.1SG NOM.CMN that veljevelj.
banana
‘It's I, who put the banana on the table.’ (sinapayan)
b. si-alap nimadju ta ʔadupu ti vikung.
UVC-take GEN.3SG OBL.CMN book NOM.PRL.SG PR.M
‘She takes the book for Vikung.’ (sinapayan)
c. izua matja-tjelu a kavuavuan niamadju.
EXIST CL.F-three LIG field GEN.3PL
‘There are three fields of his (family).’ (sinapayan)
d. *nimadju alap-en a ʔadupu.
GEN.3SG take-UVP NOM.CMN book
‘(unnatural sentence) It’s she, who takes the book’ (sinapayan)
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
The free forms of genitive personal pronouns are shown in (4.5). The free form of first or second person genitive pronoun is usually an emphasized subject, as niaʔen ‘(first person singular genitive pronoun)’ in (4.5a), which is the new information that the speaker gives.
The third person genitive pronoun may either refer to an agent in UV clause or serve as a possessor in NP. (4.5b) is an UVC clause, in which nimadju ‘(third person singular genitive pronoun)’ refers to the agent who takes the book, and vikung ‘[PR.M]’ is the beneficiary that benefits from the giving. In (4.5c), niamadju ‘(third person plural genitive pronoun)’ serves as a possessor of the property kavuavuan ‘field’. It should be noted here that the free genitive pronouns may not be fronted to the initial position. Thus, (4.5d) is an unnatural sentence.
(4.6) Oblique personal pronouns
a. tjara paʔenetj-u tjanuaken.
must remember-IMP.EXCL OBL.1SG
‘Be sure to remember me.’ (sinapayan)
b. t-ima-ima na=pavai tjanusun sa linggu?
who.NOM.PL PFV=give OBL.2SG PROX.VIS apple
‘Which people gave you these apples?’ (sapulju)
Next, we will discuss the oblique personal pronouns, which are all free forms. Typically, they act as an undergoer, but sometimes they may be a goal or an experiencer. Examples are given in (4.6). In (4.6a), tjanuaken ‘(first person singular oblique pronoun)’ serves as a theme, which is a semantic role subsumed in the category of undergoer. In (4.6b), tjanusun
‘(second person singular oblique pronoun)’ is a goal to whom some people gave the apple.
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There are three demonstratives in North Jinfeng Paiwan: proximal icu, distal z(u)a and visible proximal sa. At present, no distinction between za and zua is attested in my database.
According to my informant, za and zua are in free variation.
The proximal icu is typically used to refer to something near the deictic center or in a clearly delineated space. In (4.7a), icu a umaʔ [PROXLIG house] ‘this house’ refers to the house that is close to the speaker. In (4.7b), sinapayan indicates an explicitly demarcated village, and the speaker is not necessarily in or near sinapayan. The proximal icu may also refers to a time in an explicitly delineated time frame. In (4.7c), icu indicates the time point when Sayiv came to the speaker’s house for the fifth time.
(4.7) Proximal demonstrative icu
a. Pointing to something near the deictic center
nguanguaʔ a ʔuljav na icu a umaʔ.
beautiful NOM.CMN color GEN.CMN PROX LIG house
‘The color of this house is beautiful.’ (sinapayan) b. Pointing to something in a clearly delineated place
a icu a djalan i-sinapayan
NOM.CMN PROX LIG street LOC-Zhengxing.village sinpeljuʔ-an ta na-sa-miling a vecik full.of-UVL OBL.CMN beautiful.and.classical LIG carving
‘The streets of Zhengxing village are covered with beautiful totem.’
(sinapayan)
c. Pointing to a time in an explicitly delineated time frame
a icu si-kin-lima-lj a
NOM.CMN PROX ORD-MULTI-five-MULTI LIG