中國城鎮地區勞動薪資差異分解

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(1)2013.

(2) 1978. 2008 Heckman. Oaxaca. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 60-70%. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v.

(3) ............................................................................................................1 ................................................................................................1 .....................................................................................5 ................................................................................................5 ....................................................................................................7 ......................................................................7 ..............................................8 ............................................................11. 政治大. ..................................................................................................14. 立. ..............................................................................................14. ‧ 國. 學. ..............................................................................................16 ............................................................18. ‧. .......................................................................21. y. sit. al. er. ..........................................................................25. n. Heckman. io. Oaxaca. Nat. ..................................................................................................25. Heckman. Ch. ............................................................28. ni U Oaxaca engchi. v. ...............28. ..............................................................................................29 ......................................................................................31 ..............................................................................................31 ....................................................................35 ............................................40 ......................................................................................46 .................................................................................................................48.

(4) 1.. ........................................ 3. 2.. ................................................... 4. 3.. ........................................................................................................... 16 ................................................................................ 18. 4. 2008 5.. ................................................................................................... 20. 6.. ............................................................................................ 23. 7.. – Probit Model............................................................... 32. 8.. .................................................................................... 34. 9.. .................................................................................... 37. 立. 10.. ......................................................................... 42. – Cotton. .............................................................................. 45. ‧. 13.. ‧ 國. 12.. ...................................... 41. Oaxaca-Heckman. 學. 11.. 政治大 ................................................................... 41. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 1.. .................................................................................................................... 6. 2.. ........................................................................................ 15.

(5) (Lewis, 1954). 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 1958 1958. 1978. 1978. 1980. 1990 1.

(6) 1978 1978. IMF. 34,942. 2,545. 學. (. 28.19%. 1). 1978. ‧ y. 1980. io. sit. GDP. al. 1990. n 60.10% 18.50%. 82,502. 治政 6,094 大立. Nat. 70.53%. GDP. 2010. Ch. engchi. 28.70%. er. GDP. 2012. ‧ 國. 2007. (IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012). i Un. v. 21.40%. 36.70%. 34.60%. 2001 37.66%. 51.27% 60%. 2012 2. 2011.

(7) 1.. 2010. 100.00%. 28.19%. 47.88%. 23.94%. 4545.6. 1371.6. 2192.0. 982.0. 100.00%. 30.17%. 9016.0. 28318. 363. 2513. 1784. 100.00%. 6945. 12.18%. 14.44%. 100.00%. 71.00%. 5532. 471. 2844. 1775. 48.22%. 立100.00% 21.60%. 2564.4. 3866.6. 2585.0. 100.00%. 28.44%. 42.89%. 18667.8. 5062.0. 7717.4. 100.00%. 27.12%. 41.34%. 60793.7. 12135.8. 100.00%. 治 17.30% 政 70.53% 大7707 42361 29122 68.75%. 18.19%. 13.06%. 16.56%. 100.00%. 62.41%. 49873. 31130. 10384. 8359. 824. 3724. 3093. 28.67%. 100.00%. 62.42%. 20.82%. 16.76%. 22.12%. 100.00%. 83.05%. 5888.4. 64749. 38914. 13856. 11979. 1301. 5570. 4916. 31.54%. 100.00%. 60.10%. 21.40%. 18.50%. 23.36%. 100.00%. 88.26%. 28679.5. 19978.5. 68065. 35530. 15655. 16880. 3416. 18320. 11836. 19.96%. 47.18%. 32.86%. 100.00%. 52.20%. 23.00%. 24.80%. 18.64%. 100.00%. 64.61%. 99214.6. 14944.7. 45555.9. 38714.0. 72085. 36043. 16219. 19823. 4146. 28088. 19529. 100.00%. 15.06%. 45.92%. 27.50%. 14.76%. 100.00%. 69.53%. 184937.4. 22420.0. 87598.1. 23439. 6704. 49307. 31963. 100.00%. 12.12%. 47.37%. a l 100.00% 50.00% 22.50%i v n C 74919.3 74647 17766 U h e n g33442 i c h 23.80% 40.51% 100.00% 44.80%. 31.40%. 13.60%. 100.00%. 64.83%. 401202.0. 40533.6. 187581.4. 173087.0. 76105. 27931. 21842. 26332. 14512. 85881. 65732. 100.00%. 10.10%. 46.75%. 43.14%. 100.00%. 36.70%. 28.70%. 34.60%. 16.90%. 100.00%. 76.54%. 39.02%. n. 2005. 4890. 2011. 3. y. sit. io. 2000. 40152. Nat. 1995. 872.5. ‧. 1990. 1745.2. 學. 1985. 1027.5. er. 1980. 3645.2. ‧ 國. 1978.

(8) 20% 1. 1978 363. 14.44%. 1990. 1,301 23.36%. 2010. 14,512. 16.90% 2. 1980. 9.32%. 48.29%. 立. 1978. ‧ 國. 38.9% 31%. 1985. 53.8%. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat 2.. 2. ‧. 2010. 政治大. 學. 1985. 2010. Ch. %. engchi. i Un. v. %. 1978. 28318. 2320. 8.19. 343.4. 133.6. 38.9. 1980. 29122. 2714. 9.32. 477.6. 191.3. 40.1. 1985. 31130. 5935. 19.07. 739.1. 397.6. 53.8. 1990. 38914. 8794. 22.60. 1510.2. 686.3. 45.4. 1995. 35530. 13495. 37.98. 4283.0. 1577.7. 36.8. 2000. 36043. 12892. 35.77. 6280.0. 2253.4. 35.9. 2005. 33442. 12816. 38.32. 10493.0. 3254.9. 31.0. 2010. 27931. 13487. 48.29. 19109.4. 5919.0. 31.0. 2011. 4.

(9) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 5. i Un. v.

(10) 1.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. -OLS. er. io. sit. y. Nat. -Probit. Ch. eHeckman ngchi Oaxaca. 6. i Un. v.

(11) Lewis (1954) Lewis. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. (Ranis & Fei, 1975). Ch. v. Lewis- Ranis. (Minami, 1967a, 1967b). n. al. Lewis. er. io. -Fei. sit. y. Nat. Ranis & Fei (1961). engchi. (Ranis & Fei, 1975). i Un. 1978 Lewis. 2003. Cai (2008a, 2008b, 2010). Cai & Du (2011) Wang (2010) 7.

(12) (Du & Pan, 2009; Meng & Bai, 2008) (Kwan, 2009; Minami & Ma 2009; Yao & Zhang, 2010) (Golley & Meng, 2011; Knight, Deng, & Li, 2011). 立. 政治大. n. al. er. io. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. Lewis. Ch. engchi. 8. i Un. v.

(13) Chan, Wing, & Chang (1999). Chan (2009). 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. n. al. 1958. 1955. er. io. 1950. sit. 1951. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 1958 1959 1960 (Wu 1994, Lin et el. 1996). 9.

(14) 立. 政治 Chan (1996) 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 1978. 1980. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 1983. 1990. 70-80%. (Liang, 1999). 10.

(15) Chan (1994). Zhang (2004). 政治大. 立. 1983. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat Zhao (2005). Ch. Probit. Zhao (1999a). engchi. i Un. v. Logit. Hare (1999) Zhao (1999a) hao (1997, 1999a, 1999b, 2002). (1999) Zhu (2002). 11. Hare.

(16) Yang & Zhou (1999). (Zhao, 1999a). 治政 Yao (2001) 大立 ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n Meng & Zhang (2001). er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. i n CBrown Oaxaca U hengchi. v. 82% 18%. 50% Lee (2012). 2005. (China Urban Labor Survey, CULS). Oaxaca. (. ) CULS 12.

(17) Heckman 34% 22%. (44%). (34%). (. 立. ). 政治大. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. 1949. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 13. i Un. v.

(18) (Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia. RUMiCI) RUMiC. University). (Australian National. (University of Queensland). RUMiCI. 2012. 2008. 立. ‧ 國. (International Data Service. 學. (Institute for the Study of Labor IZA) Center ISDC) 2009. 2012. 2013. 2014 2015 2008. y. Nat. RUMiC. n. al. er. io. RUMiC. ‧. 2010. Ch. engchi U. RUMiC. 14. RUMiCI. sit. 2008. 政治大 2011 11. v ni. 2.

(19) RUMiC. RUMiC. (NBS). 2.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. RUMiCI, Research School of Economics, Australian National University. RUMiC. 5,007 15.

(20) 8,446. 5,002. 14,683. 23,129. RUMiC. RUMiC. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. 3. n. er. io. al. sit. 3. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 2008 16. 16. *. 12 12. 16.

(21) 16 16 2008. *. *. 立. *. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. *. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. *. Ch. engchi. *. 17. i Un. v.

(22) 16 16. 60. 16. 55. 60. 7,425. 10,687 30 4. 500. 立. 政治大. 4. 2008. ‧ 國. ). 學. ( 960. ‧. 780 - 960 850. y. Nat. 770 - 1000. 550 -650. n. al. Ch. er. io. 600 - 700. sit. 500 - 560. i Un. 550 - 650. v. i e n g c520h- 680. RUMiC 5 61.7%. 31. 40 18. 81.7%.

(23) 16 55. 40 41. 21. 25. 74.9%. 61.6%. 83.8%. 31. 45. 40.6% 19.5%. 12.1 9.1. 40.7%. 35.7% (69.6%). 26.2%. 立. 5. 政治大4.1%. ‧ 國. 學. 24.6%. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 11.6%. Ch. engchi 50. 19. i Un. v. 78.

(24) 7.520. 14.535. 13.632. 21.306. 63.083. 58.297. 77.701. 44.233. 43.608. 48.852. 1599.921. 1422.524. 2143.415. 2314.727. 2287.100. 2518.811. 912.596. 886.706. 1235.316. 3198.567. 3215.367. 3070.799. 0.393. 0.395. 0.386. 0.436. 0.437. 0.432. 31.034. 29.732. 35.017. 40.030. 39.899. 41.021. 0.616. 0.534. 0.867. 0.846. 0.838. 0.907. 0.624. 0.504. 0.991. 0.604. 0.587. 0.737. 0.406. 0.409. 0.398. 0.195. 0.195. 0.197. 0.440. 0.444. 0.429. 0.557. 0.561. 0.527. 0.139. 0.136. 0.149. 0.229. 0.227. 0.247. 0.014. 0.011. 0.023. 0.018. 0.017. 0.029. 9.112. 9.369. 8.327. 12.124. 12.327. 10.580. 0.137. 0.113. 0.209. 0.042. 0.036. 0.087. 0.559. 0.547. 0.596. 0.193. 0.174. 0.344. 0.178. 0.192. 0.136. 0.256. y. =1). 6.533. 0.250. 0.305. 0.084. 0.100. 0.037. sit. (. 6.776. 0.101. 0.106. 0.065. 0.041. 0.018. er. 5.. 0.234. 0.248. 0.126. 0.186. 0.073. ). ). (16. ). (16. ). 0.035. al. n. (12. io. ). Nat. (12. 0.006. 0.004 C0.007 hengchi. iv 0.173 n U. ‧. (9. ). 學. (6. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. 0.103. 0.094. 0.130. 0.114. 0.121. 0.060. 0.122. 0.131. 0.095. 0.109. 0.114. 0.067. 0.127. 0.133. 0.111. 0.111. 0.111. 0.111. 0.193. 0.233. 0.069. 0.163. 0.159. 0.199. 0.102. 0.078. 0.177. 0.111. 0.106. 0.149. 0.076. 0.082. 0.059. 0.077. 0.072. 0.113. 0.112. 0.084. 0.198. 0.114. 0.114. 0.115. 0.078. 0.073. 0.093. 0.121. 0.120. 0.131. 0.086. 0.092. 0.068. 0.079. 0.082. 0.057. 6636. 5001. 1635. 7108. 6282. 826. 20.

(25) RUMiC 5,001. 6,282 60. 1400. 45. 2300. 6. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 sit. (15.0%). (14.8%). n. al. (35.7%). Ch. engchi. er. io. (27.0%). y. Nat. (16.7%). (32.9%). i Un. v. 35.2% 44.8% 40%. 12.1%. 48%. 21.

(26) 40.2%. 28.9%. 56.3% 91.4%. Meng & Zhang (2001) 18% 64.6%. 立. (75.9%). 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 28.4%. (18.9%). Ch. n engchi U (15.6%). (20.6%) (5.8%). iv. (13.0%). (9.2%). (5.6%). 22. 25.0%. (4.0%).

(27) 5.854. 13.632. 15.183. 11.599. 58.297. 59.073. 57.109. 43.608. 44.110. 42.950. 1422.524. 1537.113. 1247.161. 2287.100. 2565.444. 1921.475. 0.385. 0. 1. 0.437. 0. 1. 29.732. 30.410. 28.696. 39.899. 41.399. 37.965. 0.534. 0.529. 0.541. 0.838. 0.843. 0.830. 0.409. 0.432. 0.374. 0.195. 0.206. 0.181. 0.444. 0.427. 0.470. 0.561. 0.556. 0.568. 0.136. 0.132. 0.142. 0.227. 0.221. 0.234. 0.011. 0.009. 0.015. 0.017. 0.017. 0.017. 9.018. 9.217. 8.754. 11.143. 11.440. 10.861. 0.113. 0.101. 0.132. 0.036. 0.038. 0.034. 0.547. 0.541. 0.554. 0.174. 0.177. 0.169. 0.192. 0.208. 0.168. 0.250. 0.253. 0.246. 0.100. 0.097. 0.103. 0.106. 0.100. 0.112. 0.041. 0.046. 0.034. 0.248. y. =1). 6.977. 0.234. 0.268. 0.007. 0.007. 0.008. 0.186. 0.197. 0.172. 5.556. 4.134. 14.657. 16.038. 12.875. n U i e h 0.024 n g c 0.018 0.329. 0.376. 0.269. 0.063. 0.058. 0.070. 0.046. 0.041. 0.053. 0.078. 0.070. 0.091. 0.150. 0.131. 0.173. 0.090. 0.101. 0.074. 0.148. 0.145. 0.151. 0.270. 0.256. 0.292. 0.099. 0.092. 0.107. 0.357. 0.370. 0.338. 0.167. 0.155. 0.182. 0.120. 0.121. 0.117. 0.063. 0.060. 0.065. 0.121. 0.124. 0.115. 0.352. 0.402. 0.289. 0.400. 0.418. 0.373. 0.448. 0.426. 0.476. 0.120. 0.115. 0.126. 0.066. 0.056. 0.079. (9. ). ). (16. ). (16. ). al. n. 4.994. 0.022. Ch. 23. ‧. (12. io. ). Nat. (12. ). 學. (6. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. er. (. 6.533. sit. 6.. iv.

(28) 0.360. 0.343. 0.385. 0.138. 0.116. 0.156. 0.018. 0.020. 0.016. 0.072. 0.092. 0.046. 0.010. 0.006. 0.015. 0.238. 0.255. 0.217. 0.058. 0.042. 0.083. 0.253. 0.233. 0.278. 0.334. 0.221. 0.506. 0.270. 0.212. 0.345. 0.580. 0.712. 0.380. 0.167. 0.208. 0.114. 0.173. 0.192. 0.145. 0.646. 0.673. 0.612. 0.759. 0.745. 0.780. 0.307. 0.284. 0.337. 0.068. 0.063. 0.075. 0.047. 0.047. 0.051. 0.253. 0.245. 0.284. 0.314. 0.245. 0.130. 0.185. 0.046. 0.033. 0.042. 0.021. 0.033. 0.048. 0.011. 0.092. 0.118. 0.060. 0.007. 0.008. 0.005. 0.040. 0.044. 0.035. 0.156. 0.117. 0.216. 0.096. 0.076. 0.120. 0.189. 0.150. 0.248. 0.028. 0.023. 0.033. 0.044. 0.055. 0.026. 0.058. y. 0.051. 0.066. 0.035. 0.042. 0.023. 0.056. 0.051. 0.063. 0.094. 0.096. 0.097. 0.076. 0.124. 0.217. 0.206. 0.232. io. n. al. 0.062. C 0.048 h e n g c0.084 hi U. sit. Nat. 0.095. er. ‧ 國. 立. 學. 0.250. ‧. 政治大. v ni. 0.094. 0.096. 0.092. 0.121. 0.124. 0.118. 0.131. 0.120. 0.148. 0.114. 0.116. 0.112. 0.133. 0.135. 0.130. 0.111. 0.108. 0.115. 0.233. 0.235. 0.230. 0.159. 0.156. 0.163. 0.078. 0.088. 0.061. 0.106. 0.110. 0.101. 0.082. 0.076. 0.091. 0.072. 0.074. 0.069. 0.084. 0.093. 0.067. 0.114. 0.112. 0.117. 0.073. 0.071. 0.076. 0.120. 0.118. 0.123. 0.092. 0.084. 0.105. 0.082. 0.082. 0.083. 5001. 3024. 1977. 6282. 3539. 2743. 24.

(29) Oaxaca. Oaxaca (1973). Heckman. Oaxaca (1973) Oaxaca. Becker (1957) (discrimination. coefficient) (decomposition method). 政治大立Oaxaca. n. al. -. (1). (. ). ). engchi. (i Un. v. ) =. Oaxaca. (2). Oaxaca. C -h. (. er. io =. =. sit. y. Nat. (1). ( ). ‧. ‧ 國. 學. ( ). Oaxaca. ). (. ). ln( + 1) = ln(. ln(. (. ). ). OLS (3). ln. =. + 25. = 1,. ,. ;. = ,.

(30) OLS (4) (5). ln. =. ln. =. ln ln. Oaxaca. ) =(. Nat. (8). =(. a) l. ). +. (6). n. (7). ln. io. (8). ln. (6). y. ln(. ln. ). sit. (7). ) =(. ‧. ln(. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. ln. er. (6). =. C=h(. i ) +U n engchi. Oaxaca Oaxaca (1973). Oaxaca & Ransom (1994). 26. v.

(31) (9). ln. =(. ln. (10). ). +. +. +(. = Oaxaca (1973). ). (9) (7). (8) Reimers (1983) = (0.5). (11). N. (threefold). sit. al. ). Ch. er. ‧ 國 =(. n. ln. +. Jones & Kelly (1984). io. ln. Cotton =. Nat. (6) (13). s. ‧. (12). 政治大. 學. N. 立. =s. + 0.5. y. Cotton (1988). = 0.5. +. engchi U. v ni. +(. ). (13). (13). (14). ln. ln. =(. ). +. 27. (. ).

(32) Heckman Heckman (1979) OLS. (3). (15) (16). ln. (17). +. =. +. (latent variable). 政治大. 學. ‧ 國. 立. =. ‧. >0 =. sit. al. n. ln. (Inverse Mills Ratioo). >0 =. Ch. +. e=n g c h+i. i Un. v. =. =. Heckman. Oaxaca. Neuman & Oaxaca (2004) Oaxaca. er. io. (18). y. Nat. >0. Heckman Heckman. (9) 28.

(33) ln. (. (20). =. ). ln. (. +. ). +. +. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. (15). y. Probit. io. =. n. al. =. Ch. +. 1 0. >0. engchi. OLS. (b) ln. =. 政治大. Nat. (16). ln. +. 立. (a). +. sit. ln. ln. =. Heckit. 29. +. er. (19). i Un. v. (15) (16).

(34) (c). >0 =. ln. +. =. (a) (b) (c). +. (20). =(. ln. Cotton(1988). ln. ln. ). +. =. (d). Ch. (e). +. engchi. 30. +. +. =. al. n. (f). io. (. ). ‧. ln. ). +. y. 立. =. 政 =治 ( 大). sit. =0. ln. Nat. (f). =. +(. 學. (e). ln. =. =. ‧ 國. (d). (7) (8) (12). er. Heckman. Oaxaca. i Un. v. =.

(35) Probit. 24.6% 11.6%. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Probit. (. n. al. Ch. engchi U. 31. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 7. v ni. ).

(36) 7.. - Probit Model (. ). (. ). 0.0084***. -0.0016. 0.0067***. -0.0114*** -0.0063*** -0.0078***. (0.0028). (0.0021). (0.0023). (0.0016). (0.0015). (0.0022). -0.7027*** -0.1796*** -0.2367*** -0.6840*** -0.4777*** -0.2232*** (0.0324). -0.0835. -0.3674*** 0.4805***. (0.0272). (0.0373). 0.5632***. 0.5479***. (0.0456). (0.0721). 0.6193***. 0.1376. (0.0818). (0.1137) 0.0697. 0.4046***. -0.1763. 0.7170***. (0.1411). (0.1220). (0.1279). (0.0818). 0.2892**. 0.4035***. -0.2414*. 0.6913***. 0.6314***. (0.1395). (0.1212). (0.1270). (0.0764). (0.0772). (0.1081). 0.4268***. 0.4422***. -0.1995. 0.5167***. 0.4792***. 0.0802. (0.1472). (0.1261). (0.1322). (0.0781). (0.0788). (0.1104). 0.0830***. 0.0927***. -0.0608*** 0.1752***. 0.1748***. -0.0473***. (0.0096). (0.0073). al. (0.0078). (0.0046). (0.0061). io. y. er. Nat. (0.0048). ‧. ‧ 國. 0.3925***. 學. (0.0696). i v0.2563*** -0.2057*** n C h 0.2482*** 0.4858*** i U (0.0260) e(0.0270) n g c h(0.0289) (0.0263). n. (0.0353). 1. (0.0296). 治0.8047*** 政大 (0.0534) (0.0587) (0.0481) 立. 0.0640*. Pseudo R. (0.0358). sit. (0.0429). 0.2779*** (0.0333). -0.1696*** -0.3443*** 0.2645***. 0.0156**. 0.0091. -0.0008. (0.0238). (0.0217). (0.0216). (0.0066). (0.0060). (0.0081). 0.4986***. 0.0954. -0.9537*** -2.1029*** -2.3378*** -1.1770***. (0.1892). (0.1568). (0.1669). (0.1093). (0.1086). (0.1516). 0.0945. 0.1149. 0.1191. 0.269. 0.2061. 0.0501. 7425. 7425. 7425. 10687. 10687. * ** ***. 10687. 10% 5% 1%. 2 3. 32.

(37) Probit. 8. OLS Mincer. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. Mincer. er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. Ch. engchi. RUMiC. RUMiC 7. 8. 33. i 25% Un. v.

(38) 8. (. ). (. ). -0.1317*** -0.1170*** -0.1686*** -0.2254*** -0.1972*** -0.4370*** (0.0140). (0.0137). (0.0385). (0.0173). (0.0156). (0.0882). 0.0893***. 0.2456. (0.0225). (0.1532). 0.0512***. 0.0154 治0.1129*** 政 (0.0146) (0.0570) (0.0254) 大立 0.0492*** 0.0303*** 0.0540***. 0.0352***. -0.0165. (0.0039). (0.0039). (0.0028). (0.0176). 0.0142. 0.0212. (0.0102). (0.0031). 學. ‧ 國. (0.0155). (0.0004). (0.0001). (0.0001). 0.2638***. 0.1949***. 0.3427***. 0.2729***. 0.2127***. 0.5505**. (0.0579). (0.0631). (0.1264). (0.0656). (0.0613). (0.2749). 0.2421***. 0.1583**. 0.3566***. 0.3449***. 0.2830***. 0.6269**. (0.0578). (0.0629). (0.1259). (0.0637). 0.0540***. 1. sit. (0.0596). i v0.2607*** 0.1332** n C h 0.2453* 0.2986*** i U (0.0607) e(0.1316) (0.0646) n g c h(0.0650). n. (0.0596). er. io. 0.1953***. Adj R. al. ‧. (0.0002). Nat. (0.0002). y. -0.0017*** -0.0016*** -0.0019*** -0.0005*** -0.0006*** 0.0009* (0.0005). (0.2641) 0.4122 (0.2715). 0.0556***. 0.0432***. 0.0906***. 0.0917***. 0.0826***. (0.0029). (0.0029). (0.0081). (0.0029). (0.0027). (0.0147). 0.8537***. 0.8977***. 0.8638***. 0.6720***. 0.6825***. 0.7888**. (0.0650). (0.0693). (0.1535). (0.0753). (0.0702). (0.3476). 0.1009. 0.1421. 0.0506. 0.1878. 0.2371. 0.0919. 6636. 5001. 1635. 7108. 6282. 826. * ** ***. 10% 5% 1%. 2. 34.

(39) Probit. Mincer. 9. OLS. Heckman (2). 立. (4). ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat (. Heckman. 治政 Mills 大(Mills Invers Ratio). ). Ch. engchi. i Un. v. Heckman Meng & Zhang (2001) 1.07 35.

(40) 1.04. 立. 政治大. 6. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 1.23 1.06. 1.40. (1.25. 36. ). (1.12. ).

(41) 9.. OLS. Heckit. (1). (2). OLS. Heckit. (3). (4). 學 -0.1649***. (0.0131). (0.0167). (0.0134). 0.0060. -0.1625***. 0.0748***. (0.0131). (0.0224). (0.0191). 0.0414***. 0.0391***. 0.0250***. (0.0035). (0.0035). (0.0025). y. sit. io. al. ‧. -0.1473***. Nat. -0.0954***. er. ln W. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. n. v -0.0011*** ni C h -0.0011*** U-0.0005*** e(0.0002) (0.0002) n g c h i (0.0001). -0.1209*** (0.0192) 0.0118 (0.0274) 0.0244*** (0.0025) -0.0005*** (0.0001). 0.0824. 0.2218***. 0.1611***. 0.0796. (0.0552). (0.0656). (0.0515). (0.0574). 0.0731. 0.2107***. 0.2007***. 0.1163**. (0.0551). (0.0653). (0.0500). (0.0564). 0.0602. 0.2124***. 0.1627***. 0.0967*. (0.0564). (0.0674). (0.0509). (0.0549). 0.0434***. 0.0663***. 0.0561***. 0.0379***. (0.0027). (0.0039). (0.0026). (0.0062). -0.0372. -0.0652. 0.0499**. 0.0497**. (0.0410). (0.0415). (0.0225). (0.0223). 37.

(42) 0.1349***. 0.1341***. 0.1219***. 0.1199***. (0.0275). (0.0288). (0.0337). (0.0335). -0.0155. -0.0214. 0.0762***. 0.0738***. (0.0233). (0.0241). (0.0233). (0.0232). 0.0094. 0.0064. 0.0881***. 0.0856***. (0.0216). (0.0225). (0.0246). (0.0245). -0.0305**. -0.0300**. -0.0168. -0.0202. (0.0148). (0.0151). (0.0253). (0.0251). -0.0320. -0.0340*. -0.0095. -0.0108. (0.0196). (0.0204). (0.0419). (0.0417). -0.0419*. -0.0377. 0.3756***. 0.3758***. (0.0243). (0.0251). (0.0294). (0.0292). 0.0508*** (0.0194). 立 -0.0929***. 0.2099*** 政0.0575***治大 (0.0201) (0.0268). 0.2097*** (0.0265) -0.0497. (0.0197). (0.0204). (0.0318). (0.0315). 0.3814***. 0.3321***. 0.3559***. 0.3576***. (0.0440). (0.0456). (0.0302). (0.0302). 0.2723***. 0.2493***. 0.1981***. 0.2004***. (0.0617). (0.0668). (0.0222). (0.0221). 0.1280***. 0.1175***. 0.1120***. n. (0.0176). y. sit. io. -0.0022. er. Nat. al. (0.0267). ‧. ‧ 國. -0.0538*. 學. -0.0852***. iv n 0.0168 C h -0.0075 e(0.0182) n g c h i U(0.0240) (0.0283). (0.0220). 0.1125*** (0.0218) 0.0201 (0.0238). 0.0795***. 0.0714***. 0.0364**. 0.0372**. (0.0160). (0.0164). (0.0174). (0.0173). 0.0922***. 0.0911***. 0.2713***. 0.2752***. (0.0267). (0.0276). (0.0328). (0.0327). 0.0480*. 0.0478*. 0.1484***. 0.1452***. (0.0250). (0.0259). (0.0259). (0.0258). 0.1802***. 0.1817***. 0.2052***. 0.2029***. (0.0274). (0.0282). (0.0414). (0.0412). 0.1076***. 0.0979**. 0.1616***. 0.1567***. (0.0381). (0.0392). (0.0311). (0.0309). 38.

(43) 0.0673. 0.0356. 0.2732***. 0.2695***. (0.0726). (0.0784). (0.0391). (0.0390). 0.0508**. 0.0481*. 0.1326***. 0.1286***. (0.0245). (0.0255). (0.0294). (0.0292). -0.0630***. -0.0542**. 0.0929**. 0.0900**. (0.0232). (0.0243). (0.0434). (0.0429). 0.0770**. 0.0608*. 0.3596***. 0.3579***. (0.0347). (0.0363). (0.0338). (0.0337). 0.1042***. 0.1124***. 0.2321***. 0.2292***. (0.0366). (0.0390). (0.0340). (0.0339). -0.0377. -0.0359. 0.1803***. 0.1788***. (0.0310). (0.0316). (0.0263). (0.0261). 0.0086 (0.0256). 立 -0.0086. 0.2625*** (0.0267) 0.1567***. (0.0239). (0.0247). (0.0269). (0.0268). -0.0141. -0.0385*. 0.3969***. 0.3903***. (0.0218). (0.0227). (0.0252). (0.0252). -0.2890***. -0.2882***. -0.2172***. -0.2186***. (0.0276). (0.0287). (0.0274). (0.0273). -0.2695***. -0.2751***. -0.2122***. -0.2113***. (0.0272). (0.0283). (0.0305). (0.0304). y. sit. io. er. Nat. al. ‧. ‧ 國. 0.1610***. 學. -0.0345. iv n (0.0272) C (0.0288) (0.0272) h e-0.3531*** n g c h i U-0.2169*** -0.3558***. -0.2197***. (0.0285). (0.0297). (0.0265). (0.0264). -0.3247***. -0.3199***. -0.1972***. -0.1961***. (0.0264). (0.0273). (0.0294). (0.0293). 1.2359***. 0.7419***. 0.7214***. 1.1702***. (0.0679). (0.0901). (0.0714). (0.1558). n. -0.4575***. Mills 5001 1. 0.2651*** 政-0.0066 治大 (0.0266) (0.0268). * ** ***. -0.4458***. -0.3220***. -0.3250*** (0.0272). 0.5696***. -0.2047***. (0.0901). (0.0629). 7425 10% 5% 1%. 2. 39. 6282. 10687.

(44) Oaxaca. Heckman. Oaxaca. 9. 立. 9. ‧ 國. 學. (d) (e) (f). ‧. Oaxaca. 11.91. sit 10.39. al. n. 5.68. io. OLS. y. Nat. Heckman. OLS. 4.71C h 4.39. e nHeckit gchi. Heckit OLS. 7. 40. er. 10. 10. 政治大. i Un. 7.52. v. OLS.

(45) 10. 11. 3.32. 44.14%. 2.46. 55.86%. 32.77%. 67.23% 2.94. 39.09%. 29.82%. 31.08%. 11. 56.01%. 立. Oaxaca - Heckman 4.7116. 11.9077. 10.3907. 7.1767. 3.2140. 11.9077. 7.5260. 5.6791. 1.8469. 6.8538. io. a l6.5123 2.6076 9.6658i v n Ch engchi U. n. 9.1199. 4.3907. y. 5.6791. er. 10.3907. Nat. -. Oaxaca. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 10.. 11.. 3.3179. 4.3907. 2.4631. 6.7271. 2.9387. Oaxaca-Heckman (. ). 44.14%. -. 55.86%. 32.77%. 67.23%. -. 39.09%. 29.82%. 31.08%. 49.58%. -. 50.42%. 36.97%. 63.03%. -. 43.99%. 27.96%. 28.05%. 41.87%. -. 58.13%. 23.78%. 76.22%. -. 33.84%. 33.81%. 32.35%. 41. 7.5169. 8.5898. sit. 66.16%. 政治大.

(46) 12. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. ). n. al 0.3900*** C (0.0212) h. -0.0050***. er. io. Total. (. – Cotton. sit. y. Nat. 12.. 0.2976***. e n g(0.0230) chi. i Un. v. 0.3101*** (0.0348). 0.0051. 0.0058. (0.0013). (0.0049). (0.0056). -0.0199***. 0.0647***. 0.0517***. (0.0056). (0.0132). (0.0105). 0.2795***. -0.0914***. -0.0408***. (0.0192). (0.0266). (0.0119). -0.1892***. 0.0790***. 0.0149***. (0.0207). (0.0230). (0.0044). 0.1539***. -0.1567***. -0.1483***. (0.0121). (0.0405). (0.0384). -0.0306***. -0.0123. -0.0323. (0.0093). (0.0075). (0.0198). 42.

(47) 0.0190***. -0.0236. -0.0233. (0.0053). (0.0216). (0.0213). 0.0131***. -0.0116. -0.0088. (0.0039). (0.0087). (0.0066). -0.0004. 0.0174**. 0.0014**. (0.0071). (0.0071). (0.0006). -0.0019***. -0.0003. -0.0005. (0.0006). (0.0009). (0.0015). 0.0024*. 0.0065***. 0.0041***. (0.0013). (0.0023). (0.0015). 0.0031***. 0.0054**. 0.0040**. (0.0011). (0.0023). (0.0017). 0.0041 (0.0026). 0.0015 (0.0044) 0.0015. (0.0023). (0.0006). (0.0031). 0.0470***. 0.0670***. 0.0278***. (0.0050). (0.0063). (0.0028). 0.0090***. 0.0313***. 0.0339***. (0.0017). (0.0069). (0.0074). 0.0168***. 0.0016. n. Ch. 0.0194***. (0.0017). e n g0.0008 chi U. y. sit. 0.0071. er. io. al. (0.0051). ‧. Nat. 0.0003. 學. ‧ 國. 立 0.0019. 治政 0.0004 (0.0013) 大. v ni. (0.0075). 0.0003. (0.0020). (0.0018). (0.0006). 0.0529***. -0.0054. -0.0003. (0.0077). (0.0077). (0.0004). 0.0234***. -0.0006. -0.0002. (0.0036). (0.0042). (0.0012). -0.0007. 0.0030. 0.0051. (0.0014). (0.0032). (0.0056). 0.0260***. -0.0102. -0.0033. (0.0060). (0.0071). (0.0023). -0.0037***. 0.0040***. 0.0070***. (0.0010). (0.0010). (0.0017). 43.

(48) 0.0008. 0.0111***. 0.0136***. (0.0009). (0.0042). (0.0051). -0.0186***. 0.0003. 0.0015. (0.0027). (0.0007). (0.0036). 0.0083***. 0.0025. 0.0011. (0.0017). (0.0021). (0.0009). 0.0058***. 0.0043***. 0.0009**. (0.0015). (0.0016). (0.0004). -0.0054***. 0.0035**. 0.0070**. (0.0013). (0.0017). (0.0034). -0.0042. 0.0018***. 0.0152***. (0.0042). (0.0006). (0.0052). 0.0037*** (0.0010). 0.0071*** (0.0013) 0.0022**. (0.0009). (0.0013). (0.0010). 0.0136***. 0.0215***. (0.0033). (0.0041). (0.0015). 0.0043***. 0.0148***. 0.0140***. (0.0010). (0.0021). (0.0021). -0.0014**. 0.0095***. n. Ch. -0.0156*** (0.0020). (0.0018) 0.0297*** e n g(0.0025) chi U. y. sit. 0.0140***. er. io. al. (0.0006). 0.0075***. ‧. Nat. 0.0030**. 學. ‧ 國. 立 0.0042***. 治政 0.0079*** (0.0014) 大. v ni. (0.0027). 0.0559*** (0.0046). -0.0072***. 0.0033*. 0.0030*. (0.0015). (0.0019). (0.0017). 0.0024*. 0.0020. 0.0029. (0.0012). (0.0013). (0.0019). -0.0100***. 0.0059***. 0.0057***. (0.0022). (0.0020). (0.0019). -0.0133***. 0.0072***. 0.0054***. (0.0018). (0.0021). (0.0016). 0.0022. 0.0046***. 0.0063***. (0.0014). (0.0015). (0.0021). 0.1900**. 0.2383**. (0.0798). (0.1001). 44.

(49) 13 (. ). 13.. 政治大 3.73%. 11.19%. 30.24%. 立 15.38%. 69.76% 100.00%. ‧ 國. 學. 1.06% 10.25%. ‧. 17.23% 58.83%. y. Nat. 41.17%. n. er. io. al. sit. 100.00%. 58.83%. Ch. engchi 41.17%. 45. i Un. v.

(50) RUMiC. 立. 政治大. OLS. ‧ 國. 學. Oaxaca. Heckman. ‧. 60%. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 40%. 46.

(51) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 47. i Un. v.

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