從高科技產業全球化看產業政策與貿易政策的互補性：美日半導體貿易問題剖析
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(4) (s;§t~j(;). .ttJlit~. NEe IBM 1331: MOTOROLA TEXAS INSTRUMENTS .±JlIi INTEL. 13. 4,500. ~. 4,400. 7.1. 13 13. 4,300. 6.9. 3,600. 5.8. ~. 4.8. ~. 3,000 2,700. 13. 2,400. 3.9. 2,350. 3.8. 2,300. 3.7. 1,900. 3.1. 7iii. 1,800. 2.9. ~. 1,700. 2.7. 13 13. *,~f. PHILIPS SIGNETICS NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES. 7.3. 4.4. ~. 1,100. 1.8. 13. 1,090. 1.8. SGS-THOMSON. /'I!. 1,080. 1.8. Jl*. 1,040. 1.7. OKI fJrfJ. 13 13 13. 950. 1.5. 920. 1.5. =£. l$:. 900. 1.5. AT&T SIEMENS. ~. 860. 1.5. ~. 780. 1.3. 43,670. 70.0. 21Ji{. ttliIT jUHMJ~. : Dataquest. *= :. 13. fff~6lfl$(%). Wl. 1986~1992~~ B *,.II.ifi8i~II~fj.tfJ.III&.M@. •. ifij. 7/1992 AMD/.±JlIi. *2:: / *2::. 6/1992 2/1992 11 /1991 7/1991 2/1990 1986. IBM / SIEMENS IBM / MICRON SEM. / 13 ::$:NEC J: llf /INTEL TEXAS INSTRU. / 13 31: IBM / SIEMENS AMD/fJrJJ MOTOROLA /. *2:. §. ~. ~~ • • • I§$V~. ~ft~~~~~rrM I~M~. fJrm~. ~ftM~. DRAM"''''. ~tfi5tVit. ~Mta~.. fJrmJE: fJrmJE:. ;j;IL!f{:!liM. DRAM. fJrm~. 't~Mta~.. ~rrl:jl. DRAM DRAM. ~frl:jl. ~m5tVit. ;fIL!i1:!!i~. ~ft~~ .ft~~. '" '" *. ~m5tVit. .f11iffi. DRAM. @ W~.~.".~.~~A~·. "'~Mta~.:~-~ffm~~~Z~m~~H."~~~o '" * DRAM : J9iI~!H~fi~HlUt~ta~. A§ruta~.t¥J±Vit~~. ***~~.*. •••••. '. 0. ,~~&~ta~dX~~~~.~~~·. • .t4*i1l : San Jose Murcury News, July. 16, 1992.. I. ~frl:jl ~frl:jl ~frl:jl.
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(9) ~~~~~. ~~@. ~~~. l1q~~I<~~~~~~~~1::l. ~~~~~~. r ~1II1nl[~~H~-E:~ J (U. 1~. '. /, '. "1. S.-Japan High Technology Working Group, HTWG. grq~~*~.~III*~:'II'JJ:tn~~jL-~. 0. \.t<NIII**~.~~~+<.~:'II. )~~m~~~.*III*~ • • • • ~~~~~ • • ~a~**1II*2M._~.o~~N.~~.~~.~~~~~~'. ~nfi~~3i;!I)-<~$:i~,*,~*~.~+<.~ ~. 1. 0. ~. ~. r ~~~ J. ( antidum. ~<Klit~~~~I1l-RjL-~-ti:i~*~.~t~(U. S.-Japan Semi. ~~{Wi\III*~i$ml(~ • .l[I{rJ;r:1l!t-2:~~~nnK.~$E. 0. ~ 1II1::l<~1iii' ( Hitachi) ~~:(i{~~+~~:'IIliffiI~tr ~ 1II*~ni~n\~i~~~gr+~~Ip;~~:'II:l;:~$;!!.l[I~~$Ejlm~~~~. ( DRAM) ~. ~ f~~gr~Nl11~*~~~~:ti!~~~~*~~,*,~-R 0:ff:f~ 1 ~<4=rtl:l-~~~~*~.<~1iii' (Micron Technol ogy ) $l:l,zJl]III*~:'II 1(+grK DRAM ··llR:t-~~. ( Intel) , ~~ ( AMD ) ~~~ ( National ) 111~*~.<~1iii'$l:l,zJl]1II. 0. **~.~~~:'II$E1lft,$li'h:\"£II~~.( EPROMs). conductor Agreement). .l[I{rJ;r:1l!t- (market share). ~~~~~~~~i%<$E2:~ ~ []l~ii;$.:(i{~.~.~lli:::tr~~J8Jf.!te- ~ ~~:l;tg~*'~~{t:!~~'h:\~~}§$:i~~. ~1II*~• • • ~~lES~i!:!~~~~:t-~*~.~III*~ • 0. 0. 0. lit~<. .. ~~.y~ij\. 1. lit~. 1. .. ~~. 0. q:l;:.~~ ~~lJml-~~ittt1lE~~~~. r *;m~~e::~ J. ( creative. !El~1;1ififm~N1'. ~~$Eif~~-mIII*i%<~<~.~ml~ ~ ~~~. ~ tlll~:t-~~~±K~. ~~i%<~~~~~I<~~~~'h:\3i;!I)~~~i%<$E~~.O~~III*~.~{t:!trl<~~~~~~-R~~~~~lit~lII*. ping) ~2:~. .0 0. 3i;!I) O*~.1E- • .l[I{rJ;r:*tiI;lI:ITW:~~N 11+~[]l~ • • ~~:\I tff~~ • .l[I{rJ;r:* 11!t».y~ 1 ~ 1 0. I(lJl*"H.~iI!!!.~.:gf.til'$~mK~~. +~[]l~${rJ;r:$;!~!I91+<~~1;1i. II '. r ~~i%<$E J ~{P.;t. ~ ~~~ 1 ~·1(. 1II**~.~ • .l[I{rJ;r:*2:~ • • .y~.:(i{tff.$:i2:~~.*.~III~~~~~i%<$E • • • • ~I~. ~.~~.. 0. lK:S:tlI*i1liJoiH~1i/.~:!f;1E-~~-R. 0. l$i~~H~1I:. fint~ff) ~@1lE~~~~~.~lES~~~~~~-m.~~.~~*.~ml(i%<~~.~~~i%<.$;!~olII*~~~~III*.. 1i!K!II*"~.~*'7.ltmllil1lfl'~~~ll§:.et:'(captive)lS-:!i1i1liJI1lfl'+-' "lStr:*~~~:::S-:!i1i1liJ~il!2(merchandise)mm:lr::l1lfl'+-'. • • •~·1E-.:!f;~~~~~:::S~~~~C-:!i1 • • Eo~:S:Ii!Ktr:.~ • • ~~ • •1E-'~~.~I1lfl' • • c~.c.o toward Crisis. SIA Report to the President, ]]l!::j;;I;j@n. Cornell University Press, 1983), p. 179 .. Zysman. John & Laura Tyson, American Industry in International Com[1?tition: Government, Policies and Corporate Strategies, (Ithaca, NY:. ~. ... _. ; •••. "'----~.. 6<. •• 1. ,.u•., ........ '~_._l_~L.. •• ~$li1!t».~.*~ J. J. 1....;,_,. • __ ",. _.11-_... _"'\ . , .. 4.. , _ ... ,~.~. .<._... __ . . .. ~~~~H.~.*~~.$E.@~~~,*,-RO.~III*~~~i%<~~~~i%<~.~~~~~,*,-Rittt~~[]l~~~tii%<~. ~. ~. •. JI11 .... +~~~.
(10) •. Zysman, John & Laura Tyson, American Industry in International Com]X!tition: Government, Policies and Corporate Cornell University Press, 1983), p. 179.. 0. (Ithaca, NY:. ~~.~H.~.*~.~ • • §.~.~~o.~m*~~.~.~~~~~~.~~ • •~~~~*E~~~~~~. H-~~.~~~\w~~1!!~~I(.. 0. 0. 0. 0. .~~~.*~ • • • • ~.~~.~m*~$~~~*~W~I~~~~~~~rm~.~J ~~t~*.~. J ~ r 41I~ J ~a¢.{.~}§11Ia ~ +«~ITii'ta:;~(ITtI~~~<~ • • ~~~ r \llj11mJj~~ J ~ .~1:l!tl.\llj11mJj:tUlE~ ~ :E;:l-a!IiH:::1lJ¢:.~.{1;;!~<II~~~ ~ 1 ~~~~~~~~* .. ITtIt~~~ag~a§t~ ~NW:l!!K.~~~~~~~~~lE ft~~1:l!tl&~e~.ft~~.~~~*~.~ITtIt.~.~~~~~~ • •~m~~.~~~~~1:l!tl • • • ~+<o ~1~m*~ • • ~~~.~r*~~~J o~~~~~~~'~~~ITii',~~~ITii'~~~~ITii'~~~~~~~~~~ ~~\Iri~I!;{llt:~m1~ ~~~~<~ITii'{llt:l H( . ~~~m1~~~~~{.i1~~<~ITii'ta:;I!;{llt: ~~m!:~~1¢W~\Iri~1¢~~~1ort~ • •~~~*~~~~t~~{llt:m~.. ~~~.~~~*~~IMN~~OO.~~~~}§~o • • ~. J~r*~~~J~* • • ~~}§~ • • ~~.~• • o*~~.m** • • ~.~{llt:~.~~~.~*M.~.~.~~ o. 0. ••. 'ft. ft. 0. 0. 0. .~~~.~~r~~JN*ft m*~~~~~~~1:l!tl.~.~~~ • • ~r~~J:E;:l.~~~~ITii'~~~ ~~ • • o~.~~m*~~~.~.~~ • • ~ITtI=~~.~~~~1:l!tl~.~~~+<r~~J 1@.~o©~*~.1:l!tl~ m1('f+1*H.~m*.H • • ( Electronics Industries Association of Japan, EIAJ) , • • • • ~~~~~• • ( Compu ter and Business Equipment manufacturers Association, CBEMA) ft ~~+<j3j~• • ~~~• • ( Very Large Sca le Intgrated Circuit Research Association, VLSICRA) ft ~+l1*~.~.~m* r J ~ r • •~~. J ' r m .~ J ~~ r m*~H • •ta:; J (Kaigisho) ~+l1*~E~WE~*~~\llj1+:mj~~41I ~~1:l!tl~$iJ!~~~~~~4ll::~ .Nftm*~~ta:;$iJ!~4ll::~.-1 .~~« :E;:l.~~.~.-~~~~,1:l!tl.~-~m~.~{llt:~~.~.~€~ • • ,"N • • 4l1.~+<*:1l~I:t~~• . ftti;~~~~m!: • • ~~ 1 ~H .ftMW~11f~.~~1:::1.~~~~~~~Illl~ II '~$~ .. ~1(i!!U\t~~~ .ft N~.*~.1nl! MI:t~~ • • ~~~(tax credit)·ft ttlllI~QIli!;~~4J;I~1l!t( III ~ ~lE ~~~. Koichi Nishioka, "Mochikabu Shihai No Yukue (New Direction of Stock Honorship), "Nihon no Kigyo Group(Japanese Keiretsu), Hiroyuki. ~. :I;!;j~. Kill. ama, ed., (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun sha, 1991), p. 189, quoted in Kosaku Yoshida, "New Economic Principles in America Competition and Cooperation: A Comparative Study of the U. S. and Japan, "Columbia Journal of World Business, vol. VVXI, No. IV, Winter 1992, p. 37,13), t\!©) Washington Post, June 2,1992, pp. 91-100.. ~~¢~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
(11) ~~~~~. 0. @). ~~~. ~~~. 1. ~~~~~~. 0. 0. <0.llt-~~~~~~~1:;:17J:!®~tt:i'!'t:\l!!!~ ~ ~~!Il~Ht:;!l\KtIl*"~Il~~. 0. ~~N:t: ~ ~. .. ;::;i'!'t~~ • .~@l N~~~~~~~1l&-R'hl~~l=iIi*"~Il~$jg* g[ '$~H~~~.:\l!!!~ ( 1 ~-tJO.llt-~ .. 23!.!!! a~ '~N~;jje:t:-<$;:S~ .~CI")~;jje~~~. f.R ' 1:;:17J:! .. ;::;tI!fJ~~~.~_t·H.i.i#Hl~~7J:!~ '~N~I;$':i~~~. *f§~~~ ~-:!:::l) ~~~~7J:!~~zt:. .W!~~ ~ ;!l\KlI!~~i'!'t~~.j;ti. 0. 0. [[[il!i.lI!.1:;:1·J;!:H~~~~*"~Il:l:H#Hl~~N~~~mj!.!~IllUI1l!~#Hl. 1IEliii'7J:!.~ ( jldicial review ) -R41:{~~~1t r ~~~~ J 7J:! ~ {¢~<-!:l~~.~l!!Ii!!~~i\Ii!!ill ~ ~*"~Il:\:K[[[~~~.~~ Wtf[i\li4!!tt:iIi llR~.j;ti~;jje-Rf§ ~ 1 1 .llt-tl!fJ~~~~~~~J;lg ( Economic Recovery Tax Act ) ~{il<!Il(~<~liii'Ii(~Hli!l ~~~~*~1i:i'1Il!tlfl~~1l& ~ @~mj!.!~l!!Ii!!~~#Hl~i'!'t~. ~i'!'t~o~:t:~~~~~~~~~#Hl~i'!'t~~~~~~-R'hl~~#Hl~.~~o. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -. ~~.j;ti.E~.-Rf§~~~*".Il~.~:l:H • • • ~~#Hl~-!Il~.j;ti:l:H • • • • • N~-.~.~.~ • • *.-~~ ~.~.Eoml~<O.llt-~~-*lI!• • tI!fJ~ • • r~.EJ;lgJ~.~~.~~~~.~o¥.r~ • • • ~J~~~ *lI!t~~~\W3!,!!! a~.~~<~J;:l-. _ ~~3!.!!! a :U~~~~*!!Ii#Hl~.~.~.y$. ( material injury) il!i - ~~IIE r ~.E J;lg J ®l~;!l\KlI!~iil~!!Ii~~#Hl~~~IIE~1!i!it~jt:i.~ ( constructed value ) • •~.\1t:l;gllSl-~*.y :l:H#Hl~*~.y~({~4[1 i!ll~~*~~.~~~1- ~mj!.!tIl*~*".Il#Hl~mt~~ - #HllJg.~~!l{ilHli!l-~:m:~~.~Jitln)1n - .~~IIE~lI!lj(~iiE!.jt:i~~. (forward pricing) -k:~4!!mJ - ~-R~mj!{I(!l.Ei€\~~:m:!. a .tnrr~~ ;!l\K!!Ii.j;ti 1 ~<-tJ.llt-~ rIll 1 ~4i11 J ~tIl*~.E 3!.!!!~t:l$'.llt-l ~1(It-f.Rtm.;!l\Kl~~~~;jje~ ~;!l\KlI!!!Ii"~~.~.j;ti 1 <~.llt-,J(rrr:: I ~tI!fJ~~.~~~~;!l\KtIl*~Il • •N ~S ~ ~~*;!l\KlI!.~ , .~~~mlqI ( U. S. Trade Representative) '!!Ii~~~tf[~.f.!E.j;ti~~il!iltr>1IE I ~-tJg[.llt-tl!fJ~.~ J;lg~~ r 11]0 1 ~4i11 J ~ ~tIl*.~;jje~ ®l ~~.y~~• • -;!l\K!!Ii~tIl*~~mj!{~.~i'!'t~~#Hl~i'!'t~.~~.~HlI!lj(o~.tI!fJ.¥~~!!Ii~ • • i'!'t~• • ~~~ .. ~~.~.~m+tl$':i~1Df!~lI!.g:<~:l:Ki'!'t~ .j;ti~~il!i~;!l\KtIl1lE!!Ii.j;tii'!'t~:t:*<~~~~~.y.~;!l\K-R~.~~~\\$~~¥ ~. Jil}'i!$!I!iI-K:~~,~~,~~.~~,.~*:g:;~~,. 0. ~ ~tIi;~.Jil}'i!$!m*IW~lWllif<-4iiii'~-K::g:;<-4~fta!r:' nr;.ml Okimoto Daniel L, Takuo SUgano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, Comp!titive Ed!J!: The Se· miconductor Industry in the U. S. and Japzn, (Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984), p. 124. ~ Ibid., pp. 99-100. . :Jl;l;g) 1+I~~.Jil}'i!$! "1!iI~<1o::!/:!:$-!<Kl;I1 (National Cooperative Research Act, 1988); *,."ifllift!~* (SEMATECH) ~"$~t:. ··~No:~~:IIl!!lffl-.l;I1~~!e~ ~:l!ltl!i: (The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act: Technology Development Provisions 1988) Okimoto, op. cits., p. 12.. .:.-.t.1,..,.~..m.r:;:'>""""'_1 1.1 ll'. t::I;oll",. 0 A. ,..,...JA..IrIllbllm.'-l7>ll<H.!II!rkJ:-> ~~:m4lllllliii'r~4X~J:->. n. 0. ~mj!{.j;ti. .Illi.1:j<l11.-I:?<<lltJ;;:">"IXml!..lIiii::[email protected].;1 ~.II