2.1.1 16-bit Processors and Segmentation (1978)
2.3 IA-32 PROCESSOR GENERATIONS
In the mid-1960s, Intel cofounder and Chairman Emeritus Gordon Moore had this observation:
“the number of transistors that would be incorporated on a silicon die would double every 18 months for the next several years.” Over the past three and half decades, this prediction known as “Moore's Law” has continued to hold true.
The computing power and the complexity (or roughly, the number of transistors per processor) of Intel architecture processors has grown in close relation to Moore's law. By taking advantage of new process technology and new microarchitecture designs, each new generation of IA-32 processors has demonstrated frequency-scaling headroom and new performance levels over the previous generation processors.
The key features of the Intel Pentium 4 processor, Intel Xeon processor, Intel Xeon processor MP, Pentium III processor, and Pentium III Xeon processor with advanced transfer cache are shown in Table 2-1. Older generation IA-32 processors, which do not employ on-die Level 2 cache, are shown in Table 2-2.
Table 2-1. Key Features of Most Recent IA-32 Processors Intel
Processor Date Intro-duced
Microarchi-tecture Clock
Frequency at Intro-duction
Tran-sistors Register
Sizes1 System Bus Band-width
Max.
Extern.
Addr.
Space
On-Die Caches2
Pentium 4
Processor 2000 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture
1.50 GHz 42 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
3.2 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
8KB L1;
256-KB L2 Intel Xeon
Processor 2001 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture
1.70 GHz 42 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
3.2 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Trace Cache;
8-KB L1;
256-KB L2
Vol. 1 2-17 IA-32 INTEL ARCHITECTURE
Intel Xeon
Processor 2002 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology
2.20 GHz 55 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
3.2 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Trace Cache;
8-KB L1;
512-KB L2
Intel Xeon Processor MP
2002 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology
1.60 GHz 108 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
3.2 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Trace Cache;
8-KB L1;
256-KB L2;
1-MB L3 Intel
Pentium 4 Processor Supporting Hyper-Threading Technology
2002 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology
3.06 GHz 55 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
4.2 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
8-KB L1;
512-KB L2
Intel Pentium M Processor
2003 Intel Pentium
M Processor 1.60 GHz 77 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
3.2 GB/s 4 GB L1: 64 KB L2: 1 MB
Intel Pentium 4 Processor Supporting Hyper-Threading Technology at 90 nm process
2004 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology
3.40 GHz 125 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
6.4 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
16 KB L1;
1 MB L2
Intel Pentium M Processor 7553
2004 Intel Pentium
M Processor 2.00 GHz 140 M GP: 32 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
3.2 GB/s 4 GB L1: 64 KB L2: 2 MB
64-bit Intel Xeon Processor with 800 MHz System Bus
2004 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology;
Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology
3.60 GHz 125 M GP: 32, 64 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
6.4 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
16 KB L1;
1 MB L2 Table 2-1. Key Features of Most Recent IA-32 Processors (Contd.)
Intel
Processor Date Intro-duced
Microarchi-tecture Clock
Frequency at Intro-duction
Tran-sistors Register
Sizes1 System Bus Band-width
Max.
Extern.
Addr.
Space
On-Die Caches2
2-18 Vol. 1
IA-32 INTEL ARCHITECTURE
64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with 8MB L3
2005 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology;
Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology
3.33 GHz 675M GP: 32, 64 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
5.3 GB/s 4 1024 GB
(1 TB) 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
16 KB L1;
1 MB L2, 8 MB L3
Intel Pentium 4 Processor Extreme Edition Supporting Hyper-Threading Technology
2005 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology;
Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology
3.73 GHz 164 M GP: 32, 64 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
8.5 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
16 KB L1;
2 MB L2
Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 840
2005 Intel NetBurst Microarchi-tecture;
Hyper-Threading Technology;
Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology;
Dual-core 5
3.20 GHz 230 M GP: 32, 64 FPU: 80 MMX: 64 XMM: 128
6.4 GB/s 64 GB 12K µop Execution Trace Cache;
16 KB L1;
1MB L2 (2MB Total)
NOTES:
1. The register size and external data bus size are given in bits.
2. First level cache is denoted using the abbreviation L1, 2nd level cache is denoted as L2. The size of L1 includes the first-level data cache and the instruction cache where applicable, but does not include the trace cache.
3. Intel processor numbers are not a measure of performance. Processor numbers differentiate features within each processor family, not across different processor families.
See http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number for details.
4. The 64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with an 8MB L3 supports a multi-processor platform with a dual sys-tem bus; this creates a platform bandwidth with 10.6 GB/s.
5. In Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition, the size of each on-die cache is listed for each core. The total size of L2 in the physical package in 2MB.
Table 2-1. Key Features of Most Recent IA-32 Processors (Contd.) Intel
Processor Date Intro-duced
Microarchi-tecture Clock
Frequency at Intro-duction
Tran-sistors Register
Sizes1 System Bus Band-width
Max.
Extern.
Addr.
Space
On-Die Caches2
Vol. 1 2-19 IA-32 INTEL ARCHITECTURE
NOTES:
1. The register size and external data bus size are given in bits. Note also that each 32-bit general-purpose (GP) registers can be addressed as an 8- or a 16-bit data registers in all of the processors.
2. Internal data paths are 2 to 4 times wider than the external data bus for each processor.
Table 2-2. Key Features of Previous Generations of IA-32 Processors Intel Processor Date
Intro-duced
Max. Clock Frequency at Intro-duction
Tran-sistors Register Sizes1 Ext.
Data Bus Size2
Max.
Extern.
Addr.
Space
Caches
8086 1978 8 MHz 29 K 16 GP 16 1 MB None
Intel 286 1982 12.5 MHz 134 K 16 GP 16 16 MB Note 3
Intel386 DX Processor 1985 20 MHz 275 K 32 GP 32 4 GB Note 3
Intel486 DX Processor 1989 25 MHz 1.2 M 32 GP
80 FPU 32 4 GB L1: 8 KB
Pentium Processor 1993 60 MHz 3.1 M 32 GP
80 FPU 64 4 GB L1:16 KB
Pentium Pro Processor 1995 200 MHz 5.5 M 32 GP
80 FPU 64 64 GB L1: 16 KB L2: 256 KB or 512 KB Pentium II Processor 1997 266 MHz 7 M 32 GP
80 FPU 64 MMX
64 64 GB L1: 32 KB L2: 256 KB or 512 KB Pentium III Processor 1999 500 MHz 8.2 M 32 GP
80 FPU 64 MMX 128 XMM
64 64 GB L1: 32 KB L2: 512 KB
Pentium III and Pentium III
Xeon Processors 1999 700 MHz 28 M 32 GP
80 FPU 64 MMX 128 XMM
64 64 GB L1: 32 KB L2: 256 KB
2-20 Vol. 1
IA-32 INTEL ARCHITECTURE